Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reference
- Ph. Theys, Log data acquisition and quality control, 2nd Edition, Editions
Technip, 1999
Calibration
In order to ensure the correct working of a logging tool it has to be calibrated: see
Figure 1. Several calibration methods exist:
- Primary standards (Fig. 2):
Used to establish the tool response of newly manifactured logging tools.
Normally done in a large test pit, possibly close to the manufacturer.
Characteristics of these standards are as close as possible to true formation
characteristics. Only one out of (say) ten tools is calibrated in this way.
- Secondary standards (Fig. 3):
Used to confirm consistent tool response. It is available at the contractor base
(e.g. shop calibration). Examples of this type of calibrations are the
calibrations of the density and the neutron in an aluminium block and a water
tank respectively. This calibration should be sufficiently recent, e.g. less than 3
months old.
- Tertiary standards (Fig. 4):
Portable calibration equipment, used at the well-site, e.g. before and after the
logging survey. The before survey calibration should be done within 24 hours
of the job, after the tool has been transported. It transfers the shop calibration
to the tool and checks the tool operation. The after survey calibration should
be done immediately following the run. It verifies lack of drift during the survey.
- In situ calibrations:
Using known tool responses in certain formations / lithologies (e.g. anhydrite,
halite) and in casing. This has the advantage that the tool is calibrated
downhole, i.e. at formation temperature.
A table of common calibration procedures is given in Figure 5. The calibration
results are displayed at the end of the log. They should be checked against
contractor provided guidelines with respect to allowed tolerances (see e.g. Fig. 6:
an example of a calibration record, provided by Schlumberger).
Repeat Sections
The objective of repeat sections is to verify survey consistency and/or highlight
faulty electronics. The repeat section is often carried out before the actual survey,
and is normally done over 100 metre of reservoir interval (normally the bottom
interval) or over an area of known erroneous response.
Radio-active tools may show statistical scatter (dependent on logging speed and
borehole conditions); the interval average should repeat though. Pad / sidewall
tools may differ slightly due to different borehole trajectories. The other tools
should repeat exactly. Figure 7 shows an example of a print of a repeat section.
Plus
Zero
Gain
Offset
Fresh Water
Carthage marble
6
Indiana Limestone
6
Austin Limestone
6
Aluminium
sleeve
Water filled
tank
CNL
tool
Logging
Unit
Calibrations
Incorrect
Edited GR from 3rd Party Editing of GR
(i.e. GR in csg.
left in)
Raw Gamma Ray
1700
1725