ASI Limit State Steel Connections Design Series - Part 1 - SC - 42 - 1 - J PDF

STEEL CONSTRUCTION
JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE

VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DECEMBER 2007
ASI LIMIT STATE STEEL CONNECTIONS

DESIGN SERIES - PART 1 -2007
ISSN 0049-2205
Print Post Approved
pp 255003/01614
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2 STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007

STEEL CONSTRUCTION - EDITORIAL
Editor: Tony Pollard, National Manager Engineering and Construction
ASI Limit State Steel Connections Design Series Part 1 - 2007
The Connection Design Series is a specialist series devoted to the de-
sign of connections in structural steel in accordance with current Austral-
ian Standard AS4100 (Ref 1), reflecting the current state of knowledge of
connection behaviour from test results. Part 1 covers simple connections
for open sections includes connection theory, bolting and welding of con-
nections.
The Connection Design Series is also divided into design guides with
each written by weighing the evidence to provide recommended design
procedures based in part on the design procedures used in equivalent
publications and/or published papers.
Each design guide is intended to provide a design model which gives a
reasonable estimate of connection design capacity and effort has been
expended in researching and developing design models which can be
justified on the basis of the available research and current design prac-
tice. It is to be emphasised that for the connections model presented, the
AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE design model is not the only possible model.
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STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007 3

ASI LIMIT STATE STEEL CONNECTION DESIGN SERIES PART 1 2007
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY DETAILS
by
T.J.HOGAN
Consultant & Former Director, SCP Consulting Pty Ltd, Sydney
and
S.A. MUNTER
National Structural Decking Manager, Bluescope Lysaght, Sydney
1. INTRODUCTION Australian Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) and

This new Structural Steel Connection Design Series the Steel Institute of Australia (SIA). The former AISC
(the Connection Series), authored and published by published a design manual giving guidance on the
the Australian Steel Institute (ASI) covers the theory design of structural connections in steelwork (Ref.2).
for the design of connection parts including bolting The ASI has been updating Reference 2 by way of this
and welding as well as individual connection types. Connection Series dealing with individual connections
Part 1 of this Connection Series details recommended for members of open sections. Part 1, as the first
design procedures and provides basic design capacity tranche of the series covers simple connections for this
tables (DCTs) for simple connections including web category of members. Part 2, as the second tranche
side plate, flexible end plate and angle cleat. Detailing will cover rigid connections and other connection types
parameters are also provided for a range of these again for members of open sections.
simple connections including seated connections
The former AISC also published a manual containing
commonly used for structural steel in Australia.
standardised detailing for simple connections,
Connections have a major engineering and economic accompanied by load tables (Ref.3). Each individual
importance in steel structures influencing design, connection type in the Connection Series contains
detailing, fabrication and erection costs. Standardisation standardised detailing and design capacity tables
of design approach integrated with industry detailing for the connection covered by that publication as
is the key to minimising costs at each stage. The derived using the recommended design model in
Connection Series was first released in 1978 at which that publication. The connections dealt with are those
time connection design theories were developed for presently in common use in Australia and reflect the
the purpose of generating and publishing connection types of connections covered within the earlier AISC
capacity tables. The first three editions were released Standardised Structural Connections (Ref.3).
in permissible stress format. The fourth edition Design
of Structural Connections (often referred to as the 3. PUBLICATIONS & SCOPE
Green Book) was released in 1994 in limit state format
The Connection Series is to be published in two
but there was no subsequent release of a limit state
tranches:
companion document containing connection design
Part 1: Simple Connections Open Sections, 2007,
capacity tables.
comprising:
Part One of this new Connection Series in limit state Design capacity tables for structural steel, Volume 3:
format to the Australian Standard for Steel Structures Simple connections open sections (Ref.4)
AS 4100-1998 (Ref.1) separates the connection theory Handbook 1: Design of structural steel connections
in Handbook 1 from the Design Guides for each (Ref.5)
individual connection type. The recommended design Design Guide 1: Bolting in structural steel connections
model for a connection model theory is referenced (Ref.6)
back to the Handbook for each type of connection Design Guide 2: Welding in structural steel connec-
formulated. Revision of the ASI connection detailing tions (Ref.7)
was based on surveys of best practice in the Australian Design Guide 3: Web side plate connections (Ref.8)
steel industry. Design Guide 4: Flexible end plate connections
(Ref.9)
2. BACKGROUND Design Guide 5: Angle cleat connections (Ref.10)
The ASI was formed in 2002 through the merger of the Design Guide 6: Seated connections (Ref.11)

Figure 1. Simple Connections
Part 2: Rigid & Other Connections Open Sections Each individual connection type is intended to provide
will comprise design capacity tables for structural steel a design model which gives a reasonable estimate
- Volume 4: Rigid connections open sections; Design of connection design capacity and effort has been
guides for welded beam to column connections; Bolted expended in researching and developing design
moment end plate beam splice connections; Bolted models which can be justified on the basis of the
moment end plate beam to column connections; as available research and current design practice. It is to
well as Beam splices and Column base plates. be emphasised that the design model presented is not
the only possible model and attention is drawn to the
The Connection Series comprises specialist
disclaimer at the beginning of each publication as to its
publications devoted to the design of connections in
applicability and use.
structural steel in accordance with current Australian
codes of practice while incorporating the current state Part 1 of the Connection Series is for simple
of international knowledge of connection behaviour construction where the connections at the ends
from test results. In some instances, the test evidence of members are assumed not to develop bending
is sparse and in other instances the evidence is moments. Connections between members in simple
contradictory or clouded. Each design guide for construction must be capable of deforming to provide
an individual connection type has been written by the required rotation at the connection and are required
weighing the evidence to provide a recommended to not develop a level of restraining bending moment
design model based in part on the design procedures which adversely affects any part of the structure. The
used in equivalent international publications and/or rotation capacity of the connection must be provided
published papers. by the detailing of the connection and must have been

demonstrated experimentally. The connection is then the connections are assumed to have sufficient rigid-
required to be considered as subject to reaction shear ity to hold the original angles between the members
forces acting at any eccentricity appropriate to the unchanged. The joint deformations must be such that
connection detailing. Examples of simple connections they have no significant influence on the distribution of
provided in the design capacity tables (Ref.4) include the action effects nor on the overall deformation of the
(Fig.1): frame. Examples of rigid connections to be included in
design capacity tables (Ref.5) include (Fig.2.):
Part 2 of the Connection Series will include, amongst
other connections those for rigid construction where
Figure 2. Rigid Connections

4. CONSIDERATIONS IN CONNECTION DESIGN capacity tables;
In structural steel connections, there are two Eliminating the need for repetitive computation by
fundamental considerations: structural engineers;
Allowing scope for the fabricator to produce
the connection designer requires a reasonable
connection components by production engineering
estimate of connection strength in order that a
methods and to develop standard jigs and fixtures
connection will be economical (not over-designed)
for assembly;
and safe (design capacity exceeds design actions);
Advantages that can be expected to flow from
and
industry rationalisation, such as better
the connection must be detailed in such a way
communication, better availability of materials and
that it is economical to fabricate and erect, while
suitable components; and
recognising that the connection detailing may have
an important impact on the strength of the Most importantly, a considerable impetus towards
connection. improving the economy, and therefore the
competitive position of structural steelwork in the
Any design model for assessing the strength of a
Australian building industry.
connection must take account of the following four
elements: There is no valid reason for diversity in detailing the
the strength of the fasteners (bolts and welds); selected connections contained in this Connection
the strength of the connection components (plates, Series and one of the prime objectives of the ASI
flat bars, angles, gusset plates); approach is to minimise variation by providing only
the strength of the connected member in the selected connection configurations containing all
vicinity of the connection; and essential elements for each connection type. The
the strength of the supporting member in the selected connection configurations provided should
vicinity of the connection. prove acceptable to designers, fabricators and
Codes for the design of steel structures primarily deal erectors.
with member design as a whole, rather than specifically The design capacity tables presented in this Simple
allowing for local effects and provide only the basic Connections DCTs V3 have been developed by
information on fastener design. No code specifies a adopting selected connection configurations involving:
detailed design procedure for any type of connection steel grade
leaving the assessment of how a connection behaves connection components
and how its behaviour should be allowed for in design welds
to the individual designer. This presents the designer bolts
with a substantial task considering the large number of hole geometry
different connection types that may be encountered, bolt pitches
each requiring individual research and assessment. bolt gauge lines
A connection series such as this seeks to assist the
When using the connection design capacity tables for
designer by providing guidance to reduce the task
a selected connection configuration, tedious design
considerably.
calculations are eliminated to a large extent. Certain
In all types of structural steel, it is the structural steel design checks which relate to the supporting member
connections which account for the greater part of the or to general frame design may still be required.
fabrication cost. It could therefore mistakenly lead to The design capacity tables apply to structural steelwork
placing all the emphasis on minimising steel mass connections that are essentially statically loaded.
when the greatest potential for economy is in the Connections subject to dynamic loads or subject to
rationalisation of the connection design and detailing. fatigue require additional considerations.
The objective of the Connection Series is to provide The following connection types have been included in
such a rationalised approach to the design, detailing this Simple Connections DCTs, V3 (Fig. 1):
and fabrication of selected structural steel connections.
Web side plate connection (refer Design Guide 3,
The benefits of this approach are many, including:
Ref.8)
Providing the designer with a range of safe and Flexible end plate connection (refer Design Guide
economical connections accompanied by design 4, Ref.9)

Angle cleat connection (refer Design Guide 5, Welds
Ref.10) 6mm or 8mm fillet welds
All these connections fall into the SIMPLE E48XX or W50X welding electrodes to the rel
CONSTRUCTION form of construction permitted by evant Australian Standard (Refs 15, 16, 17,
AS 4100 (Ref.1). 18)
GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS Hole geometry

Standard Parameters Bolt pitch 70mm
Steel Grades Bolt gauge Either 70mm, 90mm or 140mm as

required
(a) Supported members Grade 300 to
AS 3679 (Ref.12)
(b) Angle components Grade 300 to Other
AS 3679 (Ref.12)
Several other geometrical aspects. such as
(c) Flat bar strip components Grade 300 to
AS 3679 (Ref.12) cope sizes and edge distances have been
standardised. These are detailed in the
(d) Plate components Grade 250 to
AS 3678 (Ref.13) following tables.
Standardised Structural Connections
Bolts
20mm high strength structural bolts to AS 1252
(Ref.14)
22mm diameter holes
TABLE 1
CONNECTION
CONNECTION COMPONENTS ADOPTED
COMPONENTS ADOPTED
Connection Component Size Figure Hole dia. Edge

type (mm) distance
(mm)
Web side plate Flat bar or plate 90 u 8 3 22 55/35
90 u 10 3 22 55/35
180 u 10 4 22 55
Flexible end Flat bar or plate 200 u 10 5 22 30
plate 150 u 10 5 22 30
Angle cleat Equal angle 100 u 100 u 8 EA 6 22 35
Unequal angle 150 u 100 u 10 UA 7 22 35
TABLE 2
ADDITIONAL DETAILS OF COMPONENTS
Type Size Mass per metre Actual Yield stress Tensile

(kg/m) thickness (MPa) strength MPa
Flat bar 90 u 8 5.65 8 320 440
90 u 10 7.06 10 320 440
180 u 10 14.1 10 320 440
Angle 100 u 100 u 8 EA 11.8 7.8 320 440
150 u 100 u 10 18.0 9.5 320 440
UA
Plate 90 u 8 5.65 8 280 410
90 u 10 7.06 10 260 410
180 u 10 14.1 10 260 410

Two methods of manufacture are possible for the
above connection components:
(i) strip may be cut and holed by the fabricators

normal methods.
(ii) strip may be pre-holed in long lengths and

subsequently cropped to individual component
lengths.
FIGURE 3. 90x8 or 90x10 FLAT BAR

OR PLATE COMPONENT
FIGURE 4. 180x10 FLAT BAR FIGURE 5. 200 OR 150x10 FLAT BAR

OR PLATE COMPONENT OR PLATE COMPONENT
FIGURE 6. 100x100x8 EA ANGLE COMPONENT
FIGURE 7. 150x100x10 UA ANGLE COMPONENT
The three types of supported member (beam) end preparation are shown in Figure 8.

NOTE: All beam end preparations may have a single line of bolts in lieu of the two lines shown above.
*a = 70 where noted in Table 3.
Figure 8. supported member End preparations

Bolting layout uses the following Using these parameters, the maximum number of bolt
parameters: rows (nmax) that can be accommodated on a beam
web are given in Table 3 for:
(a) dimension a = 100mm from top of beam to centre of
first hole, except that for beam depths less than (i) Universal beam sections;
240mm a = 70mm is used;
(ii) Universal column sections down to 200UC;
(b) edge distance from a coped web to a hole of
(iii) Hot rolled channel sections down to 200mm
35mm;
deep.
(c) end distance for the bolts in the beam web of 35mm,
so as to permit all methods of beam cutting;
(d) all bolt holes are 22mm diameter for M20 bolts;
(e) a bolt pitch of 70mm.
The bolt pitch of 70mm, combined with the a dimension

of 100mm maximises the number of bolts that can
be accommodated in a beam web while still allowing
sufficient clearance to enable bolts to be installed.
TABLE 3
VALUES OF nmax
a = 100 except a = 70 where * shown, edc = 35, p = 70 (Fig. 8)
Section (UB) n max on beam Section (UC) n max on beam Section n max on beam
web web (Channel) web
610UB 7 310UC 3 380 u 100 4
530UB 6 250UC 2 300 u 90 3
460UB 5 200UC 2* 250 u 90 2
410UB 4 230 u 75 2*
360UB 3 200 u 75 2*
310UB 3
250UB 2
200UB 2*

Gauge Lines
For rolled sections, the gauges of the holes between

lines of bolts should be one of the standard gauges
shown in Tables 4 to 7. Flange gauges listed in these
tables provide the minimum edge distances for the
holes and clearances between the bolts and the web
sufficient to allow installation of the bolts. Web gauges
2 GEOMETRICAL DETAILS 2.4 Gauge lines
are selected to provide adequate clearance between
the bolt holes and the flange to permit both holing and
installation of the bolts.
For rolled sections, the gauges of the holes between lines of bolts should be one of the
In thestandard gauges
tables, the shown
first entry is theinpreferred
Tables one
4 toand
7. Flange gauges listed in these Tables provide the
other possible alternatives are given in descending clearances between the bolts and the web sufficient
minimum edge distances for the holes, and
orderto allow installation
of preference. For all theofconnections,
the bolts. the
Web gauges are selected to provide adequate clearance
choice
between the bolt holes and the flange to permit both holing and installation of the bolts.
is taken care of in the standard detail for the angle cleat
In the end
and flexible Tables,
plate.the first entry is the preferred one, and other possible alternatives are given in
descending order of preference. For all the connections in this Simple Connections DCTs, V3
the choice is taken care of in the standard detail for the angle cleat and flexible end plate.
TABLE 4
GAUGE LINES FOR UNIVERSAL
SECTIONS
Section Flange s gf Web s gw

M20 M24 M20 M24
Universal beams
610UB 140 90 140 90 140 90 70 140 90 70
530UB 140 90 140 90 140 90 70 140 90 70
460UB 90 140 90 90 70 140 90 70 140
410UB 90 70 90 90 70 140 90 70 140
360UB,310UB 90 70 90 90 70 140 90 70 140
310UB32.0 70 90 70 140 90 70 140
250UB 70 90 70 90 140 70 90 140
250UB25.7* 70 70 90 140 70 90 140
200UB 70 70 90 70 90
200UB18.2* 50 70 90 70 90
180UB b 70 90 70 90
150UB b 70 70
Universal columns
310UC 140 90 140 90 90 70 140 90 70 140
250UC 140 90 140 90 90 70 140 90 70 140
200UC 140 90 140 90 90 70 90 70
150UC 90 70 90 70 70
100UC 60 b c c
Preference 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3
NOTES:
*Gauge listed for 250UB25.7 and 200UB18.2 are for M16 bolts.
bIndicates that the flange will not accommodate this size of bolt.
cIndicates that the web will not accommodate two lines of bolts with a gauge of 50 mm or more.
All dimensions are in mm.

TABLE 5
GAUGE LINES FOR WELDED SECTION
FLANGES
M20 M24
Section
s gf1 s gf2 s gf1 s gf2
Welded beams
1200WB455-392 140 90 280 420 140 90 280
1200WB342-278 140 90 280 140 90 280
1200WB249 140 90 140 90
1000WB322-258 140 90 280 140 90 280
1000WB215 140 90 140 90
900WB282,218 140 90 280 140 90 280
900WB175 140 90 140 90
800WB 140 90 140 90
700WB 140 90 140 90
Welded columns
500WC 140 280 420 140 280
400WC 140 280 140 280
350WC 140 140
Preference 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
NOTE: All dimensions are in mm.
TABLE 6
GAUGE LINES FOR WELDED SECTION
WEBS
Web s gw
Section
M20 M24
Welded beams
1200WB 140 90 70 140 90 70
1000WB 140 90 70 140 90 70
900WB 140 90 70 140 90 70
800WB 140 90 70 140 90 70
700WB 140 90 70 140 90 70
Welded columns
500WC 140 90 70 140 90 70
400WC 140 90 70 140 90 70
350WC 140 90 70 140 90 70
Preference 1 2 3 1 2 3
NOTE: All dimensions are in mm.
STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007

design capacity tables for structural steel V3: 10 13
simple connections open sections, first edition
TABLE 7
GAUGE LINES FOR PARALLEL FLANGE
CHANNELS
Flange s gf Web s gw
Section
M16 M20 M24 M16 M20 M24
Parallel flange channels
380u100 55 55 55 140 90 70 140 90 70 140 90 70
300u 90 55 55 b 140 90 70 140 90 70 140 90 70
250u 90 55 55 b 140 90 70 140 90 70 140 90 70
230u 75 45 45 b 140 90 70 90 70 90 70
200u 75 45 45 b 90 70 90 70 90 70
180u 75 45 45 b 70 90 70 90 70
150u 75 45 45 b 70 65 55
Preference 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
NOTES:
bIndicates that the flange will not accommodate this size of bolt.
cIndicates that the web will not accommodate two lines of bolts with a gauge of 50 mm or more.
All dimensions are in mm.
Web Coping
The connections in the series are detailed from the top

flange of the beam with the dimension a between the
top of the steel beam and the centre of the first hole
in the connection controlling the location of all holes.
Dimension a has been standardised at 100mm,
which allows sufficient clearance for all beam-to-beam
connections except where the supported member
depth is less than 240mm for which a = 70mm has
been adopted.
A standard method of coping beams in beam-to-beam

connections has been adopted. This is necessary since
the cope detail affects the design capacity of some
connections and may also influence the torsional end
restraint provided by the connection.
The layouts of beam-to-beam connections involving

web copes are shown in Figure 9 for single web copes
(SWC) and in Figure 10 for double web copes (DWC).
Standard lengths of web copes (length = dimension c)
in beam-to-beam connections for universal sections
are given in Tables 8 and 9.
design capacity tables for structural steel V3: 11

a = 100 except *
TABLE 8
Bolt diameter = M20
WEB COPESBEAM-TO-BEAM CONNECTIONS

UNIVERSAL SECTIONS AS SUPPORTED
MEMBERS
Member A (supporting member)
610UB 530UB 460UB 410UB 360UB 310UB 250UB 200UB 310UC 250UC 200UC
610UB DWC120 DWC110 DWC100

DWC90
530UB DWC90
DWC90 DWC80 DWC80 DWC160 DWC130 DWC110
460UB
Member B (supported)
410UB
360UB SWC120
SWC110
310UB SWC100
SWC90
250UB SWC90 SWC160
200UB* SWC90 SWC80
310UC DWC90 DWC80 DWC80 DWC160 DWC130 DWC110
250UC SWC120 SWC110 SWC100 SWC90 SWC90

SWC90 SWC160
200UC* SWC80 SWC130
NOTE: No recommendation on web coping is made in respect of 100UC or 150UC, as either supported or supporting
members.
TABLE 9
a = 100 except *
WEB COPESBEAM-TO-BEAM CONNECTIONS
Bolt diameter = M20
CHANNELS AS SUPPORTED MEMBERS
Member A (supporting member)
380 u 300 u 250 u 230 u 200 u

460UB 410UB 360UB 310UB 250UB 200UB 310UC 250UC 200UC 150UC
100 90 90 75 75
380 u DWC90 DWC100

100
Member B (supported)
DWC90 DWC160 DWC90

300 u
90
DWC80 DWC80 DWC130 DWC110 DWC80 DWC90 DWC80 DWC80
250 u
90
SWC100 SWC90
230 u SWC90 SWC100
75
SWC90 SWC160 SWC90
200 u
75* SWC80 SWC130 SWC90
NOTE: No recommendation on web coping is made in respect of 100UC as supporting member.
design capacity tables for structural steel V3: 14

The dimension c is controlled by the flange width of Standard web copes assume that tops of beam
the supporting member (member A), and it normally flanges are level. Where this is not the case, special
varies between 80 and 160mm (increments of 10mm consideration will have to be given to detailing of the
have been adopted). For example, a 250UB supported connection.
member (member B) connection to a 460UB (member
Since all bolting layouts assume that the top of beam
A) requires a SWC100 web cope - the dimension c
flanges are level, the determination of nmax in any
= 100 provides clearance for the coped 250UB from
beam-to-beam connection will be the value in Table 3
the flange of the 460UB which has a flange width of
for member A (supporting member) when DA < DB.
191mm.
However, when DA > DB, the value of nmax will be that
In addition to adopting the dimension a, the edge in Table 3 for member B (supported member).
distance from the first hole of the web holing pattern to
the edge of the cope has been standardised at 35mm
to allow hand flame cutting of the cope (Figures 9 and
10).
Web copes have always presented a difficult and

costly fabrication stage and have traditionally been
hand flame cut. In this series, it is recommended that
the re-entrant corner of the cope be radiused (radius
= r) and that:
r = 10mm minimum
The techniques of beam fabrication currently available

offer the possibility of drilling or punching a hole at the
re-entrant corner of the cope during the normal holing
of beam webs. The cope is then obtained by cutting
to this hole (Figure 11). Since 22mm diameter holes
for M20 bolts would normally be punched or drilled in
the beam web, a 22mm diameter hole can readily be
punched or drilled at the re-entrant corner at the same
time, giving:
r = 11mm which exceeds the above minimum
If drilling this cope hole, it is desirable that the centre-

line of the hole so drilled lie outside the root radius line
of the beam (Figure 11) - thus (x 11) > k.
An a dimension of 100mm will accommodate this

requirement and thus allow drilling of the re-entrant
corner cope hole for all UB and channel sections and
all UC sections except 310UC283.
Punching of the cope hole requires slightly more

clearance from the inside face of the beam flange
depending upon the equipment used. This cope hole
should generally be able to be punched on 610UB101
sections and smaller, on 310UC97 sections and smaller
and on all hot rolled channel sections.
For double web coped beams, the same minimum

dimensional requirements have been adopted. Using
the length of the remaining web as a multiple of the bolt
pitch, the dimensions at the bottom cope are sufficient
to always enable the same drilling and punching
arrangements as for the top cope.

ed
ed
FIGURE 9. SINGLE WEB COPE FIGURE 10. DOUBLE WEB COPE
FIGURE 11. HOLE AT RE-ENTRANT CORNER FIGURE 12. FLANGE COPE DFC.c.b.
smaller and flange bolts protrude within the profile of

the member (see Figure 13.), care must be taken to
ensure sufficient clearance is present to allow erection
and tightening of flange connection bolts.
5. Design Capacity Tables for Structural

Steel, V3: Simple Connections, Open
FIGURE 13. Bolt clearance for flange coping Sections (Simple Connections DCTs, V3)
Ref. 4.
This publication is intended as a replacement for

Flange Coping Reference 3. It contains no information on the design
model used for an individual connection - leaving that
The most common type of flange cope is shown in
to the individual design guide for that connection -
Figure 12. A suitable designation is:
but contains extracts of the typical details and design
DFC.c.b. capacity tables from Design Guides 3, 4, and 5. Hence,
where c and b are the dimensions shown in Figure it serves as a ready source of typical details and load
12. and DFC stands for double flange cope. capacity tables for those users not interested in the
detailed treatment contained in each Design Guide.
Standard double flange copes required for beam-
column connections involving universal sections are
given in Ref 4. DESIGN BASIS
Detailing Note Design Models
Where member A is either a 250UB or 250UC or For the three connections included in Simple

extracted from the relevant design guide for inclusion: applied action; and
Description of connection Recognise that this procedure can only give

a connection where equilibrium is capable of
Typical detailing of connection
being achieved but where compatibility is unlikely to
Recommended design modelsummary of be satisfied and therefore ensure that the connection
checks elements are capable of ductile behaviour.
Design capacity tables for selected The design models contained within the design guides
configurations are considered to be applicable only to connections
The basis for selecting the recommended design models which are essentially statically loaded. Connections
are detailed in Sections 2.3 and 2.4 of Handbook 1 subject to dynamic loads, earthquake loads or fatigue
(Ref. 5). A detailed explanation of each recommended applications may require additional considerations.
design model is contained in the relevant Design Guide Minimum Design Actions on Connections
(Refs. 8, 9, 10).
AS 4100 Clause 9.1.4 provides that connections shall
For each connection, the Summary of Checks will be designed at the strength limit state for the greater
indicate: of:
Which design checks have been considered in The design action in the member; or
preparing the design capacity tables
The minimum design action effects expressed
Which design checks must be done after selecting either as the value or the factor times the member
the required connection details from the design design capacity for the minimum size of member
capacity tables. These checks primarily relate to required by the strength limit state, specified in
checking local effects on the supporting items (i) to (vii) below:
member
(i) Connections in rigid construction - a bending
The design capacity tables are presented so that, moment of 0.5 times the member design moment
knowing the supported member size and design capacity.
reaction R* on the connection, the required connection
(ii) Connections to beams in simple construction - a
components, bolt numbers and weld sizes are
shear force of 40kN or 0.15 x member design
simply read from the relevant table for the selected
shear capacity, whichever is the lesser.
configuration.
(iii) Connections at the ends of tension or compression
The design capacity tables meet the requirements of
members - a force of 0.3 times the member design
AS 4100 by providing a rational and recognised design
capacity, except that for the threaded rod acting
model for a range of common steel connections,
as a bracing member with turnbuckles the
the design model in each design guide reflecting
minimum tension force shall be equal to the
engineering principles and known connection
member design capacity.
behaviour from experimental data. The emphasis in
all publications is on practical design models whose (iv) Splices in members subject to axial tension - a
assumptions are transparent to the user. The model force of 0.3 times the member design capacity in
in each design guide is related to current codes of tension.
Standards Australia in respect of member and fastener
(v) Splices in members subject to axial compression
design and member and fastener mechanical properties
- for ends prepared for full contact in accordance
which are presented in Handbook 1 (Ref. 7).
with Clause 14.4.4.2 of AS 4100, it shall be
The philosophy of the publication is the same as that permissible to carry compressive actions by
described in Reference 7, being as follows: bearing on contact surfaces. When members
are prepared for full contact to bear at splices
Take into account overall connection behaviour
there shall be sufficient fasteners to hold all parts
and carry out an appropriate analysis in order to
securely in place. The fasteners shall be sufficient
determine a realistic distribution of forces within
to transmit a force of 0.15 times the member
the connection;
design capacity in axial compression.
Ensure that each component or fastener in each
In addition, splices located between points of effective
action path has sufficient capacity to transmit the

lateral support shall be designed for the design axial structural engineer, the minimum design actions are as
force (N*) plus a design bending moment not less than shown in Tables 11 to 13 in Simple Connections DCTs
the design bending moment (M*) where: V3. These minima are based on the above provisions
from AS 4100.
M* = N * Ls
1000 Where connection design is left to the shop detailer/
fabricator, the following design actions should be
S = appropriate amplification factor Sb or sS
shown in the contract documents.
determined in accordance with Clause
4.4 of AS 4100 Simple construction design reaction R*
Ls = Distance between points of effective
lateral support Rigid construction design bending moment M*
and splices
When members are not prepared for full contact design shear force V*
the splice material and its fasteners shall be
design axial force N*
arranged to hold all parts in line and shall be
designed to transmit a force of 0.3 times the (Different combinations of these actions might
member design capacity in axial compression. need to be specified to encompass all likely load
combinations.)
(vi) Splices in flexural members - a bending moment
of 0.3 times the member design capacity in Design Capacity Tables
bending. This provision shall not apply to splices Web Side Plate Connection
designed to transmit shear force only.
The web side plate (WSP) connection consists of a
A splice subjected to a shear force only shall be length of plate or flat bar, fillet welded on both sides
designed to transmit the design shear force to a supporting member with bolts connecting the
together with any bending moment resulting from supported beam web to the web side plate with some
the eccentricity of the force with respect to the typical examples shown in Fig.14.
centroid of the connector group.
The supported member may require the flange and/or
(vii) Splices in members subject to combined actions the web to be coped in order to enable the connection
- a splice in a member subject to a combination of to be effected, illustrated in Fig.14(b).
design axial tension or design axial compression
Features of the connection are:
and design bending moment shall satisfy (iv), (v)
Welds are fillet welds to both sides of the
and (vi) simultaneously.
component connecting it to the supporting
The action to be designed for is the greater of the member.
calculated design actions or the minimum specified in
The component is either a standard size flat bar
(i) to (vii) as appropriate.
or a plate cut to suit.
The minimum is generally expressed as a factor times
The bolting category normally used is 8.8/S.
the design capacity (Ru) for the minimum size of
member required by the strength limit state. Hence, if The connection can be used with skew beams.
a member is increased in size above the minimum size
for whatever reason (rationalisation of member sizes,
slenderness or serviceability considerations) it is only
necessary to use the design capacity of the minimum
size required by the strength limit state for the purpose
of determining the minimum design action. For
example, for columns which may be subject to large
compressive forces and only minor tensile forces,
any splice has to be designed for both the specified
value for the minimum member size required to resist
the compression and for the specified value for the
minimum member size required to resist the tension.
Where the connection design is carried out by the

FIGURE 14. TYPICAL WEB SIDE PLATE CONNECTIONS
Summary of Design Checks for WSP Connection
Design is based on determining Vdes, the design

capacity of the connection which is the minimum of the
design capacities Va, Vb, Vc, Vd, Ve, Vf, Vg, Vh.
The design requirement is then Vdes > V* (design

shear force).
From AS 4100, Clause 9.1.4(b)(ii) (Ref. 1) this

connection must be designed for a minimum design
shear force of 40kN, or 0.15 x member design shear
capacity, whichever is the lesser.

Summary of checks required (Ref. 4)
DESIGN CHECK NO.1 Detailing limitations
DESIGN CHECK NO.2 Design capacity of weld to supporting member
DESIGN CHECK NO.3 Design capacity of bolt group - Alternatives A and B
DESIGN CHECK NO.4 Design capacity of web side plate (Shear, bending, block shear)
DESIGN CHECK NO.5 Design capacity of supported member (Shear - un-coped or coped)
DESIGN CHECK NO.6 Design capacity of supported member (Block shear - coped sections)
DESIGN CHECK NO.7 Design capacity of supported member (Bending of coped sections)
DESIGN CHECK NO.8 Beam rotation check
DESIGN CHECK NO.9 Local stability of coped supported member
DESIGN CHECK NO.10 Local capacity of supporting member
The design capacity tables in these Simple Connections DCTs, V3 are based on DESIGN CHECKS 1 to 6 inclusive.
DESIGN CHECKS 7 to 10 must be carried out in addition.
Flexible End Plate Connection or plate cut to suit.
The flexible end plate (FEP) connection consists of a The bolting category normally used is 8.8/S.
length of plate or flat bar, fillet welded on both sides to
The component does not extend to the bottom
the web of the supported member with bolts connecting
flange of the supported beam in order to ensure
the end plate to the supporting member with some
that the beam can rotate without touching the
typical examples shown in Fig 15.
supporting member.
The connection can be used to hollow section
the web to be coped in order to enable the connection
columns if studs or special bolts are used (not
to be effected.
within the scope of the Simple Connections DCTs,
Features of the connection are: V3).
Welds are fillet welds to both sides of the The connection can be used with skew beams to
supported beam web. a limited extent.
The component is either a standard size flat bar
FIGURE 15. TYPICAL FLEXIBLE END PLATE CONNECTIONS

Summary of Design Checks for FEP Connections shear force).
Design is based on determining Vdes, the design From AS 4100 Clause 9.1.4(b)(ii) (Ref. 1) this
capacity of the connection which is the minimum of the connection must be designed for a minimum design
design capacities Va, Vb, Vc, Vd, Ve, Vf, Vg. shear force of 40kN, or 0.15 x member design shear
The design requirement is then Vdes > V* (design
Summary of checks required (Ref. 5)

The design capacity tables in these Simple Connections DCTs, V3 are based on DESIGN CHECKS 1 to 6 inclusive.
Angle Cleat Connection (one or two angles).
The angle cleat connection consists of either a single The bolting category normally used is 8.8/S.
angle bolted to a supported member web or two angles
The component does not extend to the bottom
bolted each side of a supported member web. The angle
flange of the supported beam in order to ensure
or angles are in turn bolted to the supporting member
that the beam can rotate without touching the
with some typical examples shown in Fig. 16.
supporting member.
The connection can only be used to hollow section
the web to be coped in order to enable the connection
columns if studs or special bolts are used.
to be effected (ref. Figure 16).
Such studs or bolts are not considered in the
Features of the connection are: Simple Connections DCTs, V3.
The component is a standard angle, grade 300
FIGURE 16. TYPICAL ANGLE CLEAT CONNECTIONS

Design is based on determining Vdes, the design From AS 4100, Clause 9.1.4(b)(ii) (Ref. 1) this
capacity of the connection, which is the minimum of connection must be designed for a minimum design
the design capacities Va, Vb, Vc, Vd, Ve, Vf, Vg, Vh. shear force of 40kN or 0.15 x member design shear
The design requirement is then Vdes > V* (design shear
force).
Summary of checksDouble angle cleats (Ref. 6)

The design capacity tables in this Simple Connections DCTs, V3 are based on DESIGN CHECKS 1 to 6 inclusive.
Contents of Simple Connections DCT, V3 include: 5 FLEXIBLE END PLATE CONNECTION

5.1 Description of connection
1 CONCEPT OF DESIGN GUIDES
5.2 Typical detailing of connection
1.1 Background
5.3 Recommended Design Model - Summary of
1.2 Preliminary considerations
Checks
1.3 Included connections
5.4 Configuration A - Sections
2 GEOMETRICAL DETAILS > 500 mm deep
2.1 Standard parameters 5.5 Configuration B - Sections
2.2 Connection components adopted < 500 mm deep
2.3 Bolting layout
6 ANGLE CLEAT CONNECTION
2.4 Gauge lines
6.1 Description of connection
2.5 Web coping
6.2 Typical detailing of connection - Double angle
2.6 Flange coping
cleats
3 DESIGN BASIS 6.3 Recommended design model - Double angle
3.1 Design models cleats -
3.2 Minimum design actions on connections Summary of checks
3.3 Coped sections 6.4 Configuration A - Double angle
4 WEB SIDE PLATE CONNECTION cleat single line of bolts to
4.1 Description of connection supported member -
4.2 Typical detailing of connection Design capacity tables
4.3 Recommended Design Model - Summary of 6.5 Configuration B - Double angle
Checks cleat double line of bolts to
4.4 Configuration A - Single line supported member -
of bolts - Design capacity tables Design capacity tables
4.5 Configuration B - Single line of bolts - Design 6.6 Typical detailing of connection - Single angle
capacity tables cleat
4.6 Configuration C - Double line of bolts - Design 6.7 Recommended design model -
capacity tables Single angle cleat -
Summary of design checks
6.8 Configuration C - Single angle

cleat single line of bolts to which are essentially statically loaded. Connections
supported member - subject to dynamic loads, earthquake loads or fatigue
Design capacity tables applications may require additional considerations.
6.9 Configuration D - Single angle
The Handbook covers design of bolts and bolt groups,
cleat double line of bolts to
welds and weld groups, other connection components
supported member
including angle, flat bar and plate as well as supported
7 REFERENCES members.
APPENDIX
Contents of Handbook 1 include:
A ASI Design Guide 1, Part 1 comment form
1 CONCEPT OF DESIGN GUIDES
1.1 Background
6. Handbook 1: Design of Structural
2 BACKGROUND DISCUSSION
Steel Connections
2.1 General considerations
The Handbook is the companion to both the Simple 2.2 Forms of construction
Connections DCTs, V3 and to the design guides. 2.3 Connection design models
It consolidates industry Best Practice, references 2.4 Connection characteristics
and research papers. The Handbook formulates the
3 BOLTS AND BOLT GROUPS
elemental equations for assessing bolts, bolt groups,
3.1 Bolt types and bolting categories
welds, weld groups, connections components and
3.2 Bolt dimensions
supporting members in standardised structural steel
3.3 Dimensions of wrenches for
connections.
installing bolts
Connections are considered in the Handbook and in 3.4 Bolt mechanical properties
AS 4100 to consist of the following connection parts: 3.5 Design requirements for bolts
3.6 AS 4100 Design requirements - Strength limit
bolts or welds;
state
plates, gussets, cleats; 3.7 AS 4100 design requirements - Serviceability
supported members; and limit state
3.8 Geometric requirements of
supporting members.
AS 4100 for bolted connections
All the above design capacities must be evaluated in 3.9 Bolt group loaded in-plane
order to estimate the design capacity of a connection. 3.10 Design example No. 1 - Design of bolts in lap
This Handbook deals with the design capacity of these splice connection
elements as isolated elements so that the formulae 3.11 Design example No. 2 - Design of
derived can be used in later design guides concerned bolt group loaded in-plane
with individual connections. 3.12 Bolt group loaded out-of-plane
3.13 Prying action
Codes for the design of steel structures primarily deal
3.14 Design example No. 3 - Design
with member design as a whole, rather than specifically
of bolt group loaded out-of-plane
allowing for local effects and provide only the basic
information on fastener design. No code specifies a 4 WELDS AND WELD GROUPS
detailed design procedure for any type of connection 4.1 Weld types
leaving the assessment of how a connection behaves 4.2 Standard weld symbols
and how its behaviour should be allowed for in design 4.3 Selection of prequalified welding consumables
to the individual designer. This presents the designer 4.4 Weld categories
with a considerable task considering the large number 4.5 Design of butt welds -
of different connection types that may be encountered, Strength limit state
each requiring individual research and assessment. 4.6 Design of fillet welds -
A series such as this seeks to assist the designer Strength limit state
by providing guidance in order to reduce the task 4.7 Weld group loaded in-plane
considerably. 4.8 Weld group loaded out-of-plane
4.9 Weld group loaded by general
The design models contained within this Handbook
set of design actions
are considered to be applicable only to connections

4.10 Properties of common fillet former publication has been redeveloped into the new
weld groups design guide format bringing the key designer reference
4.11 Practical fillet weld groups material from the former appendices into the relevant
4.12 Design example No. 4 - sections of this design guide. New technological
Design of fillet weld group developments in the area of specialised direct tension
loaded in-plane measuring devices have been incorporated along with
4.13 Design example No. 5 - high strength structural blind bolts that are becoming
Design of fillet weld group loaded a key component with the growing use of large closed
out-of-plane sections in building construction. For this guide,
international standards have been reviewed and global
5 CONNECTION COMPONENTS
manufacturers of erection equipment investigated to
5.1 Angle components
provide updated guidance on the standard wrenches
5.2 Flat bar components
for determining erection clearances.
5.3 Plate components
5.4 Design capacities Structural designs are now leaner as a direct result
of advanced analysis, design tools and the supply of
6 SUPPORTED MEMBERS
higher strength structural members. This has increased
6.1 General
bolt design actions, often making them the critical item
6.2 Uncoped sections
in design. The most significant upgrade to this design
6.3 Design example No. 6 -
guide lies in the area of bolt quality and certification
UB unholed and holed moment
along with the dimensional and mechanical properties
and shear capacity
of common structural assemblies. Minimising designer
6.4 Single web coped sections
risk in certification of bolt quality is now a necessary
process and a necessary duty of care in the structural
UB single web coped moment
design. All Australian standard high strength bolt
and shear capacity
assemblies are supplied from international sources
6.6 Double web coped sections
following the increasing trend to reduce project costs
through these commodity items. A simple checklist and
UB double web coped moment
guide have been developed to assist the designer in
and shear capacity
this design guide.
6.8 Lateral torsional buckling
6.9 Block shear failure of coped Following many ASI technical enquiries and feedback
sections from the fabrication industry, Best Practice in bolt
6.10 Web reinforcement of coped installation has been reinforced with warnings not to
supported members weld any heat treated high-strength bolt assemblies.
There are very few bolt experts and designers have
7 SUPPORTING MEMBERS
seldom dedicated courses at undergraduate level
7.1 Rationalised dimensions
focusing on these key structural items. Bolts would
7.2 Gauge lines
have the least design time but generally play the key
8 MINIMUM DESIGN ACTIONS ON role and this design guide has been developed to
CONNECTIONS consolidate the necessary bolt knowledge when using
8.1 AS 4100 Requirements bolts in structural steel connections.
9 REFERENCES
Contents of Design Guide 1 include:
APPENDICES
A Limcon software 1 CONCEPT OF DESIGN GUIDES
B ASI Handbook 1 1.1 Background
comment form
2 INTRODUCTION
7. Design Guide 1: Bolting in Structural 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL BOLTS

Steel Connections 3.1 Thread form
3.2 Bolt types
This design guide revises the renowned third edition
3.3 Identification
of Bolting of steel structures as Design Guide 1, now
3.4 Commercial bolts
known as Bolting in Structural Steel Connections. The
3.5 High strength structural bolts

3.6 Testing of bolts procedures in sufficient detail for the structural engineer
3.7 Washers to understand the basis of what occurs in a fabrication
3.8 Welding of bolts shop when connections are being fabricated. Welding
3.9 Lock nuts in the fabrication shop and bolting onsite remain the
key to economical structural steelwork.
4 BOLTING CATEGORIES
Design Guide 2 also discusses the issues of
5 BOLT LENGTH CONSIDERATIONS
workmanship, imperfections in welds, when
5.1 Plain shank lengths
imperfections become defects, how welds can be
5.2 Threads included in shear plane
inspected and repair of welds.
5.3 Threads excluded from shear plane
5.4 Discussion Contents of Design Guide 2 include:
6 DETAILING 1 CONCEPT OF DESIGN GUIDES

6.1 Bolt holes 1.1 Background
6.2 Limitations
2 INTRODUCTION
7 INSTALLATION OF BOLTS
3 TYPES OF WELD
7.1 Introduction
3.1 Weld types
7.2 Snug-tightening
3.2 Fillet welds
7.3 Full tensioning methods
3.3 Butt welds
7.4 Part turn of nut method
3.4 Edge preparations
7.5 Direct tension indication method
3.5 Prequalified joint preparations
7.6 Issues with tensioning bolts
3.6 Standard weld symbols
7.7 Clearances
7.8 Inspection of bolted connections 4 WELDABILITY OF STEEL
7.9 Blind bolts 5 WELDING PROCESSES
8 CORROSION PROTECTION 5.1 Introduction
8.1 Corrosion protection of bolts 5.2 Fusion welding process
8.2 Corrosion protection of interfaces 5.3 Terminology
5.3.1 Weld metal
9 Certification to AS/NZS 1252:1996
5.3.2 Partially mixed weld metal
10 REFERENCES 5.3.3 Fusion (boundary) line
APPENDIX 5.3.4 Heat-affected zone
A ASI Design Guide 1 5.3.5 Multi-run welds
comment form 5.4 Manual metal arc welding
5.5 Gas metal arc welding and
flux cored arc welding
8. Design Guide 2: Welding in Structural 5.6 Summary of characteristics
Steel Connections of welding processes
Design Guide 2: Welding in Structural Steel Connections 5.7 Welding positions
has been introduced into the ASI Connection Series as 6 WELDING CONSUMABLES
a complementary document to Design Guide 1: Bolting 6.1 Manual metal arc welding
in Structural Steel Connections. The intention of Design 6.2 Gas metal arc welding
Guide 2 is to act as a basic primer on all aspects of 6.3 Flux cored arc welding
welding as applied to structural steel connections. 6.4 Prequalified welding consumables
Extensive reference is made to sources which can
7 WELDING PROCEDURES
supply more detailed information - many of these
7.1 Qualification of a welding
references are more general and apply to fabricating
procedure
in general using welding.
7.2 Prequalified welding procedure
Design Guide 2 addresses the matters covered in 7.3 Qualification by testing
Australian Standards with the exception of weld 7.4 Requalification of welding
design which is dealt with in Handbook 1. This design procedures
guide discusses welding processes, consumables and

8 WORKMANSHIP side plate connection derived using the design model
8.1 Edge preparation in this Design Guide. The DCTs have been rigorously
8.2 Assembly checked firstly by hand calculation, then by spreadsheet
8.3 Preheat and also using the Limcon software for consistency
8.4 Tack welds and validity. An ASI connections survey revealed that
8.5 Distortion and residual stress practising engineers in designing common connections
8.6 Cleaning and dressing welds firstly consult their DCTs, then if required, follow with
hand calculations, spreadsheet formulation and finally
9 WELD IMPERFECTIONS
detailed computer assessments. Special surveys of
9.1 Weld categories
the Australian steel industry provided Best Practice
9.2 Levels of inspection
for component and dimensional standardisation. The
9.3 Imperfection levels
results tabulated for each WSP configuration are only
9.4 Weld defects
for the dimensional and geometrical limitations and
9.5 Weld repairs
design actions specified. Any additional loads, load
10 WELD INSPECTION combinations and geometry arrangements beyond the
10.1 Introduction limits specified must be undertaken by a competent
10.2 Visual examination professional person and supported by engineering
10.3 Magnetic particle examination research, theory or principles. New modified theory
10.4 Liquid penetrant examination that may be used to assess an extended WSP
10.5 Radiographic examination configuration has also been included in Section 15 of
10.6 Ultrasonic examination this Design Guide.
11 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS The new Connection Series format with separate design
11.1 Clearances for welding guides for individual connection types is intended to
11.2 Site welding facilitate addition to or revision of connection model
11.3 Economical design and detailing theory using relevant new local or international
12 REFERENCES research as deemed appropriate by the ASI.
APPENDIX Engineering Systems has worked closely with the ASI
A ASI Design Guide 2 to further develop Limcon as the companion program
comment form for this new Connection series. The latest version of
Limcon fully implements the new connection design
9. Design Guide 3: Web Side Plate models and it was employed in checking the design
Connections tables. The Limcon output for one or more of the
Design Guide 3 covers the web side plate (WSP) worked examples is included in an appendix to each
connection and includes references to the Handbook design guide. The program is an efficient tool covering
1, Design of Structural Steel Connections. This the full range of structural connections, including those
allows the web side plate connection model to remain beyond the scope of the Simple Connections DCTs
concise and practical for efficient design assessment. V3.
The presentation of the connection model follows
a stylised page format with a numbered DESIGN
Contents of Design Guide 3 include:
CHECK procedure to simplify the design capacity
assessment. 1 CONCEPT OF DESIGN GUIDES
1.1 Background
The most significant upgrades in reviewing and
2 DESCRIPTION OF CONNECTION
consolidating the previous WSP design model are
3 TYPICAL DETAILING OF CONNECTION
the consideration of the support condition, detailing
4 DETAILING CONSIDERATIONS
limitations (in particular weld sizing) for standard plate
5 COMPLIANCE WITH AS 4100 REQUIREMENTS
components, refinements to block shear assessments
FOR CONNECTIONS
and rotation checks. Improvements have been made
6 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
to local stability of coped beams and local capacity
7 BASIS OF DESIGN MODEL
of the supporting member checks with the latter now
8 SHORT AND LONG WEB SIDE PLATES
including some closed sections. Design Guide 3
9 CONNECTION GEOMETRY
includes standardised detailing and DCTs for the web

10 RECOMMENDED DESIGN MODELSUMMARY A Limcon software
OF CHECKS B ASI Design Guide 3 comment form
10.1 DESIGN CHECK NO. 1 - Detailing limitations
10. Design Guide 4: Flexible End Plate
10.2 DESIGN CHECK NO. 2 -
Connections
Design capacity of weld to supporting member
10.3 DESIGN CHECK NO. 3 - Design Guide 4 covers the flexible end plate (FEP)
Design capacity of bolt group connection and references Handbook 1, Design of
10.3.1 Alternative A - Single column Structural Steel Connections. The most significant
of bolts upgrades in reviewing and consolidating the previous
10.3.2 Alternative B - Double column FEP design model are the refinements to the block
of bolts shear assessments and improvement to local stability
10.4 DESIGN CHECK NO. 4 - Design capacity of web of coped beams and local capacity of the supporting
side plate member checks. Design Guide 4 includes standardised
(Shear, bending, block shear) detailing and design capacity tables for the flexible end
10.5 DESIGN CHECK NO. 5 - Design capacity of plate connection derived using the design models in
supported member (Shear - uncoped or coped) this design guide.
10.6 DESIGN CHECK NO. 6 - Design capacity of Contents of Design Guide 4 include
supported member 1 CONCEPT OF DESIGN GUIDES
(Block shear - coped section) 1.1 Background
10.7 DESIGN CHECK NO. 7 - Design capacity of 2 DESCRIPTION OF CONNECTION
supported member (Bending of coped section) 3 TYPICAL DETAILING OF CONNECTION
10.8 DESIGN CHECK NO. 8 - Beam rotation check 4 DETAILING CONSIDERATIONS
10.9 DESIGN CHECK NO. 9 - Local stability of coped 5 COMPLIANCE WITH AS 4100 REQUIREMENTS
supported member FOR CONNECTIONS
10.10 DESIGN CHECK NO. 10 - Local capacity of 6 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
supporting member 7 BASIS OF DESIGN MODEL
10.10.1 Connection to column flange 8 FULL DEPTH END PLATES
in line with web 9 CONNECTION GEOMETRY
10.10.2 Connection to web of column 10 RECOMMENDED DESIGN MODEL -
from one side SUMMARY OF CHECKS
10.10.3 Connection to web of column 10.1 DESIGN CHECK NO. 1 - Detailing limitations
from both sides 10.2 DESIGN CHECK NO. 2 -
10.10.4 Connection to wall of CHS/RHS column Design capacity of weld to supported member
10.10.5 Connection to web of supporting beam from 10.3 DESIGN CHECK NO. 3 -
one side Design capacity of bolt group
10.10.6 Connection to web of supporting beam from 10.4 DESIGN CHECK NO. 4 -
both sides Design capacity of end plate
11 OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS (Shear, block shear)
12 REFERENCES 10.5 DESIGN CHECK NO. 5 - Design capacity of
13 DESIGN EXAMPLES supported member web (At end plate)
13.1 Design example No. 1 - 10.6 DESIGN CHECK NO. 6 -
Connection capacity with double column of bolts Design capacity of supported
and uncoped member member (Shear - uncoped or coped)
13.2 Design example No. 2 - 10.7 DESIGN CHECK NO. 7 -
Connection capacity with single column of bolts Design capacity of supported
and coped member member (Bending of coped section)
14 DESIGN CAPACITY TABLES 10.8 DESIGN CHECK NO. 8 -
14.1 Configuration A - Single line of bolts Beam rotation check
14.2 Configuration B - Single line of bolts 10.9 DESIGN CHECK NO. 9 -
14.3 Configuration C - Double line of bolts Local stability of coped supported member
15 EXTENDED CONFIGURATION 10.10 DESIGN CHECK NO. 10 -
APPENDICES Local capacity of supporting member

10.10.1 Single-sided connection CLEATS
10.10.2 Double-sided connection 8 BASIS OF DESIGN MODEL - SINGLE ANGLE
11 OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS CLEAT
12 REFERENCES 9 CONNECTION GEOMETRY
13 DESIGN EXAMPLE
10 RECOMMENDED DESIGN MODEL - DOUBLE
ANGLE CLEATS - SUMMARY OF CHECKS
Connection capacity with single-
10.1 DESIGN CHECK NO. 1 - Detailing limitations
sided coped FEP connection to supporting UB
14 DESIGN CAPACITY TABLES
Design capacity of bolts to supporting member
14.1 Configuration A - Member
> 500mm deep
Design capacity of bolts to supported member
14.2 Configuration B - Member
10.3.1 Alternative A - Single line of bolts to supported
< 500mm deep
member
APPENDICES
10.3.2 For Alternative B - Double line of bolts to
A Limcon software
supported member
B ASI Design Guide 4
10.4 DESIGN CHECK NO. 4 - Design capacity of
comment form
angle cleats (Shear, bending, block shear)
supported member (Shear - uncoped or coped)
11. Design Guide 5: Angle Cleat
Connections
supported member
Design Guide 5 covers the single and double angle (Block shear - coped section)
cleat (AC) connection and references Handbook 1, 10.7 DESIGN CHECK NO. 7 - Design capacity of
Design of Structural Steel Connections. This robust supported member (Bending of coped section)
connection is returning to favour due to the growth 10.8 DESIGN CHECK NO. 8 - Beam rotation check
of efficient computer numeric control fabrication 10.9 DESIGN CHECK NO. 9 - Local stability of coped
processes. supported member
The most significant upgrades in reviewing and 10.10 DESIGN CHECK NO. 10 - Local capacity of
consolidating the previous AC design model are supporting member
the detailing limitations, refinement of block shear 10.10.1 Single-sided connection
assessments and rotation checks. Improvements have 10.10.2 Double-sided connection
been made to local stability of coped beams and local 11 RECOMMENDED DESIGN MODEL - SINGLE
capacity of the supporting member checks. Design ANGLE CLEAT -
Guide 5 includes standardised detailing and design SUMMARY OF CHECKS
capacity tables for the single and double angle cleat 11.1 DESIGN CHECK NO. 1 - Detailing limitations
connection designed using the design model in this 11.2 DESIGN CHECK NO. 2 - Design capacity of bolts
Design Guide. to supporting member
Contents of Design Guide 5 include: 11.3 DESIGN CHECK NO. 3 - Design capacity of bolts
to supported member
1 CONCEPT OF DESIGN GUIDE
11.3.1 Alternative A - Single line of bolts to supported
1.1 Background
member
2 DESCRIPTION OF CONNECTION 11.3.2 Alternative B - Double line of bolts to supported
member
3 TYPICAL DETAILING OF CONNECTION
3.1 Double angle cleat
angle cleat (Shear, bending, block shear)
3.2 Single angle cleat
4 DETAILING CONSIDERATIONS
supported member (Shear - uncoped or coped)
5 COMPLIANCE WITH AS 4100 REQUIREMENTS 11.6 DESIGN CHECK NO. 6 - Design capacity of
FOR CONNECTIONS supported member (Block shear - coped section)
6 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 11.7 DESIGN CHECK NO. 7 - Design capacity of
7 BASIS OF DESIGN MODEL - DOUBLE ANGLE supported member (Bending of coped section)

11.8 DESIGN CHECK NO. 8 - Beam rotation check SHS sections in Part C. The almost pure pinned
11.9 DESIGN CHECK NO. 9 - Local stability of coped and high shear capacity bearing pad connection has
supported member been retained in Part D. Design Guide 6 includes
11.10 DESIGN CHECK NO. 10 - Local capacity of standardised detailing, but due to the limitless
supporting member configurations and relatively simple checks there are
11.10.1 Single-sided connection no DCTs. The Design Guide contains many design
11.10.2 Double-sided connection examples for each Part which have been rigorously
checked by hand calculation and using the Limcon
12 OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
software for consistency and validity. Special surveys
13 REFERENCES
of the Australian steel industry provided Best Practice
14 DESIGN EXAMPLES for component and dimensional standardisation. The
14.1 Design example No. 1 - Connection capacity models are only applicable for the dimensional and
with single-sided double AC connection to geometrical limitations specified. Any additional loads,
supporting column load combinations or geometry arrangement beyond
14.2 Design example No. 2 - Connection capacity with the limits specified must be undertaken by a competent
single-sided single AC connection to supporting professional person and supported by engineering
beam research, theory or principles.
15 DESIGN CAPACITY TABLES
15.1 Configuration A - Double angle cleat single line of Contents of Design Guide 6 include:
bolts to supported member
CONCEPT OF DESIGN GUIDES
15.2 Configuration B - Double angle cleat, double line
1.1 Background
of bolts to supported member
PART A STIFF SEAT CONNECTION
15.3 Configuration C - Single angle cleat single line of
A1 Typical details
A2 Compliance with AS 4100 requirements
15.4 Configuration D - Single angle cleat double line of
A3 Recommended design model - Unstiffened I
and [ section beams
APPENDICES
A4 Recommended design model - Unstiffened RHS
A Limcon software
and SHS section beams
A5 Recommended design modelStiffened I
comment form
section beams
A6 Design examples
12. Design Guide 6: Seated Connections A6.1 Design example No. 1 - Un-stiffened end
supported beam
Design Guide 6 covers seated connections and
A6.2 Design example No. 2 - Un-stiffened internal
references back to Handbook 1, Design of Structural
supported beam
Steel Connections. These important connections are
A6.3 Design example No. 3 - Stiffened end supported
often detailed as part of new or existing structural
beam
steelwork.
A7 References
The most significant upgrades in reviewing and PART B UNSTIFFENED ANGLE SEAT
consolidating the previous seated connections are B1 Description of connection
the isolation of each type of seated connection theory B2 Typical detailing of connection
into stand-alone models. Despite making this Design B3 Detailing considerations
Guide larger, this separation eliminates confusion and B4 Compliance with AS 4100 requirements
differentiation in detailing and design parameters. Part B5 Background information
A contains the stiff seat connection theory, Part B the B6 Basis of design model
unstiffened angle seat connection, Part C the stiffened B7 Connection geometry
angle seat connection and Part D the bearing pad B8 Recommended design model - Welded angle
connection. The primary theoretical refinements lie in seat
the detailing limitations, inclusion of some unstiffened B9 Recommended design model -
RHS and SHS beams in Part A and local capacity Bolted angle seat
checks of the supported member now with RHS and B10 Other design considerations

B11 References elimination of the need for repetitive computation
B12 Design examples by structural engineers;
B12.1 Design example No. 1 - Welded seat scope for the fabricator to produce connection
B12.2 Design example No. 2 - Bolted seat components by production engineering methods,
PART C STIFFENED ANGLE SEAT developing standard jigs, fixtures and using
C1 Description of connection NC methods for ready connection fabrication and
C2 Typical detailing of connection assembly;
C3 Detailing considerations advantages that can be expected to flow from
C4 Compliance with AS 4100 requirements industry rationalisation, such as better
C5 Background information communication, better availability of materials
C6 Basis of design model and suitable components; and
C7 Connection geometry provide a considerable impetus towards improving
C8 Recommended design model - the economy, and therefore the competitive
Bolted angle seat position of structural steel, in the Australian
C9 Recommended design model - Welded angle building industry.
seat
C10 Recommended design model - Welded tee seat There is no valid reason for diversity in detailing the
C11 Other design considerations selected connections contained in this Connection
C12 References Series, and one of the prime objectives of this
C13 Design example Connection Series is to minimise variety by providing
C13.1 Design example No. 1 - only selected connection configurations containing all
Welded tee seat to I-section essential components, for each connection type. The
web from one side selected connection configurations provided should
PART D BEARING PAD prove compatible with the requirements of designers,
D1 Description of connection fabricators and erectors.
D2 Typical detailing of connection (Alternatives A, B
& C) 14. REFERENCES
D3 Detailing considerations
1 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA, AS 41001998
D4 Compliance with AS 4100 requirements
Steel structures.
D5 Basis of design model
D6 Connection geometry 2 AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL
D7 Recommended design model CONSTRUCTION, Design of structural connections,
D8 Other design considerations 4th edition, Authors Hogan, T.J. and Thomas, I.R.,
D9 References Editor Syam, A.A., 1994.
D10 Design example 3 AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL
D10.1 Design example No. 1 - CONSTRUCTION, Standardized structural
Bearing pad to I-section flange connections, 3rd edition, 1985.
APPENDICES
4 AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE, Design
A Limcon software
capacity tables for structural steel. Volume 3: Simple
connections - open sections, Author Hogan, T.J.,
comment form
Contributing author and editor, Munter, S.A., 2007.
13. CONCLUSIONS 5 AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE, Handbook 1:

Design of structural steel connections, Author Hogan,
The object of this Connection Series is to provide a
T.J., Contributing author and editor, Munter, S.A.,
rationalised approach to the design, detailing and
2007
fabrication of selected structural steel connections.
The benefits of this approach include: 6 AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE, Design
provision to the competent professional person Guide 1: Bolting in structural steel connections, Author
as designer - a range of reliable and economic Hogan, T.J., Contributing author and editor, Munter,
connections accompanied by design capacity S.A., 2007.
tables (wherever possible for each connection
7 AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE, Design Guide
type);

2: Welding in structural steel connections, Author ASI STEEL FABRICATOR MEMBERS
Hogan, T.J., Contributing author and editor, Munter, ACT
S.A., 2007.
Baxter Engineering Pty Ltd
8 AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE, Design Guide PO Box 643
3: Web side plate connections, Author Hogan, T.J., Fyshwick ACT 2609 02 6280 5688
Contributing author and editor, Munter, S.A., 2007. NEW SOUTH WALES
9 AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE, Design Guide 7Hills Steel & Tube Pty Ltd
4: Flexible end plate connections, Author Hogan, T.J., 9 Tucks Road
Contributing author and editor, Munter, S.A., 2007. Seven Hills NSW 2147 02 9674 6011
10 AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE, Design Ace High Engineering Pty Ltd

Guide 5: Angle cleat connections, Author Hogan, T.J., 67 Melbourne Rd
Riverstone NSW 2765 02 9627 2500
Align Constructions & Engineering Pty Ltd
11 AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE, Design
PO Box 747
Guide 6: Seated connections, Author Hogan, T.J., Moss Vale NSW 2577 02 4869 1594
Allmen Engineering
12 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW 25-27 Bent Street
ZEALAND, AS/NZS 3679.1:1996, Structural steel, ST Marys NSW 2760 02 9673 0051
Part 1: Hot rolled bars and sections and AS/NZS Australian Wrought Iron Design Pty Ltd
3679.2:1996, Part 2: Welded I sections. PO Box 6285
Silverwater NSW 2128 02 9748 6730
13 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW
ZEALAND, AS/NZS 3678:1996 Structural steelHot B & G Welding Pty Ltd
rolled plates, floor-plates and slabs. 12 Bessemer Street
Blacktown NSW 2148 02 9621 3187
14 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW
ZEALAND, AS/NZS 1252:1996 High-strength steel Beltor Engineering Pty Ltd
PO Box 4187
bolts with associated nuts and washers for structural Edgeworth NSW 2285 02 4953 2444
engineering.
Bosmac Pty Ltd
15 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW 64-68 Station Street
ZEALAND, AS/NZS 1553.1:1995 Covered electrodes Parkes NSW 2870 02 6862 3699
for welding, Part 1: Low carbon steel electrodes for
Boweld Constructions Pty Ltd
manual metal-arc welding of carbon and carbon- PO Box 52
manganese steels. Bomaderry NSW 2541 02 4421 6781
16 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA, AS 1858.12003 C & V Engineering Services Pty Ltd
Electrodes and fluxes for submerged arc welding, Part 23-25 Church Avenue
1: Carbon steel and carbon-manganese steels. Mascot NSW 2020 02 9667 3933
17 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA, AS 2203.11990 Charles Heath Industries

18 Britton Street
Cored electrodes for arc-welding, Part 1: Ferritic steel
Smithfield NSW 2164 02 9609 6000
electrodes.
Combell Steelfab Pty Ltd
18 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS PO Box 5038
NEW ZEALAND, AS/NZS 2717.1:1996 Welding Prestons NSW 2170 02 9607 3822
ElectrodesGas metal arc, Part 1: Ferritic steel
Coolamon Steelworks
electrodes. PO Box 102
Coolamon NSW 2701 02 6927 3296
Cooma Steel Co. Pty Ltd

PO Box 124
Cooma NSW 2630 02 6452 1934
Cosme-Australia Stainless Steel Fab Pty Ltd

19 Lasscock Road
Griffith NSW 2680 02 6964 1155

Cullen Steel Fabrications Nepean Engineering Tubular Steel Manufacturing Pty Ltd
26 Williamson Road PO Box 56 15 Johnson Street
Ingleburn NSW 2565 02 9605 4888 Narellan NSW 2567 02 4646 1511 Maitland NSW 2320 02 4932 8089
D.A.M. Structural Steel Piper & Harvey Steel Fabrications (Wagga) Universal Steel Construction (Australia)
PO Box 217 Pty Ltd Pty Ltd
Camden NSW 2570 02 4647 7481 PO Box 821 P O Box 6946
Wagga Wagga NSW 2650 02 6922 7527 Wetherill Park NSW 2164 02 9756 2555
Davebilt Industries
116 Showground Road Precision Oxycut W G E Pty Ltd
North Gosford NSW 2250 02 4325 7381 PO Box 755 29 Glastonbury Ave
Matraville NSW 2036 02 9319 2633 Unanderra NSW 2526 02 4272 2200
Designed Building Systems
144 Sackville Street Rambler Welding Industries Pty Ltd Walpett Engineering Pty Ltd
Fairfield NSW 2165 02 9727 0566 PO Box 8350 52 Hincksman Street
Wagga Wagga NSW 2650 02 6921 3062 Queanbeyan NSW 2620 02 6297 1277
Edcon Steel Pty Ltd
PO Box 542 Riton Engineering Pty Ltd Weldcraft Engineering (ACT) Pty Ltd
Brookvale NSW 2100 02 9938 8500 P.O. Box 242 79 Thuralilly Street
Wyong NSW 2259 02 4353 1688 Queanbeyan NSW 2620 02 6297 1453
Flame-Cut Pty Ltd
PO Box 6367 Rivtec Engineering Wheatley Enterprises Pty Ltd
Wetherill Park NSW 2164 02 9609 3677 PO Box 432 7A Pennant Street
Hay NSW 2711 02 6993 1200 Cardiff NSW 2285 02 4956 7175
Fyshwick Metalwork
9 Lorn Road Romac Engineering NORTHERN TERRITORY
Queanbeyan NSW 2620 02 6299 0294 PO Box 670
Armidale NSW 2350 02 6772 3407 M & J Welding And Engineering
H & M Engineering & Construction P/L GPO Box 2638
36 Gardiner Street S & L Steel (NSW) Pty Ltd Darwin NT 801 08 8932 2641
Rutherford NSW 2320 02 4932 6088 59 Glendenning Road
Rooty Hill NSW 2766 02 9832 3488 Transcon
ILB Steel Buildings Trans Aust Constructions P/L
PO Box 1142 Saunders International Pty Ltd PO Box 39472
Orange NSW 2800 02 6362 3100 PO Box 281 Winnellie NT 821 08 8984 4511
Condell Park NSW 2200 02 9792 2444
J.D.Hall & Son Pty Ltd Universal Engineering
PO Box 55 Sebastian Engineering Pty Ltd PO Box 39532
Arncliffe NSW 2205 02 9567 8146 21-25 Kialba Road Winnellie NT 821 08 8922 9800
Campbelltown NSW 2560 02 4626 6066
Jeskah Steel Products Pty Limited QUEENSLAND
23 Arizona Road Southern Cross Rigging & Constructions
Charmhaven NSW 2263 02 4392 7022 Pty Ltd AG Rigging & Steel Pty Ltd
65-67 Mandarin Street PO Box 9154 Wilsonton
K H P Steel Fabrications Villawood NSW 2163 02 9783 5600 Toowoomba QLD 4350 07 4633 0244
5//81 Stephens Road
Botany NSW 2019 02 9316 9713 Spartan Steel Alltype Welding
21 Birmingham Ave PO Box 1418
Kermac Welding & Engineering Villawood NSW 2163 02 9724 6208 Beenleigh QLD 4207 07 3807 1820
PO Box 6138
Wetherill Park NSW 2164 02 4721 3133 Strongest Link (Australia) Pty Ltd Apex Fabrication & Construction
Unit 3/ 107 Dunheved Circuit 164-168 Cobalt Street
Lifese Engineering Pty Ltd St Marys NSW 2760 Carole Park QLD 4300 07 3271 4467
5 Junction Street
Auburn NSW 2144 02 9748 0444 TDA Snow Engineering Pty Ltd Austin Engineering Limited
28 Jura Street 173 Cobalt Street
Mass Steel Heatherbrae NSW 2324 02 4987 1477 Carole Park QLD 4300 07 3271 2622
PO Box 41
Silverdale NSW 2752 02 4774 0011 Tenze Engineering Beenleigh Steel Fabrications P/L
PO Box 426 41 Magnesium Drive
Mecha Design & Fabrication Pty Ltd Greenacre NSW 2190 02 9758 2677 Crestmead QLD 4132 07 3803 6033
PO Box 477
Wyong NSW 2259 02 4351 1877 Transylvania Engineering Pty Ltd Belconnen Steel Pty Ltd
4 Vivian Street PO Box 5718
Morson Engineering Pty Ltd Bexley NSW 2210 Brendale QLD 4500 07 3881 3090
PO Box 244
Wyong NSW 2259 02 4352 2188

Brisbane Steel Fabrication Seacove Steel RC & ML Johnson Pty Ltd
PO Box 7087 PO Box 1377 671 Magill Road
Hemmant QLD 4174 07 3893 4233 Noosaville QLD 4566 07 5474 4466 Magill SA 5072 08 8333 0188
Cairns Steel Fabricators P/L Stewart & Sons Steel S J Cheesman

PO Box 207b 11 Production Street 21 George Street
Bungalow QLD 4870 07 4035 1506 Bundaberg QLD 4670 07 4152 6311 Port Pirie SA 5540 08 8632 1044
Casa Engineering (Brisbane) Pty Ltd Sun Engineering Pty Ltd SA Structural Pty Ltd
1-7 Argon Street 113 Cobalt Street 9-11 Playford Cresent
Carole Park QLD 4300 07 3271 2300 Carole Park QLD 4300 07 3271 2988 Salisbury North SA 5108 08 8285 5111
Central Engineering Pty Ltd Taringa Steel P/L Samaras Structural Engineers
PO Box 78 17 Jijaws Street PO Box 31
Currumbin QLD 4223 07 5534 3155 Sumner Park QLD 4074 07 3279 4233 Rosewater East SA 5013 08 8447 7088
DWW Engineering Pty Ltd Thomas Steel Fabrication Steriline Racing Pty Ltd
PO Box 47 PO Box 147 PO Box 590
Richlands QLD 4077 07 3375 5841 Hyde Park QLD 4812 07 4775 1266 Mt Barker SA 5251 08 8398 3133
EPIC STEEL Pty Ltd Totalfab Pty Ltd Tali Engineering Pty Ltd
PO Box 6338 PO Box 680 119 Bedford Street
Yatala QLD 4207 07 3441 5100 Thuringowa Central QLD 4817 Gillman SA 5013 08 8240 4711
07 4789 3777
Factory Fabricators Pty Ltd Williams Metal Fabrication Pty Ltd
39 McRoyle Street W D T Engineers Pty Ltd 181 Philip Highway
Wacol QLD 4076 07 3879 4711 PO Box 115 Elizabeth SA 5112 08 8287 6489
Acacia Ridge QLD 4110 07 3345 4000
Fritz Steel (QLD) Pty Limited TASMANIA
PO Box 12 Walz Construction Company Pty Ltd
Richlands QLD 4077 07 3375 6366 PO Box 1713 Amax Engineering (Tas) Pty Ltd
Gladstone QLD 4680 07 4976 7999 69 Lilydale Road
Gay Constructions Pty Ltd Launceston TAS 7250 03 6326 9682
PO Box 452 SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Morningside QLD 4170 07 3890 9655 DPM Engineering Tas
Advanced Steel Fabrications PO Box 16
Interpole Pty Ltd 61-63 Kapara Rd Latrobe TAS 7307 03 6426 2988
PO Box 1122 Gillman SA 5013 08 8447 7100
Eagle Farm QLD 4009 07 3260 2511 Haywards Steel Fabrication & Construction
Ahrens Group PO Box 47
John Holland SMP PO Box 2 Kings Meadows TAS 7249 03 6391 8508
GPO Box 556 Sheaoak Log SA 5371 08 8524 9045
Fortitude Valley QLD 4006 07 3334 8600 VICTORIA
Bianco Structural Steel
Milfab 178 George Road ADM Engineering Services Pty Ltd
PO Box 3056 Newtown SA 5074 08 8366 6666 PO Box 45
Clontarf MDC QLD 4019 07 3203 3311 Bannockburn VIC 3331 03 5281 2365
Bowhill Engineering
Morton Steel Pty Ltd Lot 100, Weber Road Alfasi Steel Constructions
47 Barku Court Bowhill SA 5238 08 8570 4208 73-79 Waterview Close
Hemmant QLD 4174 07 3396 5322 Dandenong South VIC 3175
Macweld Industries 03 9794 9274 Factory
Noosa Engineering & Crane Hire 1 Creswell Road
PO Box 356 Largs Bay SA 5016 08 8242 8100 Apex Welding & Steel Fabrication
Tewantin QLD 4565 07 5449 7477 PO Box 1333
Manuele Engineers Pty Ltd Bundoora LPO VIC 3083 03 9466 4125
Pacific Coast Engineering Pty Ltd 16 Drury Terrace
PO Box 7284 Clovelly Park SA 5042 08 8374 1680 Australian Rollforming Manufacturers Pty Ltd
Garbutt QLD 4814 07 4774 8477 35-45 Frankston - Dandenong Road
Mirror Image Services Pty Ltd Dandenong VIC 3175 03 9793 4881
Pierce Engineering Pty Ltd 13 Pentland Road
48 Quinn Street SALISBURY SOUTH SA 5106 Bahcon Steel Pty Ltd
North Rockhampton QLD 4701 08 8283 2366 PO Box 950
07 4927 5422 Morwell VIC 3840 03 5134 2877
MWS Engineering
Rimco Building Systems Pty Ltd 27-29 Maxwell Road Barra Steel (Vic) Pty Ltd
3 Supply Court Pooraka SA 5095 08 8349 4933 Factory 2 / 28 Commercial Drive
Arundel QLD 4214 07 5594 7322 Dandenong South VIC 3175
03 9768 2477
34 STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41

Geelong Fabrications Pty Ltd Wolter Steel Co. Pty Ltd Scenna Constructions
PO Box 55 PO Box 2737 PO Box 3165
North Shore Geelong VIC 3215 Seaford VIC 3198 03 9788 5444 Jandakot WA 6964 08 9417 4447
03 5275 7255
WESTERN AUSTRALIA Supa Steel (WA) Pty Ltd
GFC Industries Pty Ltd PO Box 1278
42 Glenbarry Road 2020 Construction Systems Pty Ltd Bibra Lake WA 6965 08 9494 0802
Campbellfield VIC 3061 03 9357 9900 29 Dooley Street
Naval Base WA 6165 08 9437 9989 SWG Operations Pty Ltd
GVP Fabrications Pty Ltd P O Box 2233
25-35 Japaddy Street Ausclad Group of Companies Limited Bunbury WA 6231 08 9780 0600
Mordialloc VIC 3195 03 9587 2172 15 Beach Street
Kwinana WA 6156 08 9439 1934 United Group Resources
Kiewa Valley Engineering Pty Ltd PO Box 219
PO Box 8177 Austline Fabrications Pty Ltd Kwinana WA 6167 08 9499 0499
Birallee Park VIC 3689 02 6056 6271 PO Box 104
Bentley WA 6982 08 9451 7300 United Industries WA Pty Ltd
Metalform Structures Pty Ltd 36 Stuart Drive
2 Zilla Court Bossong Engineering Pty Ltd Henderson WA 6166 08 9410 5600
Dandenong VIC 3175 03 9792 4666 189 Planet Street
Welshpool WA 6106 08 9212 2345 Uniweld Structural Co Pty Ltd
Minos Structural Engineering Pty Ltd 10 Malcolm Road
12-14 Ivanhoe Court Cays Engineering Maddington WA 6109 08 9493 4411
Thomastown VIC 3074 03 9465 8665 17 Thornborough Road
Greenfields WA 6210 08 9582 6611 ASI STEEL MANUFACTURER
Monks-Harper Fabrications P/L AND DISTRIBUTOR MEMBERS
25 Tatterson Road Complete Steel Projects
Dandenong South VIC 3164 31 Cooper Road
Graham Group
03 9794 0888 Jondakot WA 6164 08 9414 8579 www.grahamgroup.com
Preston Structural Steel Pty Ltd Delta Engineering Horan Steel Pty Ltd
74 Boulder Road www.horan.com.au
140-146 Barry Road
Campbellfield VIC 3061 03 9357 0011 Malaga WA 6090 08 9248 4456 Industrial Galvanizers Corporation Pty Ltd
www.indgal.com.au
Riband Steel (Wangaratta) Pty Ltd Fremantle Steel Fabrication Co.
PO Box 3005 Intercast and Forge Pty Ltd
69-81 Garden Road www.intercast.com.au
Clayton VIC 3168 03 9547 9144 Jandakot WA 6964 08 9417 9111
Kingspan Insulated Panels Pty Limited
Shelford Engineering & Construction Pty. Ltd. Highline Ltd www.kingspan.com.au
60 Melverton Drive Locked Bag 25 Korvest Galvanisers
Hallam VIC 3803 03 9702 3122 Welshpool WA 6986 08 6454 4000 www.korvest.com.au
Skrobar Engineering Pty Ltd Holtfreters Pty Ltd OneSteel Limited

71 Mitchell Ave www.onesteel.com
PO Box 1578
Moorabbin VIC 3189 03 9555 4556 Northam WA 6401 08 9442 3333 OneSteel Distribution
www.onesteel.com
Stilcon Holdings Pty Ltd Hvar Steel Services Pty Ltd
31 Burlington Street OneSteel Market Mills
PO Box 263 www.onesteel.com
Altona North VIC 3025 03 9314 1611 Naval Base WA 6165 08 9437 2600
Orrcon Pty Ltd
Inter-Steel Pty Ltd www.orrcon.com.au
Structural Challenge Pty Ltd
PO Box 437 PO Box 1190 Rondo Building Services Pty Ltd
Hampton Park VIC 3976 03 8795 7111 Canning Vale DC WA 6970 08 9256 3311 www.rondo.com.au
Italsteel W.A. Southern Steel Group
Thornton Engineering Australia Pty Ltd www.southernsteel.com
PO Box 245 PO Box 206
Corio VIC 3214 03 5274 3180 Bentley WA 6102 08 9356 1566 Steelpipe Australia
steelpipe.com.au
Trojan Specialised Structures (Aust) Metro Lintels
Stramit Building Products P/L
PO Box 4121 2 Kalmia Rd www.stramit.com.au
Dandenong South VIC 3164 Bibra Lake WA 6163 08 9434 1160
Supaloc
03 9792 2933 Pacific Industrial Company www.supaloc.com.au
Tru-line Engineering (Aust) Pty. Ltd. PO Box 263 Webforge Australia Pty Ltd
5 Percy Street Kwinana WA 6966 08 9410 2566 www.webforge.com.au
Heidelberg Heights VIC 3081 Park Engineers Pty Ltd Weldlok Industries Pty Ltd
03 9455 1577 www.grahamgroup.com.au
PO Box 130
Bentley WA 6982 08 9451 7255
35 STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER

(ABN) / ACN (94) 000 973 839
Level 13, 99 Mount Street

North Sydney NSW 2060
Tel: (02) 9929 6666
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ASI Limit State Steel Connections Design Series - Part 1 - SC - 42 - 1 - J PDF

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ASI Limit State Steel Connections Design Series - Part 1 - SC - 42 - 1 - J PDF

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STEEL CONSTRUCTION

JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE

ASI LIMIT STATE STEEL CONNECTIONS

2 STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007

ASI Contact Details

STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007 3

1. INTRODUCTION Australian Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) and

4 STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007

STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007 5

Figure 2. Rigid Connections

6 STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007

STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007 7

GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS Hole geometry

Steel Grades Bolt gauge Either 70mm, 90mm or 140mm as

Standardised Structural Connections

Connection Component Size Figure Hole dia. Edge

Type Size Mass per metre Actual Yield stress Tensile

8 STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007

(i) strip may be cut and holed by the fabricators

(ii) strip may be pre-holed in long lengths and

FIGURE 3. 90x8 or 90x10 FLAT BAR

FIGURE 4. 180x10 FLAT BAR FIGURE 5. 200 OR 150x10 FLAT BAR

FIGURE 6. 100x100x8 EA ANGLE COMPONENT

FIGURE 7. 150x100x10 UA ANGLE COMPONENT

STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007 9

Figure 8. supported member End preparations

10 STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007

(e) a bolt pitch of 70mm.

The bolt pitch of 70mm, combined with the a dimension

STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007 11

For rolled sections, the gauges of the holes between

Section Flange s gf Web s gw

12 STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007

STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007

The connections in the series are detailed from the top

A standard method of coping beams in beam-to-beam

The layouts of beam-to-beam connections involving

14 STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007

design capacity tables for structural steel V3: 11

WEB COPESBEAM-TO-BEAM CONNECTIONS

Member A (supporting member)

610UB DWC120 DWC110 DWC100

200UB* SWC90 SWC80

310UC DWC90 DWC80 DWC80 DWC160 DWC130 DWC110

250UC SWC120 SWC110 SWC100 SWC90 SWC90

380 u 300 u 250 u 230 u 200 u

380 u DWC90 DWC100

DWC90 DWC160 DWC90

NOTE: No recommendation on web coping is made in respect of 100UC as supporting member.

STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007 15

design capacity tables for structural steel V3: 14

Web copes have always presented a difficult and

The techniques of beam fabrication currently available

r = 11mm which exceeds the above minimum

If drilling this cope hole, it is desirable that the centre-

An a dimension of 100mm will accommodate this

Punching of the cope hole requires slightly more

For double web coped beams, the same minimum

16 STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 41 NUMBER 2 - DEC 2007

FIGURE 9. SINGLE WEB COPE FIGURE 10. DOUBLE WEB COPE

smaller and flange bolts protrude within the profile of

5. Design Capacity Tables for Structural

This publication is intended as a replacement for