FROM PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPERS

1. Random scan and Raster Scan Display

2. Merits and Demerits of DVST

3. Pixel and Framebuffer

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 Pixel: a minute area of illumination on a display screen, one of many from which an image is
composed.

4. Scaling

5. Homogeneous co-ordinates

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6. Affine Transformation
An affine transformation is any transformation that preserves collinearity (i.e., all points lying on a line initially still
lie on a line after transformation) and ratios of distances (e.g., the midpoint of a line segment remains the
midpoint after transformation).

7. B-Spline Curves

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8. Cell Array
The cell array is a primitive that allows users to display an arbitrary shape defined
as a two dimensional grid pattern.
9. Persistence and aspect ratio
Persistence: Persistence is the time to which the phosphors in the cathode Ray Tubes
emit light until the next electrons is fired. It is actually a measure of timetaken by the
emitted light from screen to decay one tenth of its original intensity. Lower
persistence phosphors require higher refreshing rate to avoid flickering. Lower
persistence phosphors are usually used for animations. Higher persistence
phosphors are used to display complex images.

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 Aspect Ratio: It is the ratio of number of vertical points to horizontal points which
plotted will generate equal sized lines. Example: 3/4 aspect ratio means that a
vertical line with 3 points is equal in length to the horizontal line with 4 points.

Resolution: Resolution is actually the number of dots per centimeter that can be
displayed horizontally and vertically in a Cathode Ray Tube. It depends on type of
phosphors, focus and deflection method in Cathode Ray Tube, and the intensity.

10. Advantages of rendering polygons by scanline method

The max and min values of the scan were easily found.
ii. The intersection of scan lines with edges is easily calculated by a simple
incremental method.
iii. The depth of the polygon at each pixel is easily calculated by an
incremental method.
11. What is color look up table
A colour look-up table (CLUT) is a mechanism used to transform a range of input colours into
another range of colours. It can be a hardware device built into an imaging system or a software
function built into an image processing application. The hardware colour look-up table will convert the
logical colour (pseudo-colour) numbers stored in each pixel of video memory into physical colours,
normally represented as RGB triplets, that can be displayed on a computer monitor.

12. Clipping
Any procedure which identifies that portion of a picture which is either inside or outside a region is
referred to as a clipping algorithm or clipping. The region against which an object is to be clipped is
called clipping window.

13. Bezier curves

A Bezier curve is a mathematically defined curve used in two-dimensional graphic applications. The
curve is defined by four points: the initial position and the terminating position (which are called
"anchors") and two separate middle points (which are called "handles"). The shape of a Bezier curve
can be altered by moving the handles. The mathematical method for drawing curves was created by
Pierre Bzier in the late 1960's for the manufacturing of automobiles at Renault.
Bezier curves are used in computer graphics to produce curves which appear
reasonably smooth at all scales (as opposed to polygonal lines, which will not
scale nicely)
14. Explain shearing matrix for 2D graphics

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 Vertical Shearing

15. Explain view volume

The front plane's location is given by the front distance F relative to the VRP
The back plane's location is given by the back distance B relative to the VRP
In both cases the positive direction is in the direction of the VPN

Viewing volume has 6 clipping planes (left, right, top, bottom, near (hither), far
(yon)) instead of the 4 clipping lines we had in the 2D case, so clipping is a bit
more complicated

perspective - viewing volume is a frustum of a 4-sided pyramid

parallel - viewing volume is a rectangular parallelepiped (ie a box)

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16. What is composite transformation matrix?
How to combine several operations?
Ex: rotate, then translate.
Or the reverse: translate, then rotate.
Or two rotations: rotate this amount, then that
amount
Or even more complex: scale, then rotate, then
translate
17. Define approximation spline
These spline functions are typically used to
interpolate data exactly at a set of points;
approximate data at many points, or over an interval.

18. Distinguish between color and gray scale level

Black and White image contains only two levels.
Gray image represent by black and white shades or combination of levels for
e.g.
8 bit gray image means total 2^8 levels form black to white 0 = black and 255
is White.

19. Graphical user interface

a visual way of interacting with a computer using items such as windows, icons, and
menus, used by most modern operating systems.

20. workstation
A workstation is a special computer designed for technical or scientific
applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are
commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems.

21. Projection
A Projection is defined as a process which transforms points in a coordinate system of dimension n
into points in a coordinate system of dimension less than n.

22. Raster Method for transformation

23. Transformation matix for 3D graphics

24. What is editing

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25. Explain point clipping

26. What is antialiasing

Antialiasing is a technique used in digital imaging to reduce the visual defects that occur when
high-resolution images are presented in a lower resolution. Aliasing manifests itself as jagged or
stair-stepped lines (otherwise known as jaggies) on edges and objects that should otherwise be
smooth.