5/10/16

Anatomy of the
Endocrine System the Endocrine System
The endocrine system is made up
By : Chodidjah
of seven dierent glands that make
chemicals called HORMONES.
HORMONES are substances that
act as mesenger to control many
body funcAon.







The endocrine system makes more the 20
GLANDS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
mayor hormones that help control: Hypothalamus
Growth . Pituitary
ReproducAon Pineal
Sexsual development Thyroid

Para thyroid
Use and Storage of energy Thymus
Responses to physical stress or trauma Adrenal
Level of uid salt and sugar in blood Pancreas
Gonade ( Ovarium and Testis)

HYPOTHALAMUS
The hypothalamus is
located in the center of
the brain.
It makes hormones that
increase or decrease the
release of the
hormones made in the
pituitary gland it also
makes hormones that
help to control water
balance, sleep,
temperature, appeAde
and blood pressure.

1
 5/10/16

Hormones Which produced by hypothalamus

Releasing Hormones ( RH)
Growth Hormone RH
Gonadotrophin RH
Thyrotropin RH
Prolactin RH
Corticotropin RH
Release- inhibiting Hormones:
Somatostatin
Dopamin

PITUITARY GLAND POSITION

It lies in the middle cranial fossa
(HYPOPHYSIS CEREBRI)

qIt is referred to as the master of endocrine glands.

qIt is a small oval structure 1 cm in diameter.

Optic chiasma
Mamillary body

Body of sphenoid

q it lies between optic chiasma (anteriorly) &

mamillary bodies (posteriorly).

2
 5/10/16

SUPERIOR:
Diaphragma sellae
INFERIOR: Sphenoidal
air sinuses
LATERAL: Cavernous
sinuses

SUBDIVISIONS OF
PITUITARY GLAND

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal
tract

The gland is divided into:

1) Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis): it is the True gland, Secretes
hormones
2) Posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis): connected to hypothalamus
through hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract, Stores hormones secreted by
hypothalamic nuclei

BLOOD SUPPLY
OF PITUITARY DISTRIBUTION OF ARTERIES
GLAND

a hypothalamo-
hypophseal
portal vessel

Superior hypophyseal: supplies infundibulum & forms a capillary

ARTERIES: Superior & inferior hypophyseal arteries (branches of
internal carotid artery)
VEINS: Hypophyseal veins drain into Cavernous Sinuses.
network from which vessels pass downward & form sinusoids into the
anterior lobe of pituitary gland (hypophyseal portal system).
Inferior hypophyseal: supplies posterior lobe of pituitary gland.

3
 5/10/16

ANTERIOR LOBE POSTERIOR LOBE

The neurohypophysis
Hormone-releasing & receives a nerve supply from
some of the hypothalamic
inhibiting factors nuclei (supraoptic &
produced by paraventricular)
hypothalamus use The axons of these nuclei
Hypophyseal Portal convey their neurosecretion to
System of vessels to the Posterior lobe of pituitary
reach the Anterior gland through Hypothalamo-
lobe of pituitary gland Hypophyseal tract from where
it passes into the blood
stream.

Hormones which
producing of anterior
pituitary glands
- Growth hormone
( GH)
- Luteinizing hormone
(LH)
- Follicle Stimulating
hormone (FSH)
- Thyrotropin hormone
(TSH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
- Adrenocorticotropic
hormone ( ACTH)
- Melanocye-
stimulating hormone
( MSH)

POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES

OXITOCIN
VASOPRESSIN ( Anti Diuretic Hormones/
ADH, Arginin Vasopressin/AVP,or
Argipressin)
Posterior pituitary hormones are sinthesed by
the hypothalamus. They are than store in
neurosecretory vesicles before secreted by
pituitary into blood stream.

4
 5/10/16

The Thyroid
PINEAL gland/ pineal body Gland
The pineal gland Brownish-red and soft
during life .
located in the centre
Located in the neck below
of the brain, to the the larynx , and anterior to
between the cerebral the trachea
hemisphere aXached Each lobe
to the third ventricle pear-shaped and ~5cm long
Usually weighs about 25-30g
(larger inwomen)
It produced the
melatonin hormone,
with is used the body
to keep normal body
sleep cycle .

Surrounded by a thin, Isthmus: extends across the

fibrous capsule of connective
tissue
External to this is formed by
pretracheal fascia
Right and left lobes are
connected by band of tissue
called isthmus.
Thyroid gland attached to
arch of cricoid cartilage and
to oblique line of thyroid
cartilage
trachea anterior to second and
third tracheal cartilages
Pyramidal lobeexists,
ascending from the isthmus
towards hyoid bone
Lies deep to sternothyroidand
sternohyoid muscles
Internal jugular vein and
common carotid arterylie
postero-lateral to thyroid

moves up and down with

swallowing and oscillates
during speaking

Recurrent laryngeal
nerveis ( branch of vagus
ARTERIAL SUPPLY nerve) an important
structure lying between
Arterial supply from
trachea and thyroid
superior and inferior
thyroid arteries may be injured during
thyroid surgery
lie between capsule and ipsilateral paralysis, of
pretracheal fascia (false vocalis plica, hoarse voice .
capsule)
Thyroid gland produce :
- all thyroid arteries
T3 ( Triiodotyronin),
anastomose with one
T4 (Thyroxin) and
another on and in the
Calcitonin
substance of the thyroid,
but little anastomosis
across the median plane .

5
 5/10/16

PARATHYROID GLAND
Four parathyroid gland
Calcitonin a hormones that sHmulates are found near the
posterior aspect of the
deposiHon of calcium from the blood into the thyroid gland.
bones, balancing the acHon of parathyroid They are small 20 -40 mg
and have a bean like shape.
Thyroid hormones they control the Basal
Parathyroid glands usually
Metabplic Rate (BMR), Inuence cell lie between posterior
dierenHaHon and growth border of thyroid gland
and its sheath

ADRENAL GLAND/
SUPRARENAL GLAND
These 4 glands produce parathyroid hormone The adrenal gland is a small
tri angular gland located on
(PTH), which help to maintain calcium homeostasis top of the kidney.
by acting on the renal tubule as well as calcium Adrenal glands are orange
colored endocrine glands
store in the skeletal system and by acting indirectly that are about
on the gastointestinal tract thiough the activation of 1,5 x 3 inch.
The gland consist s of a
vit D. medulla and is surrounded
by cortex.
It is responsible for
producing epinephrin and
nor epinephrin , as well as
the hormones related with
stress thought the process of
corticosteroids.

ADRENAL GLAND One the main funcHon of the adrenal gland is

to work with the hypothalamus and the
pituitary .
The hypothalamus produced corHcotrophin-
Realeasing Hormone that sHmulated the
adrenal glands to produce hormone called
corHcosteroid.

6
 5/10/16

BLOOD SUPPLY The Venous drainage

The artrial blood supply -The venous drainage
to each adrenal gland is of the adrenal is via
via three adrenal
arteries:
the suprarenal veins
-The superior suprarenal
which drain into
artery, a branch of the dierent main veins
inferior phrenic artuery on each side.
-- The middle suprarenal - The right into the
artery, a branch of the
inferior vena cava
aorta
-- The inferior suprarenal - The leZ into the leZ
artery, a branch of the renal or leZ inferior
renal artery phrenic vein

NERVE SUPPLY
The adrenal gland
have a rich nerve
supply , branch from
Coeliac plexus and
the thoracicus
splancnic

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY PANCREATIC GLAND

The adrenal gland can be Gland with both exocrine
devide into two zones, each of and endocrine functions
which producing specic
hormones. 15-25 cm long
The inner part of the adrenal 60-100 g
called medulla secreted
adrenalin ( epinephrine) and Location: in epigastric and
noradrenalin ( nor left hypochondric region.
epinephrine) Retro-peritoneum, 2nd
lumbar vertebral level
The outer part of the adrenal
Extends in an oblique,
gland called cortex secreted :
- MineralocorAcoid
transverse position
Aldosteron ( zona glomerulosa) Parts of pancreas: head,
- GlucocorAcoid corAzol neck, body and tail
( Zona fasciculata)
- Androgen (Zona reAcularis)

7
 5/10/16

PANCREATIC DUCT
- Wirsungi duct runs
the entire length of
pancreas
-Santorini duct drains
superior portion of
head and empties
separately into 2nd
portion of duodenum
- Common Bile duct
behind first portion of
duodenum then through
head of pancreas
Terminates at ampulla of
vater

BLOOD SUPPLY
The pancreas is an endocrine gland which has exocrine Blood supply from Splenic
artery, Hepatic artery and
and endocrine tissue. Superior Mesenteric Artery
The exocrine secretes pancreatic juice, a solution Celiac Common Hepatic
Artery Gastroduodenal
containing enzyme for carbohydrat, protein and triacyl Artery Superior
glycerol digest. pancreaticoduodenal artery
which divides into anterior
Pancreatic juice drains into the small intestine. and posterior branches
The endocrine part secretes hormones for the SMA Inferior
pancreaticoduodenal artery
regulation of blood glucose concentration, include which divides into anterior
insulin, glucagon and somatostatin . and posterior branches

Venous Drainage of Pancreas Venous Drainage of the Pancreas

Follows arterial supply
Anterior and posterior arcades drain head and the body
Splenic vein
Superior and inferior mesenteric vein pass deep to
pancreas, merge with spleen vein, terminates in portal vein

8
 5/10/16

ProducHon of PancreaHc Hormones by Three Cell

InnervaHon of Pancreas Types

Sympathetic fibers from the splanchnic nerves
Alpha cells produce glucagon.
Parasympathetic fibers from the vagus
Beta cells produce insulin.
Both give rise to intrapancreatic periacinar plexuses
Delta cells produce somatostatin.
Parasympathetic fibers stimulate both exocrine and
endocrine secretion
Sympathetic fibers have a predominantly inhibitory
effect

ovary BLOOD SUPPLY

The ovaries are the Blood supply to the ovary
female pelvic is via the ovarian artery,
reproduction organ and both the right and left
are responsible for the arteries originate directly
production of sex from the aorta.
hormones. The left ovariy vein drain
The ovaries are small into the left renal vein
They are paired organ and the right ovarian vein
located on either side of empties into the inferior
the uterus within the venae cava.
Broad Ligament bellow Hormones produce by the
the uterin fallopian tube. ovary are estrogen and
progesteron.

The TESTES (singular:

TESTIS/ Testicle
TESTES are the Each testes is
male gonads, located enclosed by the
in the scrotum. tunica vaginalis, a
Testes are component continuation of the
of both the peritoneum that lines
reproduction system the abdomino pelvic
and the endocrine cavity.
system. A fibrous capsule
covers each testis
called the tunica
albugenia

9
 5/10/16

The primary function of

the testes are produce BLOOD SUPPLY
sperm ( spermatogenesis)
and to produce androgen
(ex, testosteron)
The paired testicularis
Gonadotropin Hormon artery arise directly from
produced by the anterior
pituitary: the abdominal artery and
LH Testosteron release descend though the inguinal
FSH Spermatogenesis

canal.

The left testicularis Thetunica albuginea

vein drain into the gives rise to septa
(partitions) that divide
left renal vein and the testis into lobules
the right testicularis (about 250)
vein empties into the Each lobule contains 3
inferior venae cava. or 4 highly coiled
seminiferous tubules
These converge to
become rete testis
which transport sperm
to the epididymis

The tesAcular arteries

branch o the abdominal
aorta near the kidneys.
The right tesAcular vein
drains directly into the
inferior vena cava, while
the leZ tesAcular vein
drains into the leZ renal
vein and then into the
inferior vena cava. Note
how the vessels cross over
the ureters and enter and
exit the inguinal canal
with the spermaAc cord
via the deep and
supercial inguinal rings,
respecAvely.

10