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M U
Bi Quang Trung
5
CHNG 1
1
v b chn a phng. Bi v Bn = {x E : kxk < }, n = 1, 2, ... l
n
c s ln cn gm cc tp li, b chn ca E. Hn na, ngi ta chng
minh c kt qu quan trng sau:
kxk = |x|p , x R.
kxk = kx y + yk 6 kx yk + kyk.
Suy ra
kxk kyk 6 kx yk. (1.1)
Mt khc
Suy ra
kx yk 6 kxk kyk. (1.2)
11
Chng minh. R rng (a) (b) v (c) (d). Ta chng minh (b) (c).
Nu A lin tc ti 0. Khi , tn ti r > 0 sao cho BE [0, r] c nh qua
1
x
A nm trong BF [0, 1]. Khi , vi x 6= 0 th r p 1 BE [0, r] v do
kxk p
1 x
kA(r p 1 )k 6 1.
kxk p
Suy ra
q
kA(x)k 6 M kxk p ,
13
h 1i pq
trong M = . R rng x = 0 bt ng thc trn lun ng. V
r
vy (c) c chng minh.
Cui cng ta ch cn chng minh (c) ko theo (a). Nu (c) ng th
p
kA(x) A(y)k 6 M kx yk q
x
kAk = sup kA 1 k = sup kA(y)k.
x6=0 kxk p kyk=1
Cui cng, t
kA(x)k kA(x)k
sup q > sup q > sup kA(x)k
xE\{0} kxk p kxk61,x6=0 kxk p kxk=1
ktAk = sup ktA(x)k = sup |t|q kA(x)k = |t|q sup kA(x)k = |t|q kAk
kxk=1 kxk=1 kxk=1
Vy A lin tc.
Vi mi > 0, tn ti N N sao cho
kAm An k <
vi mi m, n > N . Khi , vi mi x E ta c
p
k(An A)(x)k = lim k(An Am )(x)k < kxk q
m
kAk = kA0 k.
Suy ra
q q
kA0 (x)k 6 kAk lim kxn k p = kAkkxk p
kAk = kA0 k.
d 6 kx0 y0 k 6 d + .
R rng
x 0 y0
y= 1
/ M,
kx0 y0 k p
bi nu ngc li th y0 M . Ta c kyk = 1 v vi mi
1
x0 = x0 + kx0 y0 k p x
v x0 M ta c
x y
0 0
ky xk =
1 x
kx0 y0 k p
1 1
= ky0 x0 k > ky0 x0 k
kx0 y0 k d+
d
> =1 .
d+ d+
V ty nn ta chn c b sao cho < . Ta nhn c iu
cn chng minh.
18
CHNG 2
2.1. nh l Hahn-Banach
f (x) 6 q(x) vi mi x M.
vi mi x E. Nu = 1 th ta nhn c nh l Hahn-Banach c
in.
f1 (x) 6 q(x)
vi mi x M1 . Vi mi y1 , y2 M ta c
f (y1 ) f (y2 ) = f (y1 y2 ) 6 q(y1 y2 ) 6 q(y1 + b y2 b)
6 [q(y1 + b) + q(y2 b)].
Suy ra
q(y2 b) f (y2 ) 6 q(y1 + b) f (y1 ). (2.1)
6 6 .
Khi , vi mi y M ta c
f1 (x) 6 q(x)
21
vi mi x M1 .
Nu codimM = n th lp li qu trnh xy dng trn n ln ta nhn
c m rng tuyn tnh f tha mn yu cu
f(x) n f = q(x)
vi mi x E.
|f (x)| 6 q(x) vi mi x M.
vi mi x E. Nu = 1 th ta nhn c nh l Hahn-Banach c
in.
22
2.1.5 H qu. Cho f l phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn khng gian
con ng M ca F -khng gian b chn a phng E sao cho codimM =
n. Khi , tn ti phim hm tuyn tnh lin tc trn E tha mn f = f
trn M v
kf kM 6 kfkE 6 n kf kM .
vi mi x E. T suy ra f lin tc v
kfkE 6 kf kM .
R rng
kfkE > kkM = kf kM .
1 6 kfkE 6 n ,
1
f = trn M v f(b) = d p trong d = inf{ky bk : y M }. c bit,
nu = 1 th kfk = 1 vi mi khng gian con ng M .
Chng minh. Gi M1 l khng gian con sinh bi M v b. Trn M1 ta xc
nh nh x
1
f (x) = f (y + b) = d p
vi x = y + b M1 , y M v K. D thy, f l nh x tuyn tnh.
By gi, t M ng suy ra d > 0, v do f 6= 0. Vi = 0 ta nhn
1
c f = 0 trn M . Vi = 1 v b 6= 0 ta c f (b) = d p . Vi 6= 0 ta c
y
M . Do
1 1 y 1 1 1
|f (x)| = ||d p = inf ky bk p 6 k bk p = ky + bk p = kxk p .
yM
T suy ra f b chn trn M1 v kf kM1 6 1. Tip theo ta chng
minh kf kM1 > 1. Tht vy, theo tnh cht ca cn di ng tn ti
dy {yn } M sao cho kyn bk d. t xn = yn b. Khi f (xn ) =
1
f (yn b) = d p . Ta c
1 1
|f (x)| |f (xn )| dp dp
kf kM1 = sup 1 > 1 = 1 1 =1
xM1 kxk p kxn k p kxk p d p
kf kM 6 kfkE 6 n kf kM
tc l
1 6 kfkE 6 n .
Chng minh kt thc.
24
2.2. nh l nh x m
Chng minh. Vi mi n = 1, 2, .. t
1 1
Bn = {x E : kxk < } = BE (0, )
2n 2n
v 1
Sn = A(Bn ) = A BE (0, n ) .
2
T E = n>1 nB1 v A l ton nh suy ra
BF (0, r) S 1 S 1 S 1 21q = S 0 ,
1
trong S0 = 2 q S1 . Suy ra BF (0, r) S 0 v
1 r
2 q BF (0, ) S 1
2
25
bi v
1
BF (0, r) = r q BF (0, 1).
P P 1 P
T n=1 kxn k < n=1 2n
= 1, suy ra chui n=1 xn hi t ti im
thuc x BE (0, 1) v
X
A(x) = A( xn ) = y.
n=1
r
Do y S0 . Suy ra BF (0, ) S0 . Tng t, ta c
2
r
BF (0, ) Sn (2.4)
2n+q+1
By gi, ta chng minh A l nh x m. Cho U l tp m ty ca E.
Khi , vi mi x U v y = A(x), tn ti n sao cho x + Bn U . Suy
ra
y + Sn A(U ).
T Sn cha ln cn ca 0 (do (2.4)) suy ra A(U ) l ln cn m ca y.
Do A(U ) m.
sup{kAk : A B} 6 M.
sup{kAk : A(x) B} 6 Mx .
27
kAk k < M, k I.
px1
kAk (y)k = kAk 1 k 6 1.
kxk p
Suy ra p
kxk q
kAk (x)k 6
p := Mx
q
vi mi k I. Bt ng thc hin nhin ng vi x = 0. Vy ta thu
c (b).
28
vi mi k I. V vy
2n
kAk kq 6 q =M
rp
vi mi k I, bi v
q
kAk (x)k 6 kAk kq kxk p .
Ta thu c
1
(2n) q 1
kAk k 6 1 = Mq
r p
vi mi k I.
p
(c) (a). Cho > 0 v = . Khi , vi kxk < q , chng ta c
M
q
kAk (x)k 6 M kxk p <
vi mi x E. Vy A lin tc.
30
Kt lun