Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Signature :
Name : MUHAMMAD YUSOF BIN MOHD ALI
Date :
ii
Special dedication to my family members that always inspire, love and stand beside
me, my supervisor, my teammate, my beloved friends the one who always help me
and who may know me.Thank you so much for all your love and support.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillah praise to Allah S.W. T and thanks to the Allah S.W.T that eases
all the difficulties that I have faced and bring the good health and wellbeing that was
necessary to complete this final year project successfully for the requirement to attain
Bachelor of Chemical Engineering Technology (Hons.) in Process. During two
semesters in order to complete the final project so many people offered me help that
I would like to express my sincere acknowledgements here. First and foremost, my
sincere thanks to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Norzahir Sapawe, who not only gave me
the opportunity to conduct research under his supervision, but also offered me
continuous supervisory, guidance, and support throughout my course of research
work.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGES I
ABTRACT II
ABSTRAK III
APPROVAL IV
DECLARATION PAGE V
DEDICATION PAGE VI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT VII
TABLE OF CONTENT VIII
LIST OF TABLES XI
LIST OF SYMBOLS XIV
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XV
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Research 1
1.2 Problem Statement and Hypothesis 2
1.3 Objectives of Research 3
1.4 Scopes of Research 3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Phenol 5
2.2.1 Classification of Phenol 5
2.2.2 Problem associate with phenolic wastewaters 8
2.2.2.1 Phenol 8
2.2.3 Technologies of phenolic compounds removal 9
2.2.3.1 Adsorption onto Granular activated carbon 9
2.2.3.2 Biological treatments 10
2.2.3.3 Chemical oxidation l 10
2.3 Photocatalysis Degradation of phenol by AOPs 11
2.3.1 Photocatalysis 11
v
2.3.2 Photocatalysis process parameter 12
2.3.2.1 Light intensity and wavelength 12
2.3.2.2 Contact time 12
2.3.2.3 pH of the solution 13
2.3.2.4 Catalyst dosage 13
2.3.2.5 Initial phenol concentration 14
2.3.2.6 Synthesis technique 14
2.3.3 Kinetics of the photocatalytic process 14
2.3.4 Mechanism degradation phenol by photocatalytic 15
Process
2.4 Photocatalysts Synthesis and Modification 15
2.4.1 Types of Photocatalysts 15
2.4.2 Method of preparation 16
2.4.2.1 Electrochemical process 16
2.4.2.2 Faradays law of electrolysis 16
2.4.3 Photocatalyst supports 17
2.5 Previous Studies 17
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Preface
3.2 Chemicals and Materials 21
3.3 Instrumentations 22
3.4 Photocatalysts Preparation Procedures 22
3.4.1 Support preparation 22
3.4.2 Preparation of electrogenerated metal oxide 23
nanoparticles
3.4.3 Preparation of electrogenerated metal 23
oxide supported husk
3.5 Photocatalyst Characterization Procedures 23
3.5.1 Vibration spectroscopy 23
3.5.2 Photocatalytic activity measurement 24
3.6 Photodegradation Performance Evaluations 24
Procedures
3.6.1 Phenolic compounds solution preparation 24
3.6.2 Photodegradation procedure 25
3.6.3 Photodegradation procedure for simulated phenolic 25
vi
wastewater 25
3.6.4 A simple batch photoreactor system
3.7 Photodegradation Parameters Optimization procedure 26
5 CONCLUSION
5.0 Preface 40
5.1 Summary 40
5.2 Recommendation 41
REFERENCES 42
vii
LIST OF TABLE
viii
LIST OF FIGURE
ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
Cl - Calcium
g - Gram
h - Hour
min - Minute
mL - Mililiter
x
MnO - Manganase oxide
nm - Nanometer
Pt - Platinum
S - Sulphur
xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS
C - Celcius
CI - Colour index
IC - Inorganic carbon
K - Kelvin
R2 - Correlation coefficient
xii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1
Phenol and its derivative compounds are considered to be dangerous organic
compounds for the environment. Discharging of phenolic compound effluent into the
natural stream and rivers can cause several problems such as toxicity to aquatic life,
so water that contains phenolic compounds must be treated first before being
discharged. This industry consumes a large quantity of water and produces large
volumes of wastewater from different steps of end products or finishing process.
Discharging of phenolic compounds effluent into the natural stream and rivers can
cause several problems such as toxicity to aquatic life, so water that contains
phenolic compound must be treated first before being discharged.
Phenol and its derivative compounds can cause hazards to the environment
can also arise due to the presences of large number of contaminants such as toxic
organic residues, acids, bases, and inorganic contaminants. Phenolic compounds
are not easily biodegradable and often not fully removed in conventional biological
plants. Therefore, a phenolic compound removal from wastewater is very important in
order to solve the problems linked to phenolic compounds wastewater.
Generally, various techniques have been examined and recognized for the
removal of phenolic compounds from wastewater. The methods normally used is
electro-kinetic coagulation, coagulation, precipitation, nanofiltration, advanced
chemical oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, supported liquid membrane, liquid-
liquid extraction, biological process, adsorption and photo-catalytic degradation.
2
Activated carbon is the most widely used adsorbent with a highly great
demand due to its large surface area, high adsorption capacity, micro-porous
structure etc. However, this type of adsorbent is proved to be uneconomical due to
the high cost and additional cost in regeneration (Cicek et al., 2006).
In the recent years, numerous approaches have been studied for the
development of cheaper and effective absorbents from agricultural wastes. The
release of phenolic compound assisted in the receiving environmental problems due
to various phenolic compounds assisted in the receiving water bodies. In present
studies, photocatalytic degradation is one of the most efficient methods to remove
phenolic compounds from wastewater due to its versatility characteristics such as low
cost, simple design, easy to operate and insensitive to toxic substance. Hence, this
study will introduce and explain about photocatalytic degradation in order to prove
the efficiency of photocatalytic degradation.
3
The potential of the photo catalyst (AgO/CNS) in degradation phenolic
compound from aqueous solution using batch system under visible light radiation at
room temperature will be measured under various parameters such as effect of light
radiation at room temperature will be measured under various parameters such as
effect of light source, effect of contact time (1, 3, 5, and 7 h), effect of pH (3, 5, 7, 9,
11) effect of catalyst dosage (0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50 g/L) and effect of initial
concentration (10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 100 mg/L). The degradation of phenolic
compounds is then will evaluated by UV-Vis.
The kinetics study will be employed and rationalized in terms of the Langmuir-
Hinshelwood model to obtain to obtain the reaction rate constant (KR) and the
adsorption equilibrium constant (KLH). The mechanism of photo degradation process
will also be proposed. The reusability and mineralization of degradation of phenolic
compounds will measure using chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological
oxygen demand (BOD).
4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
In industry, many different processes are used and almost all of them
generate wastewater. The effluents resulting from these processes differ greatly in
composition, due to differences in processes, used fabrics and machinery. Various
industries use phenolic compounds extensively in different operations such as textile,
paper, plastic, leather etc. In Asia Pacific petroleum refinery and agricultures is the
most usage of phenolic compounds (Basha et al., 2010).
2.2 Phenols
Phenols are aromatic alcohols that have an-OH group bonded to aryl ring.
They are more noted as water pollutants than air pollutants. Phenol and derivatives
compound is among the top 50 chemicals produced annually. It is most commonly
used in the manufacture of resins and polymer, such as bake lite, a phenol-
formaldehyde copolymer (Rahul & Sachin, 2014). Phenols are produced by the
pyrolysis of coal and are major by-products of coking. Thus, in local situations
involving coal coking and similar operations, phenols can be troublesome air
pollutants.
There is various type of phenol. Each type of phenol have their own uses, the
uses of phenol are shown in Table 2.1. Phenol has been in production since the
1860s. Antiseptic was one of the early uses of phenol. Towards the end of the 19th
century, industrial scientists found new uses for phenol in the synthesis of dyes,
5
aspirin, and one of the first high explosives, picric acid. As early as 1872, it was
found that phenol could be condensed with aldehydes (for example methanal) to
make resinous compounds, a process still in use today. Phenol-methanal
(formaldehyde) resins are the basis of the oldest plastics, and are still used to make
low cost thermosetting plastics such as melamine and bake lite, used in electrical
equipment. These resins are also used extensively as bonding agents in
manufacturing wood products such as plywood and MDF (Molva, 2004).
6
It should be noted each classes of phenol has their own properties, structure
and its way of bonding. Instead of classify the phenol according their uses. There is
several ways for phenol classification. As an example from the previous, according
to Molva, phenol and its compound can be divided into class according the sector of
industries that used phenol in their process. Table 2.2 shows the type of phenolic
compound used in sector of industry in Turkey.
Table 2.2: Types of phenolic compounds and its sector of industry (Molva, 2004)
Sector Phenolic compounds
Textile Phenol, 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, benzene,1,1-
dichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethane, chloroform,
1, 1,-trichloroethane, trichloroasetilene, Tetrachloroethylene,
vinylchloride, toluene, ethylbenzene.
Leather Phenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, 1,1-
dichloroethylene, chloroform, 1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroasetilene,
tetrachloroethylene, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene.
Coal & Phenol, benzene, toluene
petroleum
Tobacco Phenol and phenolic compounds
Wood 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene
Paper Phenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, Chloroform,
1,1,1-trichloroethane.
Printing Phenol, pentachlorophenol, 1,1-dichloroethylene, chloroform, 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, trichloroasetilene, tetrachloroethylene, benzene,
toluene
Plastic Phenol, ethylbenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane,toluene
Non-metal Ethylbenzene, pentachlorophenol, toluene, benzene, 1,2-
industry dichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethane, chloroform, 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, hexachloroethane, trichloroasetilene.
Metal industry Phenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, 1,1-
dichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
trichloroasetilene, tetrachloroethylene, benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene.
7
Sector Phenolic Compound
Nonferrous Ethylbenzene, pentachlorophenol, toluene, benzene, 1,2-
dichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethane, chloroform, 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, hexachloroethane, Trichloroasetilene
Electricity 1,2-dichloroethylene, chloroform, trichloroasetilene,
tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,1,2-dichloroethane
Medical Pentachlorophenol, 1,1-dichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroasetilene,
tetrachloroethylene, benzene, toluene, 1,2-dichloroethane
Motor Phenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, benzene, 1,1-
transportation dichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethane, chloroform, 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, trichloroasetilene, tetrachloroethylene, vinyl
chloride, toluene, ethylbenzene
Motor vehicles Phenol, pentachlorophenol, benzene, toluene, chloroform, trans
1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
trichloroasetilene, tetrachloroethylene, ethylbenzene
Furniture Phenol, Pentachlorophenol, 2,4,6 trichlorophenol, chloroform, 1,1,1-
trichloroethane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene.
Phenol and derivatives of phenol is the most current organic water pollutants,
because of their varieties of applications and high production volumes. Phenol is an
aromatic alcohol with an acidic proton; it is soluble in water, highly mobile in surface
and ground waters and widely disposed from agricultural and industrial sources
(Barakat et al., 2005). Due to a wide variety of uses of phenolic compounds, their
incidence in source waters is very common especially in areas near human
settlements.
2.2.2.1 Phenol
Phenol is toxic even at low concentrations, and its presence in natural waters
can lead to the formation of substituted compounds during disinfection and oxidation
processes (Busca et al., 2008). Even at low concentrations, these organic pollutants
are a major health risk due to their very high endocrine disrupting potency and Geno
toxicity (Ahmed et al, 2010).
8
Moreover, the toxic weak acid causes an unpleasant taste and colour in water
(Pdkoscielny & Laszlo, 2007). The major sources to the phenolic compounds are
wastewaters from paint, pesticide, coal conversion, polymeric resin and
petrochemicals industries. Globally, annual production rate of phenol is estimated at
6 million ton.
Nowdays, in Malaysia water pollution had recently caught the public attention.
The increasing of polluted river makes the impact and caught public attention. Kelang
River is one of the examples of polluted source of water.
In the past decade, the technologies are not yet discover to treat this kind of
pollution. These days, there are several methods of wastewater treatments that
already studies and apply. Methods of waste water treatment can be divided into
three categories which is physical treatment, biological treatment and chemical
treatment. Each of these categories has their own advantages and disadvantages.
The technologies can be chosen according to suitability of compound of wastewater
to be treated and depends on the type of industrial waste.
9
These reactions lead to porosity, maximizing its surface area and isolate the
C atoms in arrangement that attracts organic compounds. Activated carbon can
appeared in two general types, which are granulated and powdered activated carbon.
It differs by the size of particle in diameter. Granular carbon has been extensively
used for water treatment, which can be used in fixed bed.
10
2.3 Photocatalysis of Degradation Phenolic Compound by AOPs
Fentons oxidation is the most typical process that is being used in AOP. The
treatment for industrial wastes that contain varieties of organic compounds is usually
treated with Fentons reagent. Other that wastewater, this process can also be used
on sludge, or contaminated soils with its negative impacts such as destruction from
organic pollutant, reduction due to toxicity, odor and colour degradation. The free
radical of hydroxide that is produced from this process will respond by removing the
colour from the aqueous solution.
2.3.1 Photocatalysis
The photo-produced holes and electrons may migrate to the surface and are
available for oxidation and reduction reactions respectively or may be combining to
decrease the photocatalytic efficiency, as shown in the reaction 2.1 and 2.2 below.
11
hV + Ti0s h+ + e- (2.3)
This part will elaborate the process of parameter for the experiment. In order
to achieve the objective several parameters have been set to know the effect of
photocatalytic degradation to remove phenolic compound in wastewater.
12
2.3.2.3 PH of the solution
13
2.3.2.6 Synthesis Technique
= + (2.5)
Where K is the pseudo first-order rate, and C0 and Ct are the concentrations of
phenol at the start and at time t, respectively. The integration of equation above
yields the equations below.
= (2.6)
14
2.3.4 Mechanism degradation phenol by photocatalytic process
15
2.4.2 Method of preparation
This part will explain the preparation of method. This study consists of two
methods which are electrochemical and faradays law of electrolysis. The selection of
material for electrochemical will be stated in 2.4.2.1.
The preparation method for a silver plate and platinum plate by a simple and
rapid electrochemical process, which exhibited high photoactivity it the degradation of
phenolic compounds. The nano sized metal oxides were found to play important
roles in the enhancement of the reaction (Sapawe, 2013).
, = = . (2.7)
16
2.4.3 Photocatalyst supports
There are various kinds of materials that can support the catalyst for the
degradation of phenolic compounds. The medium that will be used in this research
works is coconut shell (CNS).
Result that gained from the previous study has been reviewed, compared and
tabulated into a table. Based on the table, it showed that EGZrO2-EGZnOHY is the
best materials as photocatalyst since it has highest percentage of removal. The
removal of phenolic compounds depends on the situation and conditions of the
compound and amount of the photocatalyst.
17
No Photocatalyst Optimum Conditions & Efficiency Reference
5 Tio2 Dosage:2.0 g/L Naeem & Feng, 2008
pH = 5
Initial concentration= 35 mg/L
Efficiency: 94.5 % of phenol has
been removed.
6 UV/TiO2/H2O2 Time: 10 s Zhang et al., 2013
Efficiency: 98 % was degraded
Initial Concentration:20mg/L
7 Tio2 Dosage:5.0g/L Bamuza, 2014
Phenol = 100mg/L
of phenol 90% degrade after 15 min
18
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Preface
This chapter consists of seven different parts. The first part covers the
particular of the chemical and the materials that will be used in the recent studies.
The equipment and apparatus are under the instrumentation part which is employed
during the handling of the research. Next is the description for the preparation of
photocatalyst and the characterization of the photocatalyst. After that, the procedures
of photodegradation performance is evaluate and lastly, the analytical procedure.
The photocatalyst is used in degradation of phenolic compound in aqueous solution.
19
Characterization of the synthesized catalysts
The physico-chemical property of the catalysts will studied using
FT-IR.
Analysis
The concentration of phenol will determined using UV-Vis
20
3.2 Chemicals and Materials
The chemicals used are ethanol from HmbG Chemical; sodium hydroxide
(Naoh), hydrochloric acid (HCL), phenol and its derivatives were purchased from
QReCTM. Platinum (Pt) and Silver (Ag) plate cell was obtained from Nilaco Metal,
Japan (>99.9% purity). All of the reagents were in analytical grade and were used as
received. Deionized water was used for the preparation of pH solution with
adjustment using 0.1 M HCL and Naoh solution (Sapawe, 2014).
3.3 Instrumentations
The catalyst needed is prepared using one pot of electrolysis supported with
Cocos Nucifera (coconut) shell (CNS). For the next step, the catalyst is dry in the
oven overnight and calcined using a muffle furnace (B180 Naberthem). The prepared
catalyst were subjected to Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) (Nicolet is 10 FT-IR)
spectrometer).
For the support preparation, 5 -10 pieces of Cocos Nucifera (coconut) shell
(NCS) are needed. The main procedure is to separate three part of coconut to gained
the shell. The first part is the husk, the husks are peeled from the coconut then the
coconut is cut into two sections in order to remove the copra from the shell. The shell
21
is then washed with tap waters and dried into the oven at 60C for 24hours. The dried
coconut shell will be blend using blender until it turns to powder. The weight
estimation of coconut shell powder needed is about 200 300 g.
The coconut shell powder will mixed with AgO that generated by
electrochemical by in-situ approach. The bare AgO will collect in order to compare
the behavior of bare and modified silver oxide towards degradation of phenolic
compound.
22
3.5.2 Photocatalyst activity measurement
23
3.6.2 Photocatalyst degradation procedure
To know the photo catalytic activity of prepared catalyst, the catalyst will be
tested by degrading phenolic solution. The catalyst will be dispersed in 200 mL of 10
mg L-1 aqueous solution of phenolic compound. The solution will be stirred using
magnetic stirrer about 2 h to remove the adsorption effect. The solution will be
exposed to irradiation by fluorescent lamp with distance with approximately 15 cm.
The samples will be taken and treated in the same manner for every 15 min for 2 h
and every 30 min for 4 h. The sample will be centrifuged using centrifuge at 75,000
rpm for 10min. After the centrifuge, the concentration of phenolic compound in the
sample solution will be determined by measuring its absorbance at 664 nm and
phenol at 464 nm Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis).
24
the maximum exposure for sample radiation when light radiation can reflect back into
the solution. The temperature was measure using the thermometer that place inside
the Pyrex conical flask.
The kinetics study will be employed and rationalized in terms of the Langmuir-
Hinshelwood model to obtain the reaction rate constant (KR) and the adsorption
equilibrium constant (KLH). To study the kinetics of phenolic compounds photo
degradation, a series of reactions at different initial concentrations of phenolic
compound ranging from 10-100 mg/L at pH 11 were perform. According to Langmuir-
Hinshelwood model, the photo catalytic degradation rate of most phenolic compound
is described as first-order kinetics. The pseudo first-order kinetics is determined by
plotting a graph of ln (C0/Ct) as a function of time.
The slope line is the apparent first-order constant rate (Kapp). The relationship
of Langmuir-Hinshelwood model can be determined by plotting 1/ Kapp as function of
25
Co. Finally, the reaction rate constant and the adsorption equilibrium constant were
calculated.
, % = (
) 100 (3.2)
In order to calculate the biological oxygen demand (BOD), the solution need
to be measure and the BOD bottles is then incubated at 293 K for five days. The
difference in dissolved oxygen is used to calculate BOD. The samples of bottles were
26
wrapped with aluminium foil to prevent from the light source in order to quench the
hydroxyl radicals (Sapawe, 2012).
27
CHAPTER 4
4.0 Preface
This chapter will discuss about the characterization of silver oxide deposited
onto the coconut shell and experimental result that been obtained. Three primary
parts will be clarified in this area which is the principal part is the characteristic of
photocatalyst, the second part is action test of photocatalytic and last part is
examination of biodegradability. The photocatalyst had undergo four tests which is
effect of pH water, effect of metal loading (wt %), effect of catalyst dosage (g/L) and
effect of initial phenol concentration (mg/L). Meanwhile, for the last part phenol
concentration was tested using BOD5 and COD method in order to determine the
level of phenol that been degraded by the photocatalyst.
4.2 Characterizations
28
between CNS and AgO/CNS with different metal loading (wt %), the functional group
those are obtainable on surface of CNS and AgO/CNS need to be determined.
Figure 4.1 FT-IR analysis of CNS and AgO-CNS with different metal loading.
The FTIR spectra of CNS and AgO-CNS( 1wt%, 3wt%, 5wt%, 7wt% and
10wt%) which are before adsorption that have been determined by using FT-IR
spectroscopy. According to the figure 4.1 above, CNS and 1wt% consist the broad
and intense absorption peaks at around 3335 cm1 correspond to the OH stretching
vibrations due to intra-molecular hydrogen bonding of polymeric compounds
(macromolecular associations) such as alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids as in
pectin, cellulose and lignin (Moradi, 2012). Thus it showed the presence of free-
hydroxyl groups on the adsorbent surface. In fact, Carboxyl (COOH) and hydroxyl
(OH) groups are binding site available on the surface of CNS and AgO-CNS as well
has other distinct binding sites (Pehlivan et al., 2013).
29
Figure 4.2 Analysis result comparison FTIR for AgO-CNS before and AgO-CNS after
From Figure 4.2, it can be seen broad O-H stretch of AgO-CNS is changed
after degradation. In fact, by adding AgO-CNs in the phenol solution increase the
intensity between the bands. Hence, there are large broad band at range 2500 to
3500 cm-1. The strong and broad wavelength refers to functional group of O-H. The
O-H groups and C=O bands shows the relation of phenol on the surface of AgO-CNS
which means, the adsorption of phenol onto the AgO-CNS surface was proven by
this results obtained (Sapawe, 2013).
The photocatalyst had undergo four tests which is effect of pH water, Effect of
metal loading (wt %), Effect of catalyst dosage (g/L) and Effect of initial phenol
concentration (mg/L).
30
CNS and AgO-CNS has been analyzed as shows in the Figure 4.3 below. The
percentage degradation of phenol for CNS and AgO-CNS are about 40% and 80%
respectively. In this performance test, AGO-CNS shows highest value in degradation
percentage of phenol rather than CNS. After the electrosynthesis of AgO, the
porosity of adsorbent increased where give great number of internal pore of
adsorbent that was contributed on higher degradation of phenol. Besides that, the
enhancement of adsorbent surface area by AgO resulted on higher degradation of
phenol because of the active or binding site for adsorption of phenol onto AgO-CNS
surface was increased.
4.3.2 Effect of pH
31
household water typically released at different pH qualities, indeed it is importance to
study the effect of pH on the percentage degradation of phenol.
32
4.3.3 Effect of metal loading (wt %)
33
Figure 4.6 Effect of catalyst dosage on degradation of phenol
34
results showed that the photocatalytic degradation rate decreased with increasing
initial concentration of phenol solution.
35
4.4 Kinetic Study
The straight line resulting from a plot of ln (C0/Ct) as function shown in Figure
4.8 proved that phenol degradation catalyzed by AgO/CNS follows first-order
kinetics. The slope of the line is the apparent first-order rate constants (Kapp). The
value of k obtained from this experiment, is listed in Table 4.1 and show a significant
effect of AgO/CNS on the degradation of phenol. A lower concentration of phenol
results in higher first-order rate constant. Hence it shows that, the suitability of the
system for low phenol concentration (Sapawe et al., 2013)
36
FIGURE 4.8 Pseudo first-order kinetics model
37
4.5.1 BOD5 and COD
Figure 4.9 COD and BOD5 before and after reaction (condition: pH 7, 3wt%, 0.3 g/L,
and 10mg/L)
38
(Sapawe et al., 2013).Hence the ratio before is 0.47 meanwhile the ratio after is 0.37.
As result, the ratio after is decrease and it shows that phenol is not biodegradable
after being adsorbed by AgO/CNs. Although this may be true it is recommended to
increase the irradiation time until 6 h. According to Sapawe non-biodegradable can
be turn to biodegradable after 6 h of irradiation.
39
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
5.0 Preface
This is the last part of the thesis. It consist of section 5.1 and 5.2. 5.1
generally conclude all the study and analysis from the result obtained at chapter 4
meanwhile 5.2 is recommendation for that might be use for the next study in order to
improve the efficiency of the photocatalyst.
5.1 Summary
In this study, four objective studies were achieved. The first objective is to
create a new photocatalyst. AgO was deposited on CNS by using the one-pot
electrosynthesis method in order to create photocatalyst. The method used in this
study was simple, has low cost because it used recycle coconut shell and does not
require high temperature or pressure. The second objective is achieved when the
obtained photocatalyst were characterized by Fourier Transmitter Infrared
Spectrometer to analyze the hydrocarbon exist in the photocatalyst. Phenol in
aqueous solution was selected to be the model organic pollutant in waste water in
order to study potential of the photocatalyst.
40
0.10 g/L of the catalyst, resulting in phenol degradation after 2 hours of degradation
at pH 7 under room temperature and 10 mg/L of phenol initial concentration. When
the pH of the phenol solution was decreased, the photodegradation rate was found to
be improved, due to a higher formation of hydroxyl radicals for decomposition of the
dye. For different initial phenol concentrations, it can be deduced that the
photodegradation rate is reduced when the phenol concentration becomes higher.
The kinetic photocatalytic degradation was studied in order to achieve the last
objective. The kinetic photocatalytic degradation phenol was studied using the
Langmuir-Hinshelwood model and were found to be KR =60.606 L-1 h-1 and KLH =
0.02172 L mg-1.
5.2 Recommendations
41
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