Cairo north power station

Electrical maintenance Division

Summer training
Speaker : IslamElGhazawy
Rule : Electrical maintenance engineer
Mob.: 0128384154
Email: sm.elghazawy2@gmail.com
 Items will be covered
Electrical protection system [day 1]
GIS overview & 220 KV circuit breakers
[day 2]
UPS system & DC system {rectifier,
Batteries , inverter, CVT and static
switches} [day 3]
introduction to PLC, earth system ,
emergency diesel generators [day4]
Small test and receive your reports
[day4]
 DAY 1
Station protection systems
**Main items

Introduction to Generator protections

Introduction to Transformer protections

From Generation to customers'
What Faults do in power system??

1- Loss of power
2- Decrease the reliability of system
3- Damage to equipments
4- Maintenance cost to release the
fault reason
5- Loss of renew
 What types of faults in power
system?

Insulation failure

Mechanical damage

abnormal operation conditions

 Protections function ID.
Its a number used for
every protection
functions like
27 : under voltage relay
87: Differential relay
51: over current relay
24: over Excitation
relay

 Generator Protection
Concept
Faults
Damage
Abnormal Operations
Generator
& Abnormal System Conditions
Protection system
Cost :
Protect the unit
- Repair and replacement
Reduce the damage and loss of profit from failures
- Purchasing the replacement power
during the period when unit
is out of service
 Generator Protection
Faults Classification

Insulation failure Internal faults (inter turn, phase to phase, ground)

Abnormal running conditions
(abnormal operation & abnormal system conditions)
 Generator Protection
Internal faults (Insulation failures)
Phase and/or ground faults in the stator
and associated protection zone
Ground faults in the rotor (field windings)

hase
p
to
as e
Ph
Inter-turn short-circuit

Direct contact with core

(ground fault)
 Generator Protection
Hazards and problems concerns
Abnormal operation and/or system conditions
Loss of field (loss of excitation)
Overload and Over current
Over voltage / Over-excitation
Abnormal frequency conditions (under/over frequency)
Unbalance load (unbalance current)
Loss of prime move (motoring)
loss of synchronism
 Generator Protection
Protection requirements
Generator Stator Fault Protection
Generator Rotor Field Protection
Protection for Abnormal Operating Conditions
 Generator Stator Fault Protection
Iin Iout
Stator Phase Fault Protection
Purpose :
Against 3 phase faults, phase to phase fault
and ground fault.

Do it by 87G Differential principle :

healthy machine, Current entering and leaving of the machine will not change
Healthy condition ; | Iin | = | Iout |
 Generator Stator Fault Protection
Stator Phase Fault Protection
Differential Relaying Principle :

Normal operation
IO/P = I1 I2
=0 I2 I1
(Also, external)

Internal faults
IO/P = I1 + I2
>0
 Generator Stator Fault Protection
Differential Relaying Practice :
Current transformer
- Same characteristics ( ratio, type and manufacture )
- Not used for any other function => cause unequal secondary loading

For minimizing mismatch errors for external faults. Sufficient to cause a relatively large spill
current flow through the relay operating coil. the difference between the currents is relatively
large to avoid disturbances on network
 Generator Stator Fault Protection
Stator Phase Fault Protection
Differential Relaying Characteristic :
ID = |I1 I2| => spill current for relay operation ID
Internal fault
IR = |I1 + I2| => through fault current causing it
2 Operated
During through fault conditions the setting of relay is
increased and relay operation due to spill current is
prevented. External fault

During internal fault the torque produced by the

Non-operated
restraint coil is ineffective and relay close its contacts
pickup
when setting current flows through the operating coil. Normal
IR
A percentage slope of relay.
 Generator Stator Fault Protection
Stator Phase Fault Protection
Differential Relaying

Tripping modes :
- Trip the main generator breaker's)

- Trip the field and/or exciter breaker's)

- Turn on CO2 internal generator fire protection if provided

 Generator Stator Fault Protection
Stator Ground Fault Protection
Purpose :
Against ground faults on stator windings

advantage :
Able to detect ground faults for high impedance grounding machine
Able to detect any phase faults which develop into ground faults
 Generator Stator Fault Protection
Stator Ground Fault Protection
64G-1 : 95% stator ground fault protection

85%

V = 0.85 pu 0.85 pu
X = 85% Vx = 0.85 pu
Loading resistor
 Generator Stator Fault Protection
Stator Ground Fault Protection
64G-1 : 95% stator ground fault protection

X = 5%
0.05 -1.00 pu

Protected zone = 95%

 Generator Stator Fault Protection
Stator Ground Fault Protection
64G-2 : 100% stator ground fault protection

Two schemes are in used :

- Low frequency injection scheme

- Third harmonic scheme
 Generator Stator Fault Protection
Stator Ground Fault Protection A relay which monitors the coded low freq. current
Is arranged to operate when the current increases
Due to a ground fault on the stator.
64G-2 : with low frequency injection scheme This provides effective coverage of the 100% stator
winding

Secondary injection Simplified scheme

As primary injection

Re Us Re Us

Rp Injection source Uis Rp

 Generator Stator Fault Protection
Stator Ground Fault Protection
64G-2 : with third harmonic scheme
(A) Normal operation +V3 RD
Full load
No load
Neutral
No load Terminal
Full load
-V3 RD

(B) Fault at neutral Full load (B) Fault at terminal

No load

No load
Full load
 Generator Stator Fault Protection
Stator Ground Fault Protection
64G-2 : with third harmonic scheme

VT
Operated

Operated

VN

- Measured the ratio of 3rd harmonic voltages between the neutral and terminal
 Generator Rotor Field Protection 64F
Rotor Field Protection
Purpose :
Against ground fault on rotor field winding

Two schemes are in used :

- Potentiometer scheme (voltage divider)
- Low frequency injection scheme
 Generator Rotor Field Protection
Potentiometer method (voltage divider)
+

--
- Use voltage divider and sensitive over voltage relay between the divider midpoint and ground
- Not able to detect ground fault at midpoint of field winding
 Generator Rotor Field Protection
Low frequency injection method

- Use coded low freq. signal

- Signal is generated by injection unit
fed in to the rotor circuit in series with
Grounding resistance (Re)
- Relay monitors the increasing voltage and Us
operate when the current increases due to ground
Fault on rotor field winding
Uis
 Generator Loss of field 40G

Primer mover Under-excited limit

Steady state stability limit

Watt

Var
 Generator Loss of field 40G

Causes
Field winding part failure
Excitation system part failure
Partial Loss of Field

VAR

Var decreasing
Gen absorbs vars
Power system looses vars
Voltage stability -> Low
Full Loss of Field

VAR

Absorb high vars

Acts as induction generator

Loss of synchronism
Speed > synchronous speed
Full load -> slip 2-5 %
Light load -> slip 0.1-0.2%
 Damage

Partial loss of field

Coil end

Retaining ring

For normal operation, the high field current corresponding to the overexcited condition keep the retaining ring saturated,
So that end leakage flux is small. However, in the underexcited region the field current is low and retaining ring is not saturated
; this permits an increase in armature end leakage flux , this causes eddy currents in the laminations and results in heating in the
End region.
 Damage
(Damage)
Full loss of field

Acts as induction generator, its loss of synchronism ( high speed). The flux from stator windings would induce large eddy current
On any parts of rotor. Resulting in high temperature and extensive damage.
 Damage

Full loss of field

 Damage

Full loss of field

 Protection schemes

Concept

Detect both partial and full loss of field

Insensitive to stable power swing

Apply the mho relay (distance relay) to monitor the impedance deviation
 Protection schemes

Impedance Characteristic
 Protection schemes

Three schemes are in common used

Single zone off-set mho relay

Two zone off-set mho relay
Impedance unit and directional element
 Protection schemes

Single zone off-set mho relay

Trip
62

usually applied to the low Xd (1.0 1.2 per unit) => old machine

If Xd > 1.5 2.0 per unit => Large circle => high sensitive to under-excitation mode
 Protection schemes

Two zone off-set mho relay

+DC

Z2 Z1 62

Delay timer Trip

Trip
62 0.5 - 0.6 sec.

-DC

Diameter Z1 = 1.0 per unit

usually applied to the high Xd (1.5 2.0 per unit up) => modern machine
 Generator Abnormal Operating Conditions
24G :Over excitation

- Refer to ANSI C50.13-1977 and ANSI/IEEE std. 67-1972 [4]

-The ratio of voltage to frequency applied to terminal of gen.
should not exceed
1.05 pu. At full load
1.10 pu. At no load
- if out of these limit, these can cause the overheating in the generator
due to the saturation of magnetic core of gen.
- Provided by V/Hz (24) relay with setting 1.10 pu. Of normal which alarm and trips in 6 sec.
 Generator Abnormal Operating Conditions
59G : Over voltage

- sustained voltage magnitude above the permissible limits

cause the insulation failure.
- Provided by over-voltage relay (2 unit)
- Instantaneous unit is generally set pickup at 130-150% voltage
- Inverse time unit is generally set pickup at about 110% voltage
 Generator Abnormal Operating Conditions
46G : Unbalance current OR
Negative phase sequence
- Unbalance load, unbalance system faults and open circuit
- Unbalance conditions produce negative-phase sequence components
of current which induce a double frequency current in the surface
and any parts of rotor.
- Rotor currents may cause high and possibly dangerous temp
in a very short time.
Pos - Seq Neg - Seq
- Provided by negative phase sequence over current relay (2 unit)
- Alarm at I2 about 0.03 0.20 pu.
- Trip with a time over current
 Generator Abnormal Operating Conditions
32G : Loss of prime mover

- prime mover failures while generator is still on line

- Absorb the active power and act as synchronous motor
- Able to damage the prime mover during a motoring condition
- Provided by the reverse power relay
- Gas turbine -> up to 25% rated with delay 1-cycle
 Generator Abnormal Operating Conditions
81G : Abnormal Frequencies

- Under / Over frequency may result from load rejection

, overload condition and system disturbance.
- Able to damage the turbine blades of prime mover.
- Provided by the frequency relay with under and over frequency unit

- Setting depends on the recommendation from turbine blade manufacture.

 System Backup Protection

- Providing the protection for all type of faults in the generator zone / generator abnormal conditions.
- For system phase backup => two types of relays are commonly used.
- Distance relay
- Time over current relay
- For system ground fault backup =>apply time over current relay at star-point of power transformer
- Setting depends on the co-ordination with other protections.
How to work
 SECTION 2

Transformer Protection
 Faults In Transformer

Causes of Fault
Core Fault Over Load
Tank Fault System Fault
Over Voltage
Winding to System Frequency
tank Fault Reduced
 Faults in Transformer
External Faults (Through Faults)
A very high current pass through the winding due
to Over Load or External Short circuit of
Transformer

Internal Faults
Short Circuit or Fault inside the Transformer
Two kind of faults can be happened
Incipient Fault (Accidental)
Electrical fault Phase Fault , Ground Fault ,
Inter-Turn Fault, etc..
 Incipient Fault
This Fault can cause of internal and External Faults,
Its not occur suddenly
The Causes may be from :

Careless assemblage of Cables/Leads inside Tank

Insulation degradation or breakdown
Overheating due to cooling system Fail (Fan, Oil
Pump)
Oil Level too Low or impurity of Oil
 Phase Fault

Short Circuit between coils and Phases

Insulation breakdown
High Fault Current
 Ground Fault
Phase short Circuit to Ground
Ground Fault Current depend on :
100%
Transformer Rating Fault Current (If)
Percentage
Leakage reactance Earth Fault
Current

Connection ( Star-Delta) Primary

Current (Ip)
Grounding Distance of Fault From Neutral
100%
(Percentage of Winding)
Fault Location
Transformer Ratio
 Neutral Ground Resistance
Fault Current limited by Neutral ground Resistance
Fault Current also proportional to the location of fault

100%
Percentage
Primary Secondary Earth Fault Fault Current (If)
Current 80

60

40
Primary
20
Current (Ip)

100%
20 40 60 80
Distance of Fault From Neutral
(Percentage of Winding)
Ground Fault Current for Solid Ground
Fault Current depend on Coil Leakage Reactance ( If )
Leakage Reactance Vary by location of fault
High Fault Current Occur when Fault
100%
Location far from Neutral Poin
Percentage
Earth Fault
Current 80
Fault
60 Current (IF)
40

Primary
20
Current (Ip)
100%
20 40 60 80
Distance of fault Distance of Fault From Neutral
(Percentage of Winding)
 Delta Connection (D)

Ground Fault Current very low compare with Y-

connection (VY > V )
Ground Fault Current depend on System Grounding
Fault Current Occur when two side of end-winding
short to Fault location {2-ph. To ground}
 Inter turn Faults

Coils to Coils short Circuit

Insulation Breakdown
Turn to turn short circuit
High Fault Current in short circuit coils
 Core Fault
Fault in Magnetic Transformer Core
Over heating in Magnetic Core due to Eddy current
Primary Current increased very low ( Electrical Protective
equipment cant be detected)
Over heating will produce gas-in-oil and make Mechanical
Relay operated
 Tank Fault
Tank cracking or Rupture on welding
Transformer oil leak out will impact to :
Winding Insulation reduced
Winding and Magnetic Core Overheating
due to Lower of Cooling
Forced Cooling Fan Fail
 Winding to tank Fault
Insulation degradation or Breakdown due to
Overheating
Flashover from Winding to Tank , and ground
In order to protect Tank Fault :
Earth Fault Limiter
Instantaneous Over Current Relay Trip
 Stress in Transformer
Causes of Transformer Stress :
Over Load
System Fault
Over Voltage
Under Frequency
 Transformer OVER Loading

Transformer can supply over load for a

while, depend on Temperature rise of
winding
Too long over loading :
Copper loss Increase ( H = I2 * R )
Winding Overheating ( may Damage )
Transformer Through-Fault Current Withstand

Transformer Short Circuit Withstand Time

Reactance (%) Current (Multiple (Second)
of Base Current)

4 25 2
5 20 3
6 16.6 4
7 14.2 5
 Over Voltage
Over Voltage at Rated Frequency
Insulation High Stress
Over Flux in Magnetic Core
Core loss increase
Magnetic Core Saturation (Core Overheat)
Insulation Breakdown
 Transient Surge Voltage
Temporary Very High Voltage Increasing
(generate from Switching, Lightning)
High Frequency
Very high of Rate of Change of Voltage
(dv/dt)
Cause of Coils to Coils short circuit
Protect by Surge arrestor
 System Frequency Reduced
Cause of Over Flux in Magnetic Core
If System Voltage increase and Freq. decrease the Over Flux
will be increased (Over heating in Magnetic Core)
The transformer will be operated in proportion of
Volt / Hz ( Usually about 1.05 to 1.1 p.u.)
 Transformer Protection
Overheating
Over Fluxing
Tank-earth Current Detect
Gas Detect
Over Current
Earth Fault
Differential Protection
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION Diagram
SOURCE SOURCE
CT
FUSE 52-1
50/51 51N
CT
49
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
49
CT R
53
51G
CT 51 51N 87T 86
51
52
52-2
To network and Load
CT

Pic. 1 Without Primary Brk. Pic. 2 With Primary Brk.

 Overheating Protection

Insulation Fast Degradation when winding over

Temperature for long time
Thermal Relay will monitor winding Temperature
and protect by
Alarm at first stage Temp. high about 80
degree
Trip at 85 to 90 degree
Over Fluxing Magnetic Flux direct
Protection proportional to Voltage and
reverse proportional to
Frequency by formula :
E/F or Volt / Hz
Over fluxing cause of Core
Saturation, Insulation
Breakdown in Laminate due
to Overheating
Protect by V / Hz Relay
( 59/81)
 Winding To Tank Fault Protection

Earth Fault Relay will protect Leakage

current from winding to tank

R
 Gas Detection Protection
Large Transform immerse in oil
Both External and Internal Fault are cause of oil temp. high
and separate Gas-in-oil
The Gas will be floated and go into the conservator tank and
accumulate until enough pressure to make relay operate
Buchholz Relay used for accumulating of gas
Sudden pressure Relay used for large amount of gas changing
Buchholz Relay
Transformer with Conservator Tank ( more than
1 MVA)
Monitor Gas changing in tank
2 steps operation
Alarm
Trip
Buchholz Relay To Conservator Tank
Alarm

Floating
Blade
Trip
50

Transformer Tank
 Over Current Protection Relay
Small size Transformer uses Fuse for Protection
For Larger than 100 KVA. Over Current Relay will
be applied
Over Current Relay should be Coordinated with
other by using Inverse Time delay
Instantaneous Over Current Relay apply for high
short circuit current
 Ground Fault Protection
Transformer Star-Connection with Neutral to
Ground
Ground Fault Over Current Relay (50N/51N)
Differential Relay
 Protect Transformer short circuit to ground
Higher than 10 MVA

Factor to be Recognized
DIFFERENTIAL Different of Voltage high side and Low side
PROTECTION Different of Vector diagram due to connection
Percent of Current Miss-match
Magnetizing Inrush Current
Basic Concept
I in I out
Equipment

I=0
I in I out
I Relay I

TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

Principle of Differential relay (87K)

Check different of Current in and
Out
setting must be compensate error
from CT, Tap of Transformer
 TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

Fault at External Zone normal operation

Diff. Current Idiff.=0 ( I1-I2 = 0)

I1 I2

I1 I2

87 I1-I2 = 0
TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

Fault internal Zone Transformer

Current Idiff.= ( I1- I2 = 0)
I1 I2

I1 I2

87 I1-I2 = 0
TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

Cause of Diff. Relay wrong Operation

CT Error
I1 I2

I1 I2

87 I 1I 2 0

due to CT error
TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

Diff Relay wrong operate by CT Mismatch

CT Mismatch
I1 I2

I1 I2

87 I 1I 2 0
TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

Diff. Relay wrong operate (Tap change)

Change Tap
I1 I2

I1 I2

87 I 1I 2 0
TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

Diff Relay wrong Operation with wrong wiring

I1 I2

I1 I2

87 Wrong Mark
I 1I 2 0
TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

Diff Relay wrong operate by CT-open

I1 I2

I1
87 I 1I 2 0
TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY
Sympathetic Inrush

BClosed Closed
C
S A

Closing Open
 Transformer tests

Transformer have many tests to do :

A-to ensure the maximum efficiency during
operation
B- to satisfy on the internal condition of
transformer winding, core and oil
 Items will be tested

1-winding
2-core
3-Bushing
4-insulating oil
5-tanks and auxiliaries
6-Conervator
 Winding tests

DC resistance
Turns ratio
Capacitance {winding and oil} [DOBLE test]
Power factor / dissipation factor
 Core tests

Insulation resistance

Ground test
 Bushing tests

Capacitance [DOBLE test]

Dielectric loss (watts)
Power factor
Temperature (infrared camera )
Oil level (bushing only)
 Insulating oil tests

Dissolved Gas analysis

Dielectric strength
Metal particle continents (if have oil pump problems)
Moisture continent
 tanks and auxiliaries tests

Sudden pressure relay (functional test)

Press. Relief device (visual)
Bucholze relay (functional test)
Visual inspection for any oil leakage
 Dc resistance Winding tests

The aim of this test to determine the value of resistance of winding coils to calculate the
amount of losses amount of heat will generate . This done to each coil separately
as shown:

Ammeter

DC Voltage source

R=V/I
 Winding tests
Turns ratio

The aim of this test to determine the value of a for the transformer

AC source Voltmeter

a = V source / V mess.
 Winding tests
Capacitance

This test done DOBLE tests:

From this test can measure the capacitance (including bushing)
between the high and low voltage windings, between the high
voltage and low voltage windings to tank [ground].

Purpose ::
changes I these values due to transformer ages and
event occurs. Indicate winding deformation and structural problems
such as displaced wedging and winding supports.
Power factor
Winding tests

This test done DOBLE tester:

=measure the ratio of power losses to the total volt-amperes during the test.
=the power factor obtained is a measure of watts lost in the total transformer
insulation system including the bushing.
=the power factor should not exceed 0.5% at 20C, temperature correction of
test results.
=the value obtained at each time compared with pervious.

Purpose ::
to determine the state of the winding s and insulation system and to
determine a power factor for overall insulation including bushing ,oil
and winding.
Insulation resistance Core tests

& ground test

Insulation resistance ::
This test is done to sure the value of insulation between the ungrounded
limitations of the core and tank [ground]
** the requirement of this test may be needed after oil sample analysis ,some
gases indicate that there was some problems in core
**this done by an DC Megger, connect its two lead between the core and tank
body after remove the grounded limitation .
Healthy transformer should read greater than 1000 Mega ohms

Ground test ::
this test use to ensure the connection of grounded limitation of the core
 Dissolved Gas analysis Insulating oil tests

This test is the most important on during operation of

the transformers, because this test consider as a mirror
that indicate what events inside the transformer without
need to stop operation and remove the covers and look
inside it.

This test depend on the oil analysis to measure the

amount of gases in oil {PPM}.
The idea is that every gas indicate a certain problem
inside, and the a mount of this gas determine the size of
the problem
Dielectric strength Insulating oil tests

As known that the oil is used in the

transformer as ::
1- good cooling media
2- high dielectric strength [ insulation
degree is very high]
So, it is very important to check this degree
to ensure its healthy.