IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO.

2, FEBRUARY 2014 979

Optimal Trajectory Control of LLC Resonant

Converters for LED PWM Dimming
Weiyi Feng, Student Member, IEEE, Fred C. Lee, Life Fellow, IEEE, and Paolo Mattavelli, Senior Member, IEEE

AbstractIn this paper, a novel PWM dimming solution with

the optimal trajectory control for a multichannel constant current
(MC3 ) LLC resonant LED driver is proposed. When PWM dim-
ming is on, the LLC resonant converter operates under the full-load
condition. The LED intensity is controlled by the ratio between the
on-time and off-time of the PWM dimming signal. To eliminate
the dynamic oscillations when the MC3 LLC starts to work from
the idle status, the switching pattern is optimized based on the
graphic state-trajectory analysis. Thus, the full-load steady state is
tracked within the minimum time. Moreover, under low dimming
conditions, the LED intensity can be controlled more precisely. Fi-
nally, the optimal PWM dimming approach is verified on a 200 W,
4-channel MC3 LLC LED driver prototype.
Index TermsLED PWM dimming, LLC resonant converter,
optimal trajectory control.

I. INTRODUCTION Fig. 1. Single stage MC3 LLC resonant LED driver.

S a promising lighting source, LED have been widely
A used, because of high efficiency, eco-friendliness, long
lifetime, good color rendering properties, etc. [1][5]. In many
applications, for example, display backlighting, indoor lighting
and street lighting, the multichannel LED structure are chosen
from the cost-effective, reliability, and safety concerns.
The traditional power architecture for the multichannel LED
drivers usually contains two stages [6], [7]: the front-end dcdc
stage and the multichannel constant current source stage. In this
two-stage solution, for each LED channel, a dedicated switching
converter or linear regulator is employed to provide the constant
current.
To further simplify the circuit structure, low the cost, and
boost the efficiency, the multichannel constant current (MC3 ) Fig. 2. DC characteristics with fs controlled analog dimming.
LLC resonant LED driver is proposed in [8]. As shown in
Fig. 1, it is an isolated single-stage multichannel constant current
source. The multiple transformer structure (primary windings Like the conventional LLC resonant converter, the switching
are in series and secondary windings are in parallel) enables the frequency (fs ) is controlled to achieve different dimming ra-
cross regulation by only controlling one LED channel [9]. With tios [8]. Normally, under the full-load condition, the MC3 LLC
the voltage-doubler-rectifier configuration, each transformer can resonant converter is designed to operate near the resonant fre-
drive two LED strings at the same time, and hence reduces the quency point (fs =f0 ) to achieve the best efficiency. When the
transformer number by half. The dc block capacitor (Cdc ) is switching frequency fs increases, the LED dimming ratio be-
used to achieve precise current sharing between two neighbor- comes low, that is, it comes to the light-load condition. However,
ing LED channels [10], [11]. as shown in Fig. 2, the current gain becomes flat as fs increases.
Even push fs to as high as 10f0 , only 15% full load dimming is
achieved. Meanwhile, the efficiency drops quickly as the dim-
Manuscript received November 25, 2012; revised February 16, 2013; ac- ming ratio decreases, since the switching loss and driving loss
cepted April 2, 2013. Date of current version August 20, 2013. Recommended
for publication by Associate Editor J. A. Pomilio. increases dramatically.
The authors are with the Center for Power Electronics Systems, Virginia Tech, Compared with the switching frequency controlled analog
VA 24061 USA (e-mail: wyfeng@vt.edu; fclee@vt.edu; mattavelli@ieee.org). dimming, the PWM dimming approach can achieve much lower
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. dimming ratio by minimizing the PWM duty cycle. Moreover,
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2257864 the converter always operates under the full-load condition
0885-8993 2013 IEEE
980
Fig. 3. Signal stage MC3 LLC resonant LED driver with PWM dimming
control.
Fig. 4. LED PWM dimming.
during the PWM dimming on-time; thus, the overall efficiency
will be higher. In addition, there is no chromaticity shift when
using the PWM dimming [12].
The control scheme for the LED PWM dimming is shown in
Fig. 3. The PWM dimming frequency is set to be 200 Hz, so
the discontinue PWM signal is not visible to the human eyes.
VS 1,2,3,4 are same with the PWM dimming signal. As shown
in Fig. 4, when the PWM dimming signal is ON, the MC3 LLC
resonant converter is regulated to provide the constant full-load
current (IFull ) to the LED strings. When the PWM dimming
signal is OFF, the MC3 LLC stops working, and the LED lights
become OFF as well. Therefore, by controlling the PWM duty
cycle, the LED intensity can be controlled to get the needed
dimming ratio.
However, due to the fast dynamic characteristic of the LLC
resonant tank, there will be serious oscillations when switching
between the working status and the idle status. The state trajec-
tory has been presented to analyze the dynamic behavior of the
resonant tank for series resonant converters (SRC) and parallel
resonant converters (PRC) [13][19]. Recently, in [20][22], the
state trajectory analysis has been extended to the LLC resonant
converters. In this paper, based on the graphic state-plane anal-
ysis, the optimal trajectory control is proposed. By tuning the
switching patterns, the steady state of the full-load condition is
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2014
Fig. 5. Six operation modes of MC3 LLC LED driver. (a) Mode I. (b) Mode II.
(c) Mode III. (d) Mode IV. (e) Mode V. (f) Mode VI.
tracked in one-pulse time. Thus, there is no dynamic oscillation
on the output current, and the LED intensity can be controlled
more precisely under all dimming conditions.
This paper is organized as follows: Section II describes the
first-pulse-tuning optimal switching pattern for LED PWM dim-
ming; Section III describes the last-pulse-tuning optimal switch-
ing pattern; finally, Section IV reports the experimental perfor-
mance obtainable with the proposed solutions.
II. FIRST-PULSE-TUNING OPTIMAL SWITCHING PATTERN
In order to determine the optimal switching patterns when
MC3 LLC LED driver starts to work from the idle status, the
state-trajectory is introduced. Like conventional LLC resonant
converters [20][22], the MC3 LLC LED driver can be viewed as
a piecewise linear system switching among six possible modes
as shown in Fig. 5. To simplify the analysis, a two-channel MC3
LLC LED is analyzed. It is assumed that there is no difference
between the LED channels; thus, the bias on the dc blocking
capacitor Cdc is zero (i.e., Vdc = 0).
In Modes I, II, IV and V, the resonant inductor Lr and the res-
onant capacitor Cr are in series resonance, and the magnetizing
inductor Lm is clamped by the output voltage. Normalize the
capacitor voltage vC r with the voltage factor Vin , and inductor
FENG et al.: OPTIMAL TRAJECTORY CONTROL OF LLC RESONANT CONVERTERS FOR LED PWM DIMMING 981

Fig. 6. MC3 LLC under the full-load steady state.

current iL r with the current factor Vin /Z0 , that is,

vC r
vC r N = (1)
Vin
iL r
iL r N = (2)
Vin/ Fig. 7. Dynamic oscillation when MC3 LLC starts to work.
Z0

where Z0 = Lr /Cr is the characteristic impedance. The sub- As shown in Fig. 6, the peak value of iL r N reflects the circle
script N refers to normalized state variables. radius in the state plane, thus
After mapping the normalized iL r N and vC r N to the state
2IRM S
plane, the state trajectories are circles [20][22]. The cen- = . (5)
Vin /Z0
ters are determined by the equivalent voltages across the res-
onant tank. In Mode III and VI, there is no current flowing Times t0 , t1 , and t2 are the switching instants, where the reso-
through the secondary side. Since the magnetizing inductor nant current is equal to the magnetizing current (i.e., iL r =iL m ).
Lm is in  the resonance now, the tank impedance will change Thus, at time t1 moment
to Z1 = (Lr + Lm )/Cr , which is much larger than Z0 . If nVo T 1
drawing the trajectory on the same state plane with the same iL r N (t1 ) = iL m N (t1 ) = . (6)
Lm 4 Vin /Z0
current normalizing factor Vin /Z0 , it looks like a circle has been
squeezed on the iL r N axis, which is an ellipse [20][22]. Solving the right triangle in Fig. 6, the normalized resonant
Under the full-load steady state, the MC3 LLC operates near capacitor voltage at time t1 , that is, at Q1 turned off moment, is
the resonant frequency point (fs =f0 ). As shown in Fig. 6, the obtained as

resonant current iL r and voltage vC r are sinusoid. The magne- Ifull 1
vC r N (t1 ) = 2 iL r N (t1 )2 + 0.5 = + 0.5.
tizing current iL m linearly changes, which is independent from n Vin /Z0
the resonance. When mapping the normalized iL r N and vC r N (7)
to the state plane, it will be a whole circle combining with the Therefore, under the steady state, the LLC resonant tank status
state-trajectories of Mode I and IV. can be investigated from (3) to (7).
To the MC3 LLC LED driver, the resonant period is When it comes to the PWM dimming, it is a dynamic pro-
cess. Fig. 7 shows the simulation waveforms during the PWM
 dimming on-time. In this switching pattern, the up-switch Q1
T0 = 2 Lr Cr . (3)
is first turned ON and last turned OFF, in order to reduce the
first switching turn-on loss at the moment when the LLC starts to
Under the full-load steady state, from [23], the expression of
work [22]. Since when Q1 is last turned OFF, the resonant capac-
RMS value IRM S of the resonant current iL r for the voltage-
itor voltage would be charged to a high value vC r (tn ). During
doubler structure
the PWM dimming off-time, vC r stays constant (i.e., vC r (t0 ) =
  2 vC r (tn )). Then, Q1 is first turned ON again, the drain to source
1 n2 Vo2 T02 2Ifull voltage of Q1 is approximately equal to Vin vC r (t0 ), which
IRM S = + 4 2 (4)
4 2 L2m n is relatively small. Thus, the first hard switching turn-on loss is
minimized.
where n is the transformer turn ratio, Ifull is the full-load output However, as shown in Fig. 7, there are dynamic oscillations
current, and Vo is the forward voltage of the LED string under when the MC3 LLC LED driver starts to work from the idle
the full-load condition. status. As a result, the large RMS value of the resonant current
982 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2014

Fig. 8. State-trajectory of the dynamic oscillation.

iL r will make the additional conduction loss. Moreover, the Fig. 9. Time-domain waveforms of the first-pulse-tuning optimal switching
oscillation on the output current will reduce the control accuracy pattern.
of the LED intensity.
To analyze this dynamic oscillation, the time-domain vC r
and iL r shown in Fig. 7 are mapped to the state plane in Fig. 8.
The red circle represents the full-load steady-state trajectory.
When Q1 is first turned ON, the secondary side will not conduct
[22]. As a result, the magnetizing inductor Lm will be in the
resonance, which represents the Mode III. It is a partial ellipse
trajectory on the state plane, as shown in Fig. 8 with green color.
This first-pulse ellipse trajectory will cross the desired full-load
steady state, and then results in serious dynamic oscillations by
pulling the larger circles to the smaller steady-state red circle.
Therefore, the first-pulse-tuning optimal switching pattern is
proposed, that is, during the PWM dimming on-time, the first-
pulse width of Q1 gate driving signal is tuned to just hit the
full-load steady circle rather than crossing it. Figs. 9 and 10
show the simulated time-domain waveform and corresponding
state-trajectory with the optimal switching pattern. By tuning
the first-pulse width, the state variables (vC r and iL r ) will track
to the full-load steady state within the minimum time. There
is almost no dynamic oscillation inside the LLC resonant tank. Fig. 10. State-trajectory of the first-pulse-tuning optimal switching pattern.
The lower RMS current will improve the overall efficiency.
Moreover, the output current is tuned to be flat; thus, the LED
the next PWM dimming cycle, the resonant capacitor voltage at
intensity can be controlled perfectly.
t0 moment is the same with vC r (tn )
The Q1 first-pulse width from time t0 to t1 could be estimated.
By tuning the first-pulse width, the full-load steady state will be vC r N (t0 ) = vC r N (tn ). (9)
tracked quickly. Thus, when the PWM dimming on-time ends,
the resonant capacitor voltage vC r (tn ) is equal to the full-load From t0 to t1 , it follows the ellipse trajectory of Mode III.
steady-state value when Q1 is turned OFF as in (7), that is And t1 is the connection point of the ellipse and the circle
of the full-load steady state. From Fig. 10, at t1 moment, the
Ifull 1 resonant capacitor voltage vC r N (t1 ) can be approximated to be
vC r N (tn ) = + 0.5. (8)
n Vin /Z0 the maximum value, that is
During the PWM dimming off-time, because both Q1 and vC r N (t1 ) = vC r N = + 0.5 (10)
M AX@Ifull
Q2 are OFF and the circuit is lossless, the resonant capacitor
voltage vC r stays constant. Then, Q1 is first turned ON again in which could be derived from (5).
FENG et al.: OPTIMAL TRAJECTORY CONTROL OF LLC RESONANT CONVERTERS FOR LED PWM DIMMING
Fig. 11. Transformation from ellipse trajectory of Mode III to a circle.
Fig. 12. Q 1 first-pulse width is 20% larger than the desired one.
resonant current iL r is normalized with Vin /Z1 , where
If the
Z1 = (Lr + Lm )/Cr , the ellipse trajectory of Mode III will
change to a circle with center (1, 0) in the new state plane as
shown in Fig. 11.
Thus, the conduction angle on the state plane is
 
1 vC r N (t1 )
= cos1 . (11)
1 vC r N (t0 )
Converting the state-plane angle to the time-domain con-
duction time

T12 = t1 t0 = = (Lr + Lm ) Cr (12)
1 achieve the same good performance. As shown in Figs. 14 and
where 1 is the resonant frequency of Lm +Lr with Cr .
Therefore, by tuning Q1 first-pulse width from (8) to (12), the
dynamic oscillation could be eliminated when PWM dimming
on-time starts as verified in Figs. 9 and 10.
Due to the variation of temperature and the aging of induc-
tances and capacitances, the estimated first-pulse width might
be different from the desired value. Figs. 12 and 13 show the
simulation results if Q1 first-pulse width is 20% larger or 20%
smaller. There are some oscillations in the resonant tank and the
LED output current. In terms of the state plane, there are a bit
more oscillations near the full-load steady-state circle. But the
983
Fig. 13. Q 1 first-pulse width is 20% smaller than the desired one.
Fig. 14. Time-domain waveforms of the last-pulse-tuning optimal switching
pattern.
dynamic performance is still much better than the result without
any optimal tuning.
III. LAST-PULSE-TUNING OPTIMAL SWITCHING PATTERN
Similarly, during the PWM dimming on-time, compared with
the first-pulse tuning, the last-pulse could be tuned as well to
15, Q1 last-pulse width is reduced. As a result, the initial condi-
tion vC r (t0 ) will be changed when the MC3 LLC starts to work
again in the next PWM dimming cycle. From Fig. 15 state tra-
jectory, by tuning the last-pulse width, the full-load steady-state
circle can be reached in one-pulse time.
Based on the graphic state-plane analysis, Q1 last-pulse width
could be estimated as well. Since Q1 first-pulse width keeps
unchanged, it is half of the resonant period (i.e., T0 /2). During
this first pulse, the magnetizing inductor Lm is in the resonance
of Mode III. It will go through a partial ellipse trajectory as
shown in Fig. 15. If changing the current normalizing factor to
984 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2014

Fig. 17. Q 1 last-pulse width is 20% smaller than the desired one.

Converting the current normalizing factor to Vin /Z0 , the nor-

malized resonant current at B point is
Z0
iL r N (t1 ) = iL r N  (t1 ) . (16)
Z1
Fig. 15. State-trajectory of the last-pulse-tuning optimal switching pattern.
As shown in Fig. 15, after Q1 first-pulse conducting for T0 /2,
the ellipse trajectory will hit the steady-state red circle. Thus,
point B is on the steady-state circle with the center (0.5, 0),
which means
(vC r N (t1 ) 0.5)2 + i2L r N (t1 ) = 2 . (17)
Therefore, from (12) to (17), vC r N (t0 ) at point A could be
solved.
When Q1 last-pulse is early turned off, the resonant current
iL r will go through Q2 body diode. As illustrated in Fig. 5, it
operates in Mode V. As shown in Fig. 15, it is partial circle with
the center ( 0.5, 0). Since this circle is much larger than the
steady-state one. This partial circle can be simplified as a vertical
line. Thus, vC r N (tn ) at Q1 turn-off moment is approximately
to be equal to vC r N (t0 ), that is
Fig. 16. Q 1 last-pulse width is 20% larger than the desired one.
vC r N (tn ) = vC r N (t0 ). (18)
As shown in Fig. 15, the last-pulse conduction angle on the
Vin /Z1 , this ellipse trajectory will change to partial circle with state plane is
the center (1, 0) as illustrated in Fig. 11. Since the first-pulse    
duration is T0 /2, the corresponding conduction angle on the 1 iL m N 1 0.5 vC r N (tn )
= sin + cos (19)
new state plane is
 where iL m N is Q2 turn-off current under the steady state as in
T0 2 Lr Cr 1 Lr (6).
= 1 =  = .
2 2 (Lm + Lr ) Cr (Lm + Lr ) Converting this state-plane angle to the time-domain con-
(13) duction time, the optimized Q2 last-pulse width could be deter-
mined as
Thus, the coordinate of point B (vC r N (t1 ), iL r N  (t1 )) as 
T = = Lr Cr . (20)
shown in Fig. 11 is 0
Sum up, by tuning Q1 last-pulse width as (20), when the MC3
vC r N (t1 ) = 1 (1 vC r N (t0 )) cos (14)
LLC starts to work again in the next PWM dimming cycle, the
iL r N  (t1 ) = (1 vC r N (t0 )) sin (15) initial condition has been changed. Although maintaining Q1
first-pulse, the dynamic oscillation could be eliminated as well
where N represents the current normalizing factor of Vin /Z1 . when PWM dimming on-time starts.
FENG et al.: OPTIMAL TRAJECTORY CONTROL OF LLC RESONANT CONVERTERS FOR LED PWM DIMMING 985

Fig. 19. Experiment without optimal switching pattern (2% dimming).

Fig. 18. MC3 LLC resonant LED driver prototype.

TABLE I
THE PARAMETERS OF MC3 LLC RESONANT CONVERTER

Fig. 20. Experiment of the first-pulse-tuning optimal switching pattern (2%

dimming).

Fig. 21. Experiment of the last-pulse-tuning optimal switching pattern (2%

dimming).

The parameter-tolerance of (20) is discussed below. If the

predetermined Q1 last-pulse width is 20% larger or 20% smaller
than the required value, the simulation results are shown in
Figs. 16 and 17. There will be some oscillations near the full-
load steady state. However, compared with the result without
any optimal tuning in Figs. 7 and 8, they are quite acceptable.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The optimal trajectory approaches for the PWM dimming are
verified on the 200 W, 4-channel MC3 LLC resonant LED driver
prototype as shown in Fig. 18, whose parameters are shown in
Fig. 22. First-pulse and last-pulse tuning optimal switching pattern under 1%
dimming.
Table I. The proposed optimal switching pattern is built in a
Cyclone III FPGA [24] using VerilogHDL.
986
Fig. 23. Experimental trajectory comparison. (a) without optimal switching pattern. (b) first-pulse-tuning optimal switching pattern. (c) last-pulse-tuning optimal
switching pattern.
Fig. 24. Experiment with optimal switching patterns (50% dimming).
As shown in Fig. 19, when it comes to 2% dimming ratio, if
without proposed optimal switching patterns, there are dynamic
oscillations when MC3 LLC LED driver starts to work from the
idle status. As a result, the LED current cannot be controlled
precisely, especially under lower dimming conditions.
Then, the first-pulse-tuning optimal switching pattern is em-
ployed as shown in Fig. 20. Q1 first-pulse width is tuned to
be about T0 /4 as derived from (12), which is half of the orig-
inal one. After that, the resonant current iL r will settle to the
full-load steady state in the minimal period of time. There is no
dynamic oscillation on the output current.
The last-pulse-tuning optimal switching pattern is verified as
shown in Fig. 21.From (19), the conduction angle is 2/3, that
is, Q1 last-pulse width is tuned to be T0 /3 in (20), which is 1/3
less than the original one. Similarly, the full-load steady state
can be tracked in one-pulse time.
Since there is no dynamic oscillation by tuning the first or last
pulse width, as shown in Fig. 22, the LED luminary intensity
can be controlled precisely even under 1% dimming condition.
Fig. 23 shows the experimental trajectory comparison. By
applying the proposed optimal switching patterns, the full-load
steady state is tracked quickly. The dynamic trajectories are
quite clean.
As the LED dimming ratio increases, the PWM dimming
on-time increases correspondingly as shown in Fig. 24. With
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2014
Fig. 25. Efficiency comparison with fs controlled analogy dimming.
the proposed optimal switching patterns, the output current is
always flat during the dimming on-time.
Fig. 25 shows the efficiency comparison. Using the switching
frequency controlled analog dimming approach, the efficiency
drops quickly as the dimming ratio decreases. Since the switch-
ing frequency needs to increase to high, and it will produce more
switching and driving losses. By employing the PWM dimming
with the proposed optimal switching pattern, the efficiency curve
becomes flat from the full-load status. Since the MC3 LLC does
always operate under the full-load steady state. Even under 1%
dimming condition, the efficiency is still higher than 94%. (The
efficiency is tested without considering the FPGA losses, since
the final target is the IC integration, whose power consuming is
much less than the FPGA.)
V. CONCLUSION
Based on the graphic state-plane analysis, two optimal switch-
ing patterns of the LLC resonant converter for LED PWM dim-
ming are proposed in this paper. One is tuning the first-pulse
width during the PWM dimming on-time. Thus, the full-load
steady state can be tracked within the minimum time. Another
one is tuning the last-pulse width, which will change the initial
condition as the next PWM dimming cycle starts. Both of these
FENG et al.: OPTIMAL TRAJECTORY CONTROL OF LLC RESONANT CONVERTERS FOR LED PWM DIMMING
will eliminate the dynamic oscillations in the resonant tank.
Thus, flat output current can be achieved. Under low dimming
conditions, the LED intensity can be controlled more precisely.
Moreover, the best efficiency can be achieved.
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Weiyi Feng (S06) was born in China in 1983. He re-
ceived the B.S. and M.S. degree in electrical engineer-
ing from Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China, in
2006 and 2009, respectively. He is currently working
toward the Ph.D. degree at the Center for Power Elec-
tronics Systems (CPES), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,
USA.
His main research interests include digital control
for switch mode power supply, resonant converters,
LED driver, and power architecture.
Fred C. Lee (S72M74SM87F90LF12) re-
ceived the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from
the National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan,
in 1968, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electri-
cal engineering from Duke University, Durham, NC,
USA, in 1972 and 1974, respectively.
He is a University Distinguished Professor with
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
(Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, USA. He directs the
Center for Power Electronics Systems, a National
Science Foundation engineering research center. He
is the holder of 35 U.S. patents and has published more than 200 journal articles
and more than 500 technical papers in conference proceedings. His research
interests include high-frequency power conversion, distributed power systems,
electronic packaging, and modeling and control.
Paolo Mattavelli (M00SM11) received the Ph. D.
degree (with Hons.) in electrical engineering from the
University of Padova, Italy in 1995.
From 1995 to 2001, he was a Researcher at the
University of Padova. From 2001 to 2005, he was an
Associate Professor in the University of Udine, where
he led the Power Electronics Laboratory. In 2005, he
joined the University of Padova in Vicenza with the
same duties and in 2010 Virginia Tech as a Professor
and member of the Center for Power Electronics Sys-
tems (CPES). His research interests includes analysis,
modeling and control of power converters, digital control techniques for power
electronic circuits, and grid-connected converters for power quality and renew-
able energy systems. In these research fields, he was leading several industrial
and government projects.
Dr. Mattavelli has served as an Associate Editor for IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
POWER ELECTRONICS. From 2005 to 2010, he was the Industrial Power Con-
verter Committee (IPCC) Technical Review Chair for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS. For terms 20032006 and 20062009, he was
also a member-at-large of the IEEE Power Electronics Societys Administrative
Committee. He also received in 2005 and 2006 the Prize Paper Award in the
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics and in 2007, a second place in the
Prize Paper Award at the IEEE Industry Application Annual Meeting.