An Investigation on Seismic Evaluation of

Performance-Based Design Method for Steel Structure Buildings

CE-0393


ATC-40

ATC-40
SAP2000

ATC-40

I
 Abstract

The traditional seismic design of buildings structure is processed

by institutionalized laws which only emphasize that the buildings are not
allowed to collapse during serious earthquakes. However, these types of
designs do not include the seismic capacity, damage permission and
usability after earthquakes for the various kinds of earthquake levels.
Indeed, the method cannot really reflect the actual performance of the
buildings. Recently, the performance-based seismic design and
assessment are developed in the world. It focuses on structural behaviors
and checks if its performance conforms the expectation or design
demands during the earthquakes. It provides the manner of flexibility for
structural design. According to the above-mentioned principles, the
ATC-40 seismic code of the United State America is developed.

In the thesis, we investigate the behaviors of the steel structure

buildings. The framework is based on ATC-40, and the software
SAP2000 is adopted to process non-linear static analysis. We can obtain
the results of structural plastic hinge locations, the interstory drifts and
the damage of members at the performance point, and then check if they
satisfy the performance level or not. It is expected that a balanced point is
obtained between building performance and earthquake levels. In
addition, time-history analysis is carried out and it provides a reference
direction for the related code.

Key words ATC-40, non-linear static analysis, pushover method,

time-history analysis, performance-based design.

II


........................................................................................... I
Abstract........................................................................................... II
......................................................................................... III
......................................................................................... IV
....................................................................................... VII
........................................................................................ IX

........................................................................... 1-1
1.1 ................................................................................1-1
1.2 ....................................................................................1-2
1.3 ........................................................................1-4

............................ 2-1
2.1 ............................................................................................2-1
2.2 ATC-40 ..............................................................2-1
2.2.1 ............................................................................... 2-2
2.2.2 ....................................................................................... 2-3
2.2.3 ....................................................... 2-3
2.2.4 ADRS ....................................................................................... 2-5
2.2.5 ............................................................................... 2-6
2.2.6 ........................................................................... 2-8
2.2.7 ................................................................................................. 2-11

2.3 ..................................................................2-11
IV


2.3.1 ..................................................................... 2-11

2.3.2 ..................................................................... 2-12
2.3.3 ..................................................................... 2-13
2.3.4 ......................................................................................... 2-13
2.3.5 ............. 2-14
2.3.6 ............................................................................. 2-14
2.3.7 ......................................... 2-15

...........................................................................................2-16

............................................................ 3-1
3.1 SAP2000 ....................................................................3-1
3.2 ............................................................................3-1
3.2.1 ............................................................................... 3-1
3.2.2 ............................................................................... 3-2
3.2.3 ........................................................................................... 3-2
3.2.4 P ......................................................................................... 3-3
3.2.5 ............................................................................... 3-3
3.2.6 ................................................................................... 3-4

3.3 ....................................................................................3-5
3.3.1 ....................................................................... 3-5
3.3.2 ....................................................................................... 3-6
3.3.3 ........................................................................................... 3-6
3.3.4 ........................................................................................... 3-6

3.4 ....................................................................................3-7
.............................................................................................3-8

................................ 4-1
4.1 ....................................4-1

4.1.1 ................................................................... 4-1

4.1.2 ....................................................................... 4-2
4.1.3 ....................................................................... 4-3
4.1.4 ........................................................................................... 4-5
4.1.5 ................................................................................................... 4-5

4.2 ............................................4-6
4.2.1 ....................................................................................... 4-6
4.2.2 ....................................................................... 4-6
4.2.3 ................................................................................................... 4-7

4.3 ....................................4-8
4.3.1 ....................................................................................... 4-8
4.3.2 ....................................................................... 4-8
4.3.3 ....................................................................... 4-9
4.3.4 ......................................................................................... 4-10
4.3.5 ................................................................................................. 4-11

...........................................................................................4-12

................................................................ 5-1
5.1 ............................................................................................5-1
5.2 ............................................................................................5-1

.................................................................................... XI

VI


2.1 ..................................2-16
2.2 ED .................................................................2-16
2.3 ..................................................2-17
2.4 A ..............................................................2-17
2.5 B ..........................................................................................2-18
2.6 C ......................................................2-18
2.7 ......................................................2-19
2.8 ......................................................2-19
3.1 P .......................................................................3-8

3.2 ....................................................................3-8
3.3 SAP 2000 LRFD .........................3-9
4.1 ..............................4-12
4.2 ( 475 ) ...........................4-13
4.3 ATC-40 ....................................................4-13
4.4 ()...................4-14
4.5 ..................4-15
4.6
......................................................................4-16
4.7 .4-16
4.8 ( TCU017EW)921 ...4-17
4.9 ( TCU015EW)921 .......4-17
4.10 ..............................4-18
4.11 ..........................................................................4-19

VII


4.12 ..........................................................................4-19
4.13 ..............................4-20
4.14 ..................................................................................4-20
4.15 ..............................................4-21
4.16 ..................................4-21
4.17 ......................................4-22
4.18 ......................................4-23
4.19 ......................................................................4-23
4.20 Case1 X ...........................4-24
4.21 Case1 Y ...........................4-24
4.22 Case2 X ...........................4-25
4.23 Case2 Y ...........................4-25
4.24 ( TCU017SN)921 4-26
4.25 ( TCU015SN)921 ........4-26
4.26 X ..........................4-27
4.27 Y ..........................4-27

VIII


2.1 .....................................................................2-20
2.2 Z..............................................................................2-20
2.3 E......................................................................2-20
2.4 .................................................................................2-21
2.5 N A N V ............................................................2-21

2.6 C A .......................................................................2-21

2.7 C V .......................................................................2-22

2.8 .............................................................2-22
2.9 .........................................................2-22
2.10 SRA SRV ............................................................2-23
2.11 .................................................2-23
2.12 Fa ().................2-23

2.13 Fv () .................2-24

2.14 CU ( S D1 ) ...............................2-24

4.1 .........................................4-28
4.2 .....................................4-28
4.3 .................................................4-28
4.4
..................................................................................4-29
4.5 . 4-29
4.6 .............4-30
4.7 .........................4-30
4.8 TCU017EW ...........................4-30
IX


4.9 TCU015EW ...........................4-31

4.10 ( Kip / ft ).......................................4-31
4.11 .........................................................................4-31
4.12 .....................................4-32
4.13 .................................................4-32
4.14 .............................................................4-32
4.15 .....................................4-33
4.16 .................................................4-33
4.17
..................................................................................4-33
4.18 ....4-33
4.19 .............4-34
4.20 .........................4-34
4.21 TCU017EW ......................4-34
4.22 TCU015EW ......................4-34
4.23 TCU017SN .......................4-35
4.24 TCU015SN .......................4-35

1.1

(Performance-Based Design Method)

(Performance Object)

(Performance Level)

1-1


1.2

()
1
1975 Freeman (Capacity Spectrum
Method)(Pushover Analysis)1981
2
Saiidi Sozen Q-Model 1991
3
Miranda 1993
4
Mahaney ADRS (Acceleration Displacement Response
5
Spectrum)1996 Fajfar Gaspersic

RC 1996
6
(Applied Technology Council ATC)
( ATC-40)1997
7
(Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA)

8
( FEMA-273274)1998 Tso Moghadam

1997 Reinhorn

1-2


9
R-T- Wen Foutch
10
SAC
11
1998 Hamburger

12
Jalayer Cornell
(Design Demand and Capacity Factor)
13
Luco Cornell

1999 Krawinkler
14

15
2000 Ghobarah

2000 6 SAC
16
(FEMA-350355)
()
1996

17
18
1999 ATC-40
2000
19

2001
20

21
RC 2001
ATC-40 A

1-3


1.3

6 7
ATC-40 FEMA-273
ATC-40
6 22
SAP2000

23 6
ATC-40

23 22
SAP2000

(Time History Analysis)

1-4


2.1

6
ATC-40
23

2.2 ATC-40
6
ATC-40

6
ATC-40

2-1


2.2.1

(Earthquake
Level)

(Serviceability Earthquake)
(Design Earthquake)(Maximum Earthquake)
50 50%10% 5%
75 500 1000

(Immediate Occupancy
SP-1)(Damage ControlSP-2)(Life Safety
SP-3) (Limited Safety SP-4) (Structural
StabilitySP-5)
(OperationSP-A)
(Immediate OccupancySP-B)(Life SafetySP-C)
(Hazards ReducedSP-D)
(Operation)
(Damage Control)(Life Safety)(Structural
Stability)
2.1 (DE) 500
7 24
FEMA SEAOC Vision-2000

2-2


2.2.2
6
ATC-40
(Performance Point)
(Demand Spectrum)
(Capacity Spectrum)

ADRS

2.2.3

SPT-N

(SAVS > 5000 ft s )(SB 2500 < VS 5000 ft s )

(SC1200 < VS 2500 ft s )(SD600 < VS 1200 ft s )

(SE VS < 600 ft s ) VS

2-3


(Pulse)
( 2.4)
N A NV 2.5

Z ( 2.2)
E ( 2.3)( 2.5)
2.62.7 C A CV

C A ( 2.6)
(EPA) 2.5 5%
Cv ( 2.7) 5%

(2.1) Ft

ATC-40 (2.2)
wx hx
Fx = V (2.1)
wx hx

2-4


w x x
Fx = V (2.2)
w x x

wx x

hx x

X
1
1

2.2.4 ADRS
4
1993 Mahaney
S d () S a ()

S d S a
N

(w i il ) g
PF1 = i =1
N
(2.3)
(w
i =1
2
i il ) g

N
[ ( wii1 ) / g ] 2
1 = N
i =1
N
(2.4)
[ wi / g ][ ( w ) / g ] 2
i i1
i =1 i =1

V /W
Sa = (2.5)
1

roof
Sd = (2.6)
PF1 roof ,1

PF1

2-5


i1 i

roof
T S a

S d S a

Ti 2
S di = S ai (2.7)
4 2
ADRS

2.2.5

(Inherent Damping)(Hysteretic Damping)
2.1
eq

eq = 0 + 0.05 (2.8)

eq

0 ( d pi )

0.05 5%
0
1 ED
0 = (2.9)
4 E SO

E D

E SO

2-6


2.2 E D E SO
E D = 4 (a pi d pi 2 A1 2 A2 2 A3 )
= 4 [a pi d pi 2d y (a pi a y ) a y d y (d pi d y )(a pi a y )] (2.10)
= 4 (a y d pi d y a pi )

E SO = a pi d pi 2 (2.11)

(2.10)(2.11)(2.9)
1 4(a y d pi d y a pi )
0 =
4 a pi d pi / 2
2 a y d pi d y a pi
=
a pi d pi
(2.12)
0.637(a y d pi d y a pi )
=
a pi d pi
63.7(a y d pi d y a pi )
= (%)
a pi d pi

63.7(a y d pi d y a pi )
eff = 0 + 5 = + 5(%) (2.13)
a pi d pi

2.1

63.7 (a y d pi d y a pi )
eff = 0 + 5 = + 5 (%) (2.14)
a pi d pi

2.8
2.9

SR A SRV

2-7


3.21 0.68 ln( eff )

SR A =
2.12
63.7 ( a y d pi d y a pi )
3.21 0.68 ln[ + 5]
a pi d pi
= (2.15)
2.12
2.31 0.41ln( eff )
SRV =
1.65
63.7 ( a y d pi d y a pi )
2.31 0.41ln[ + 5]
a pi d pi
= (2.16)
1.65
SR A SRV 2.10

2.3
ATC-406 RC
23
2

2.2.6

6
ATC-40 A
B C A B C

2.2.6.1 A
A
1. 5%
ADRS
2. ADRS

2-8


3. ( a pi , d pi )

4.
a pi d pi 2.4

5. 4 eff (2.15)(2.16)

SR A SRV

6. 5%
3~5 5%
1~6

2.2.6.2 B
B (a y , d y ) B

A
1. 5%
ADRS
2. effect eff

Type A eff 40%Type B eff 29%

TypeC eff 20%

3. ADRS
4. A 34 a y d y a * d *

5. a y d y a * d * a pi d pi

a * a y a pi a y
= (2.17)
d * d y d pi d y

2-9


a pi
( a * a y )( d pi d y )
a pi = + ay (2.18)
d * d y

(2.14)
63.7 ( a y d pi d y a pi )
eff = + 5(%) (2.19)
a pi d pi

6. d pi eff 2.5

2.2.6.3 C
C
1. 5%
ADRS
2. effect eff

Type A eff 40%Type B eff 29%

TypeC eff 20%

3. ADRS
( d pi , a pi )

d pi
4.
dy

a pi a y a pi
1
d pi d y a pi a y d y ay
= = * = (2.20)
ay d pi d y a y d pi
1
dy dy

5. 4

2-10


eff (2.14)

6. 5% line1
d pi a pi line2 2.6

7. line3 line1 5%
line2 ( 5 )
8. line3

2.6 5%
5% 4~8

2.2.7

2.7 2.8

2.11

2.3
2.3.1
23

V
S aD IW
V = (2.21)
1.4 y Fu

S aD S
aD
Fu Fu m

2-11


S aD S aD
0.3
Fu Fu
S S
S aD = 0.52 aD + 0.144 0.3 < aD < 0.8 (2.22)
Fu Fu
S S
0.70 aD aD
0.8
Fu Fu

S aD

Fu

2.3.2
50 10%
S SD

S1D

5 g

Fa Fv

S DS = Fa S SD

S D1 = Fv S1D (2.23)
Fa S SD 2.12 Fv

S1D 2.13
S aD :

2-12


S DS (0.4 + 3 T T0D ) T 0.2T0D

S aD = S DS 0.2T0D T T0D (2.24)
S D1 T T T0D

T0D
S D1
T0D = (2.25)
S DS

2.3.3
()

3
T = 0.085hn 4 (2.26)

3
T = 0.050hn 4 (2.27)

CU CU 2.14

S D1

2.3.4

1.5
1.5
1.25 1.0

2-13


2.3.5
y y

LRFD y

1.5
Fu R

T Ra R

( R 1)
Ra = 1 + () (2.28)
1.5

Fu

Ra , T T0D
(T 0.6T0D )
2 R a 1 + ( R a 2 R a 1) D
, 0.6T0D T T0D
0.4T0
Fu = (2.29)
2 Ra 1 , 0.2T0D T 0.6T0D
(T 0.2T0D )
2 R a 1 + ( 2 R a 1 1) D
, T 0.2T0D
0.2T0

2.3.6

Ft = 0.07TV (2.30)
Ft 0.25 V T 0.7 Ft

(V Ft )W x hx
Fx = n
(2.31)
W h
i =1
i i

W x x

hx x

2-14


2.3.7
Ra

V *
S aD I
V* = W () (2.32)
4.2 y Fu

I S aM
VM = W (2.33)
1.4 y FuM m

S aM S aM
0.3
F uM F uM
S aM S S
= 0.52 aM + 0.144 0.4 < aM < 0.8 (2.34)
FuM m FuM FuM
S aM S aM
0.70 F 0.8
uM FuM
23
(2.21)
(2.32)(2.33)

2-15


E D
ESo

a pi
K initial K effective
ay
ESo

dy d pi

ED

2.1

Sa A1=(a pi-a y)*d y

A2=(a y*d y)/2
A3=(a pi-a y)*(d pi-d y)/2
a pi

A3
A1

ay
A2
A2

A1
A3

dy d pi Sd

2.2 E D

2- 16


Sa

2.5CA
CV/T

2.5SRACA SRVCv/T

5%

Sd
2.3

Sa

2.5CA
CV/T

2.5SRACA SRVCV/T

api
A2
ay

A1

dy dpi
Sd

2.4 A

2- 17


effect =5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%
Sa

effect = 5%

effect = 10%

effect = 15%
effect = 20%
effect = 25%
effect = 30%
a*
ay A2

A1
dy
d* Sd

2.5 B

Sa
Line 1

Line 2

Line 3
api

ay

dy dpi Sd

2.6 C
2- 18


Q/Qc

0.75d

d
1.0 C

D
E
A

A B C D E

2.7

Q/Qc

0.75e

e
1.0 C

D
E
A

A B C D E

2.8

2- 19


2.1

(Operation) (Immediate (Life Safety) (Structural
Occupancy) Stability)
(SE)
50

(DE)
500

(ME)
1000

2.2 Z

1 2A 2B 3 4

Z 0.075 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40

2.3 E

SE DE ME

E 0.5 1.0 1.25

2- 20


2.4

(mm/year)

A M7.0 SR5

B AC AC

C M6.5 SR2

2.5 N A NV

2KM 5 KM 10 KM 15KM

NA NV NA NV NA NV NA NV

A 1.5 2.0 1.2 1.6 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0

B 1.3 1.6 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

C 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

2.6 C A

(Z*E*N)
0.075 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.40
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40 1.0(ZEN)
SC 0.09 0.18 0.24 0.33 0.40 1.0(ZEN)
SD 0.12 0.22 0.28 0.36 0.44 1.0(ZEN)
SE 0.19 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.36 1.0(ZEN)

2- 21


2.7 CV

(Z*E*N)
0.075 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.40
SB 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40 1.0(ZEN)
SC 0.13 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.56 1.0(ZEN)
SD 0.18 0.32 0.40 0.54 0.64 1.0(ZEN)
SE 0.26 0.50 0.64 0.84 0.96 1.0(ZEN)

2.8

(Essentially New (Average Existing (Poor Existing

Building) Building) Building)
A B C
B C C

2.9

0 (%)
16.25 1.0
A 0.51(a y d pi d y a pi )
>16.25 1.13
a pi d pi

25 0.67
B 0.446(a y d pi d y a pi )
0.845
>25 a pi d pi

C 0.33

2- 22


2.10 SR A SRV

SR A SRV

A 0.33 0.50
B 0.44 0.56
C 0.56 0.67

2.11

0.01 0.01-0.02 0.02 0.33Vi Pi

Vi i

Pi i

2.12 Fa

S S ( S SD S SM )

S S 0.5 S S = 0.6 S S = 0.7 S S = 0.8 S S 0.9

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0

1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0

2- 23


2.13 Fv

S1 ( S1D S1M )

S1 0.30 S1 = 0.35 S1 = 0.40 S1 = 0.45 S1 0.50

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1

1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4

2.14 CU S D1

CU
S D1
0.4 1.20
0.35 1.25
0.30 1.30

2- 24


3.1 SAP2000

SAP200022 Dr. Wilson

P
(Element Unsupported Lengths)

SAP

3.2

3.2.1

(Frame Element)

3-1


1. (Mass per unit Volume)
2. (Weight per unit Volume)
3. (Modulus of Elasticity)
4. (Poissions Ratio)
5. (Coefficient of Thermal Expansion)
6. (Shear Modulus)

7. (Steel Yield Stress)

3.2.2

(Restrain)
(Constrain)

SAP

3.2.3

3-2


3.2.4 P

V A PA 3.1 V A V A L
M 1 (Primary Moment) PA i

PA i

(Secondary Moment)

SAP200022
P P
(Individual Member
Stability)
(Lateral Drift Effects)
P

3.2.5
l 22 (
2-2 )l33 ( 3-3 ) 3.2

l 22
LRFD 3.3

3-3


3.2 End-I End-J

3.2.6
K K
Z
X- Y
K

E I E I
S cx = c c S bx = b b
Lc x Lb x

E I E I
S cy = c c S by = b b (3.5)
Lc y Lb y

x y x y
c b
(3.5)
2-2 3-3 G
SI S J c 22
= =
I c 22 J
G 22 G 22
SI b 22 S J b 22

SI SI
= =
I c 33 J c 33
G 33 I
G 33 J
(3.6)
S b 33 S b 33

3-4


G I G J

2 G I G J 36
=
6(G + G )
(3.7)
I J
tan

K =

3.3

3.3.1

Ku = r (3.8)
K r u
(Eigenvectors) Ritz

Ritz

SAP200022 Ritz

[K M ] = 0
2
(3.9)
K M
()

3-5


3.3.2

3.3.3

3.3.4

(Axial hinge) (P-M-M hinge)

(Moment hinge) (Shear hinge)
FEMA-2737
ATC-406

3-6


ATC-406

3.4

LRFDASD

(Envelope)

3-7


3.1 P

22
3.2

3-8


SAP 2000 LRFD

22
3.3 SAP 2000 LRFD

3-9


63

23 ATC-40 6

4.1

4.1.1

(SMRF) 3.2m 6m
4.1

0.9 t m 2 1.0t / m 2 0.3t m 2

0.4 t m f y = 25,310 t m 2
2

2.3
23

(Allowable Stress DesignASD)

(Load and Resistance Factor DesignLRFD)

4-1


LRFD 25,26
1.4DL 1.2DL+1.6LL 1.2DL+0.5LL+1.0EQ
1.2DL+0.5LL-1.0EQ0.9DL+1.0EQ0.9DL W 24
W 14

4.1.2

SAP2000
23

ATC-40 6

ADRS
23
( 4.2 ) ATC-40 6
( 4.3 ) C A = 0.28 CV = 0.52

ADRS
4.4 4.1
(V , D) = (79.654t ,0.040m)
ADRS ( S a , S d ) = (0.751,0.033)

4-2


(2.5)(2.6)
2( 2.11
) 4.2 4.3
4.5
2

4.1.3

23

4.1.3.1

23

y 4.6

4.4

ATC-40()
()

4-3


4.1.3.2

23

1.4
4.7 4.5

ATC-40()()

4.1.3.3

4.6
ATC-40
2%(Operational)

4.1.3.4

4.7
SAP2000

4-4


4.1.4

(
TCU017EW)( TCU015EW)
0.0764g0.1260g 4.84.9
2 4.84.9
TCU017EW TCU015EW
2%
4.10

4.1.5

(1)

(2) 4.6 4.7 ATC-40

(3) 4.10

4-5


(4)

4.2

4.2.1
27
SAP2000
X Y 48 ft
48 ft X Y 24 ft 12 ft
4.13 4.11

W 16 W 18 W 21 W 24
W 8 W 14 TS 4 4 1 4 TS 5 5 1 4
4.12 DL = 40 psf
LL = 20 psf DL = 80 psf LL = 50 psf

4.14

X 17 kips 16 kips Y
26 kips 23 kips
4.10

4.2.2

( 4.2.1 )
X
X Y

4-6


22
4.11 4

6
ADRS ATC-40
C A = 0.4 CV = 0.4 ADRS

4.15

4.12 4.16
4.13 4.17
2
X
Y

4.2.3

4.15
4.16
4.17
X
Y

4-7


4.3

4.3.1

X
Y 4.18
4.1.1 W 24 W 14
4.19
W 24 55 W 14 120
(SMRF)
3.2m 6m 0.7 t m 2

0.8t / m 2 0.2 t m 2 0.25 t m 2

f y = 25,310 t m 2

Case1 Case2
( 4.18 )
1.8 t m 2

4.3.2

4.1.2 4
23

( 4.14) (
4.15 ) 2
( 4.16 ) Case1 Case2 X
4-8


Case2 Y
4.20(Case1X ) 4.21 (Case1Y ) 4.22(Case2X ) 4.23
(Case2Y )Case2 Case1

4.3.3

4.1.3

4.3.3.1

23

3
T = 0.05hn 4 0.3384 0.4061

Case1 0.6030 Case2 0.6798

0.4061

4.3.3.2

4.17

Case2 Case1

Case2 Case1

4-9


4.3.3.3

4.18

Case2 Case1
Case2 Case1

4.3.3.4

4.19
2

4.19 X Y Case2
Case1

4.3.3.5

4.20
SAP2000

4.3.4

4.1.4 (
TCU017SN)( TCU015SN) SN
0.1256g0.1174g 4.244.25

4-10


4.264.27
4.214.24
2

4.3.5

4-11


(a)2F (b)3F (c)4F

(d)5F (e)6F (f)7F

(g)8F (h)9F
4.1
4-12


Sa(g)
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 T(sec)

4.2 ( 475 )

Sa 2.5CA

TS=CV/2.5CA
TA=0.2Ts

CA CV/T

TA TS
T

4.3 ATC-40
4-13


(a)2F( (V , D) = (79.654t,0.040m)) (b)3F( (V , D) = (81.698t,0.079m))

(c)4F( (V , D) = (77.156t,0.116m)) (d)5F( (V , D) = (71.907t,0.150m))

(e)6F( (V , D) = (81.162t,0.191m)) (f)7F( (V , D) = (65.729t,0.207m))

(g)8F( (V , D) = (66.006t,0.252m)) (h)9F( (V , D) = (67.069t,0.281m))

4.4

4-14


(a)2F (b)3F (c)4F

(d)5F (e)6F (f)7F

(g)8F (h)9F

4.5
4-15


pushover analysis()
pushover analysis()

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

4.6

pushover analysis()
pushover analysis()
0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

4.7

4-16


0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
Acceleration

0.02
0
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100

Time(sec)

4.8 TCU017EW921

0.15

0.1

0.05
Accleration

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time(sec)

4.9 TCU015EW921

4-17


Pushover Analysis
3
Time History Analysis(TCU017EW)
Time History Analysis(TCU015EW)
2

2

1
1

0
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
0.00% 0.50% 1.00% 1.50% 2.00%
(%)
(%)

(a)2F (b)3F

4 5

3 4

3
2

2
1
1
0 0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.00% 0.50% 1.00% 1.50% 2.00%
(%)
(%)

(c)4F (d)5F
6 7
5 6
4 5
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0 0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
(%) (%)

(e)6F (f)7F

8 9
7 8
6 7
5 6

4 5
4
3
2 3
1 2
0 1
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
(%)
(%)

(g)8F (h)9F

4.10

4-18


(a) (b)
4.11

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
4.12

4-19


4.13

(a) 39405152 (b) 14152425

(c) 41/444247/5049 (d) 16182123

(e) 4546 (f) 1920

(g) 4348 (h) 1722

4.14
4-20


(a) (b)
( (V , D) = (137.682t,0.292m)) ( (V , D) = (160.107t,0.287m))

(c) (d)
( (V , D) = (150.772t,0.281m)) ( (V , D) = (221.641t,0.273m))

4.15

0
0.00% 0.50% 1.00% 1.50% 2.00%
(%)

4.16

4-21


(a) (b)

(c) (d)

4.17

4-22


4.18

(a) (Y-1,Y-3 ) (b) Y-2

4.19

4-23


(a)X-1 (b)X-2 (c)X-3

4.20 Case1 X

(a)Y-1 (b)Y-2 (c)Y-3

4.21 Case1 Y

4-24


(a)X-1 (b)X-2 (c)X-3

4.22 Case2 X

(a)Y-1 (b)Y-2 (c)Y-3

4.23 Case2 Y

4-25


0.15

0.1

0.05
Acceleration

-0.05

-0.1

-0.15
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time(sec)

4.24 TCU017SN921

0.15

0.1
Acceleration

0.05

-0.05

-0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time(sec)

4.25 TCU015SN921

4-26


Pushover Analysis Pushover Analysis

Time History Analysis(TCU017EW) Time History Analysis(TCU017EW)
Time History Analysis(TCU015EW) Time History Analysis(TCU015EW)

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0.00% 0.50% 1.00% 1.50% 2.00% 0.00% 0.50% 1.00% 1.50% 2.00%
(%) (%)

(a)Case1 (b)Case2
4.26 X

Pushover Analysis Pushover Analysis

Time History Analysis(TCU017SN) Time History Analysis(TCU017SN)
Time History Analysis(TCU015SN) Time History Analysis(TCU015SN)

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0.00% 0.10% 0.20% 0.30% 0.40% 0.50% 0.00% 0.10% 0.20% 0.30% 0.40% 0.50%
(%) (%)

(a)Case1 (b)Case2

4.27 Y

4-27


4.1 (t , m)

(V,D) (V,D)

()
2 (79.654,0.040) (79.718,0.034)
3 (81.698,0.079) (81.740,0.079)
4 (77.156,0.116) (77.406,0.114)
5 (71.907,0.150) (72.133,0.148)
6 (81.162,0.191) (81.714,0.186)
7 (65.729,0.207) (66.965,0.209)
8 (66.006,0.252) (67.116,0.241)
9 (67.069,0.281) (68.091,0.272)

4.2

2F 3F 4F 5F 6F 7F 8F 9F
9 0.30%
8 0.32% 0.46%
7 0.35% 0.50% 0.63%
6 0.38% 0.54% 0.69% 0.83%
5 0.36% 0.67% 0.76% 0.92% 1.17%
4 0.43% 0.66% 1.03% 1.01% 1.30% 1.50%
3 0.55% 0.82% 1.04% 1.38% 1.40% 1.61% 1.60%
2 0.61% 0.94% 1.25% 1.43% 1.47% 1.48% 1.57% 1.35%
1 0.62% 0.91% 1.20% 1.28% 1.04% 0.92% 0.88% 0.79%

4.3

A-B B-IO IO-LS LS-CP CP-C C-D D-E

2 17 3 0 0 0 0 0 20
3 22 8 0 0 0 0 0 30
4 28 9 3 0 0 0 0 40
5 36 10 4 0 0 0 0 50
6 44 11 5 0 0 0 0 60
7 50 16 4 0 0 0 0 70
8 54 20 6 0 0 0 0 80
9 62 22 6 0 0 0 0 90
A B IO LS
CP C D E

4-28


4.4
pushover analysis pushover analysis
() ()
2 0.2610 0.6181 0.6191
3 0.2247 0.3523 0.3517
4 0.1923 0.2308 0.2308
5 0.1611 0.1716 0.1723
6 0.1404 0.1387 0.1394
7 0.1251 0.1131 0.1144
8 0.1133 0.0973 0.0978
9 0.1037 0.0861 0.0863

V
W

4.5

pushover analysis pushover analysis

() ()

2 0.3654 0.6766 0.6772

3 0.3146 0.4542 0.4544
4 0.2692 0.3188 0.3198
5 0.2255 0.2364 0.2371
6 0.1966 0.2215 0.2230
7 0.1751 0.1534 0.1562
8 0.1586 0.1344 0.1367
9 0.1452 0.1212 0.1230

V
W

4-29


4.6

2 0.0062 Operational
3 0.0080 Operational
4 0.0092 Operational
5 0.0095 Operational
6 0.0100 Operational
7 0.0092 Operational
8 0.0097 Operational
9 0.0096 Operational

4.7

2 2.4630 1.1438
3 2.8612 1.5951
4 3.3435 1.9669
5 3.5333 2.0581
6 3.5333 2.1438
7 3.5333 1.9362
8 3.5333 2.0545
9 3.5333 2.0413

4.8 TCU017EW

2F 3F 4F 5F 6F 7F 8F 9F
9 0.25%
8 0.22% 0.41%
7 0.22% 0.47% 0.56%
6 0.33% 0.39% 0.61% 0.69%
5 0.30% 0.59% 0.56% 0.63% 0.80%
4 0.20% 0.50% 0.86% 0.73% 0.89% 0.88%
3 0.23% 0.36% 0.67% 1.10% 0.90% 0.99% 0.91%
2 0.23% 0.38% 0.46% 0.77% 1.21% 0.96% 0.96% 0.86%
1 0.24% 0.32% 0.35% 0.55% 0.86% 0.64% 0.61% 0.55%

4-30


4.9 TCU015EW

2F 3F 4F 5F 6F 7F 8F 9F
9 0.36%
8 0.28% 0.59%
7 0.36% 0.49% 0.76%
6 0.38% 0.59% 0.72% 0.83%
5 0.28% 0.67% 0.74% 0.93% 0.81%
4 0.32% 0.51% 1.03% 0.80% 1.09% 0.76%
3 0.28% 0.56% 0.70% 1.38% 0.77% 1.18% 0.72%
2 0.22% 0.64% 0.69% 0.80% 1.47% 0.68% 1.13% 0.64%
1 0.24% 0.48% 0.50% 0.57% 1.04% 0.40% 0.72% 0.39%

4.10 Kip / ft

14 11131517 10121618

EQX 2.67 2.00 1.33

EQY 3.83 2.88 1.92

24 20232528 19212729

EQX 3.67 2.00 1.33

EQY 4.83 2.88 2.42

4.11

0.96 ft

X 0.96 ft

0.96 ft

X +Y 0.96 ft

4-31


4.12

( ft )

RF 0.292 0.95%

2F 0.178 1.49%

RF 0.287 0.77%

2F 0.189 1.57%

RF 0.281 0.80%

2F 0.185 1.54%

RF 0.273 0.76%

2F 0.182 1.52%

4.13

A-B B-IO IO-LS LS-CP CP-C C-D D-E
44 4 0 0 0 0 0 48
44 4 0 0 0 0 0 48
44 4 0 0 0 0 0 48
42 4 0 0 0 0 2 48
A B IO LS
CP C D E

4.14

(V , D)

Case1 X (281.648,0.087)

Y (377.846,0.034)

Case2 X (289.863,0.102)

Y (429.672,0.043)
(t , m)

4-32


4.15

CASE1 CASE2

X Y X Y

RF 0.43% 0.19% 0.52% 0.27%

4F 0.76% 0.28% 0.86% 0.35%

3F 0.95% 0.37% 1.04% 0.47%

2F 0.64% 0.31% 0.68% 0.38%

4.16


A-B B-IO IO-LS LS-CP CP-C C-D D-E
X 174 16 0 0 0 0 0 190
Case1
Y 184 6 0 0 0 0 0 190
X 167 23 0 0 0 0 0 190
Case2
Y 182 4 4 0 0 0 0 190
A B IO LS
CP C D E

4.17
PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
()
Case1 0.2771 0.4660
Case2 0.2771 0.3905

V
W

4.18
PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
()
Case1 0.3879 0.5771
Case2 0.3879 0.5244

V
W

4-33


4.19

Case1 0.0069 Operational
Case2 0.0078 Operational

4.20

Case1 2.3203 1.3478

Case2 2.3203 1.5031

4.21 TCU017EW

CASE1 CASE2

RF 0.32% 0.39%

4F 0.57% 0.62%

3F 0.73% 0.76%

2F 0.52% 0.53%

4.22 TCU015EW

CASE1 CASE2

RF 0.44% 0.48%

4F 0.73% 0.72%

3F 0.89% 0.83%

2F 0.61% 0.56%

4-34


4.23 TCU017SN

CASE1 CASE2

RF 0.09% 0.05%

4F 0.12% 0.08%

3F 0.14% 0.11%

2F 0.12% 0.11%

4.24 TCU015SN

CASE1 CASE2

RF 0.08% 0.11%

4F 0.12% 0.15%

3F 0.15% 0.18%

2F 0.14% 0.17%

4-35


5.1
6 23
ATC-40
22
SAP2000

(1)

(2) ATC-40


(3)

(4)

5.2

6
(1) ATC-40


(2)

(3)

5-1


(4)


(5)

(6)

(7)

5-2


1. Freeman, S.A., Nicoletti, J.P., and Tyrell, J.V., Evaluations to Existing

Buildings for Seismic Risk-A Case Study of Puget Sound Naval
Shipyard, Bremeryon, Washington, Proceeding of 1st U.S. National
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, EERI, Berkeley, pp. 113~112
(1975).
2. Saiidi, M. and Sozen, M.A., Simple Nonlinear Seismic Analysis of RC
Structures, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, pp. 937~952
(1981).
3. Miranda, E., Seismic Evaluation and Upgrading of Existing
Buildings, Ph. D. Dissertation, University of California at Berkeley
(1991).
4. Mahaney, J.A., Freeman, S.A., Paret, T.F., and Kehoe, B.E., The
Capacity Spectrum Method of Evaluating Structural Response During
the Loma Prieta Earthquake, Proc. 1993 National Earthquake
Conference, pp. 501~510, Memphis (1993).
5. Fajfar, P. and Gaspersic, P., The N2 Method for the Seismic Damage
Analysis of RC Buildings, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and
Structural Dynamics, Vol. 25, pp. 31~46 (1996).
6. Applied Technology Council, Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of
Concrete Buildings, ATC-40, Vol. 1, Redwood City, C.A (1996).
7. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), NEHRP
Guidelines and Complementary for the Seismic Rehabilitation of
Buildings, FEMA 273-274 (1997).
8. Tso, W.K. and Moghadam, A.S., Pushover Procedure for Seismic
Analysis of Building, Structural Engineering and Materials, Vol. 3, pp.

XI


337~344 (1998).
9. Reinhorn, A.M., Inelastic Analysis Techniques in Seismic
Evaluations, Seismic Design Methodologies for the Next Generation
of Codes, pp. 277~278, Eds. Fajfar, P. and Krawinkler, Balkema,
Rotterdam (1997).
10. Wen, Y.K., and Foutch, D.A., Proposed Statistical and Reliability
Framework for Comparing and Evaluating Predictive Models for
Evaluation and Design, and Critical Issues in Developing such
Framework, Report No. SAC/BD-9703, August 27 (1997).
11. Hamburger, R.O., Performance Based Analysis and Design Procedure
for Moment Resisting Steel Frames, September 14 (1998).
12. Jalayer, F., and Cornell, A., Development of a Probability Based
Demand and Capacity Factor Design Seismic Format, Draft.8/11/98.
Publication as a SAC Background Document.
13. Luco, N., and Cornell, A., Effects of Seismic Structural Performance,
Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 111, No. 6, June (1985).
14. Krawinkler, H., Challenges and Progress in Performance Based
Earthquake Engineering, Proceeding of Seismic Design for the Next
Century, NCREE-99-034, Taiwan, Dec. (1999).
15. Ghobarah, A., Seismic Assessment of Existing RC Structures,
Structural Engineering and Materials, Vol. 2, pp. 60~71 (2000).
16. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Recommended
Seismic Evaluation and Upgrade Criteria for Existing Welded Steel
Moment-Frame Buildings, FEMA 350-355 (2000).
17.
(1996)
18.
(1999)

XII


19. /

30 6 23~26 (2000)
20.
(2001)
21. ATC-40 70
17~26 (2001)
22. CSI, SAP2000Integrated Finite Element Analysis and Design of
Structures, Computers and Structures, Inc., Berkeley, California
(1996).
23.

(2002)
24. Structural Engineering Association of California (SEAOC), Vision 2000
Committee, Performance Based Seismic Engineering of Buildings,
Vol. 1 and Vol. 2, April (1995).
25. AISC, Manual of Steel Construction, Load & Resistance Factor
Design, Vol. 1, 2nd Edition, American Institute of Steel Construction,
Chicago (1993).
26. AISC, Manual of Steel Construction, Load & Resistance Factor
Design, 3rd Edition, American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago
(2001).
27. CSI, SAP2000Integrated Finite Element Analysis and Design of
Structures-Detailed Tutorial Including Pushover Analysis, Computers
and Structures, Inc., Berkeley, California (1996).

XIII