EXPERIMENT 4: BERNOULLI LAW

1.0 ABSTRACT

In this experiment, the relationship between the pressure, cross-sectional area, flow velocity
and volumetric flow rate is analysed. Measurement of pressure difference procedure is repeated
several times along 6 positions (A to F) with different cross sectional area. The results is recorded
in a table. A graph of J against A is plotted. It was found that the high velocity of gas flow result
in low pressure and based on continuity equation, smaller area result in high velocity which
correspond to Bernoullis Law. Recommendations to improve this experiment includes understand
the units and procedures before starting the experiment, eye level must be parallel to the meniscus
during reading of measurement and the stopwatch and suction nozzle must be started
simultaneously.

2.0 OBJECTIVE
1. To demonstrate the air properties by using Bernoullis Theorem (Level in Blooms
Taxonomy: P4)
2. To examine the relationship between the pressure, cross-sectional area, flow velocity and
volumetric flow rate.

3.0 INTRODUCTION

Bernoulli's law describes the behavior of a fluid under varying conditions of flow and height.
It states

where P is the static pressure (in Newtons per square meter), p is the fluid density (in kg per cubic
meter), v is the velocity of fluid flow (in meters per second) and h is the height above a reference
surface. The second term in this equation is known as the dynamic pressure. The effect described
by this law is called the Bernoulli effect, and the equation is sometimes known as Bernoulli's
equation.[1]

Bernoulli principle is a physical principle formulated by Daniel Bernoulli that states that as
the speed of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases. The
phenomenon described by Bernoullis principle has many practical applications; it is employed in
the carburetor and the atomizer, in which air is the moving fluid and the aspirator, in which water
is the moving fluid. In the first two devices air moving through a tube passes through a constriction,
while causes an increase in speed and a corresponding reduction in pressure. As a result, liquid is
forced up into the air stream (through a narrow tube that leads from the body of the liquid to the
constriction) by the greater atmospheric pressure on the surface of the liquid. [2] In the aspirator
air is drawn into a stream of water flows through a constriction. Bernoulli principle can be
explained in terms of the law of conservation of energy. As a fluid moves from a wider pipe into
a narrower pipe or a constriction, a corresponding volume must move a greater distance forward
in the narrower pipe and thus have a greater speed. At the same time, the work done by
corresponding volumes in the wider and narrower pipes will be expressed by the product of the p
ressure and the volume. [3] Since the speed is greater in the narrower pipe, the kinetic energy of
that volume is greater. Then, by the law of conservation of energy, this increase in kinetic energy
must be balanced by a decrease in the pressure-volume product, or, since the volumes are equal,
by a decrease in pressure.

Flow rate and velocity are related, but quite different, physical quantities. To make the
distinction clear, think about the flow rate of a river. [4] The greater the velocity of the water, the
greater the flow rate of the river. But flow rate also depends on the size of the river. A rapid
mountain stream carries far less water than the Amazon River in Brazil, for example. The precise
relationship between flow rate Q and velocity vv is

Q=AvQ=Av,

where A is the cross-sectional area and vv is the average velocity. [5] This equation seems
logical enough. The relationship tells us that flow rate is directly proportional to both the
magnitude of the average velocity (hereafter referred to as the speed) and the size of a river, pipe,
or other conduit. The larger the conduit, the greater its cross-sectional area. Figure 1 illustrates
how this relationship is obtained. The shaded cylinder has a volume

V = Ad,

which flows past the point P in a time t. Dividing both sides of this relationship by t gives

Vt=Adt

We note that Q=V/t and the average speed is v=d/tv=d/t. Thus the equation
becomes Q=AvQ=Av.

4.0 EQUIPMENT / APPARATUS

4.1 Equipment
Pressure probe
Precision manometer
Pressure fan
Wind tunnel
Suction nozzle
Screws

4.2 Material
Sealing strip
5.0 METHODOLOGY

Experiment setup

1. The wind tunnel and the fan is assembles as shown.

2. The fan is inserted into the outlet nozzle so that it is drawn through the wind tunnel during
the experiment.
3. A clearance is ensured approximately 1m in front of the suction nozzle and behind the fan
so that the air can be drawn into the wind tunnel without any turbulence.
4. The smoothing screen is mounted on the inlet.
5. The Bernoulli ramp is secured underneath the plexiglass canopy with the help of the four
screws so that the ramp height increases in the direction flow.
6. The sealing trip is mounted on the sliding rails.
7. The pressure probe is guided carefully, section is bent first through the rubber seal of the
sealing trip and it is secured to the measuring trolley.
8. The probe is pushed down fully to the stop so that it reaches a position approximately 2 cm
higher than the highest point of the ramp.
9. The total pressure probe by means of a hose is connected to the right-hand hose nipple of
the precision manometer.
10. The precision manometer is adjusted into a perfectly horizontal position using the
integrated bubble level and the meniscus is move exactly to the zero mark by varying the
filling level.

Carrying out the experiment

1. The measurement trolley placed at with end of pressure head at the position F.
2. Pressure difference from the precision manometer was read off.
3. Measurement was repeat for the position A to E.
4. Measurement procedure repeat several times and mean average calculated.
6.0 RESULTS

Table 1: Pressure difference p (mean average over 3 measurement series) at the position A to
F.
Position A(m^2) P(Pa) V(m/s) J(m^3 /s)
A 0,020 60.0 11.7 234.0
B 0,019 67.0 11.2 212.8
C 0,018 70.0 10.8 194.4
D 0,017 74.0 10.6 180.2
E 0,016 80.0 10.4 166.4
F 0,015 90.0 10.0 150.0

Graph of J against A
250

200
J (M^3/S)

150

100

50

0
0,020 0,019 0,018 0,017 0,016 0,015
A (m^2)
7.0 DISCUSSION

P=F/A
P+1/2 v2: constant
P x A x V: constant

Position of A shows the largest area which are 20m and lowest pressure compare to others
position. It is because the larger the area, the lower the pressure .According to the formula, pressure
is inversely proportional to its area. This is because the air will more displaced when the area is
large and the lower the pressure. Position of A shows the lowest velocity compare to others
position. . According to the continuity law, this displacement, or loss of flow area, must lead to an
increase in velocity. The Bernoulli equation states that an increase in velocity leads to an decrease
in pressure. Thus the higher the velocity of the flow, the lower the pressure. Example of application
is air flowing over an airfoil will decrease in pressure. The pressure loss over the top surface is
greater than that of the bottom surface. The result is a net pressure force in the upward (positive)
direction. This pressure force is lift.

Based on the graph plotted, it can be seen that volume flow decreases with cross sectional
area. There was an error when doing this experiment. We should take average reading. Hence, we
can get the accurate result from this experiment. Hence, the precaution that we should follow is
make sure the area used for experiment is at the proper position. Since, area is the most important
thing while carry out this experiment.

8.0 CONCLUSION

The purpose of the experiment is to demonstrate the fluid properties by using Bernoullis
Theorem. To verify Bernoulli's equation, the relationship between pressure and cross sectional
area is demonstrated. From the experiment, we proved that high velocity of gas flow result in low
pressure and based on continuity equation, smaller area result in high velocity which correspond
to Bernoullis Law.
9.0 RECOMMENDATION

There are a few recommendations and precautions that should be taken during undergo the
experiment in order to obtain more accurate results. Firstly, we have to understand the units and
procedures before starting the experiment to avoid some simple mistakes. During reading of
precision manometer, the eye level must be parallel to the meniscus to avoid error. Besides that,
the stopwatch and suction nozzle must be started simultaneously so that the volumetric flow rate
is linear. Lastly, few readings should be taken to calculate the average value.

10.0 REFERENCES

[1] Blackie 2008 Blackies Dictionary of Physics S.Chand & Co. Pvt. Ltd

[2] http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/152.mf1i.spring02/Bernoulli.htm

[3] http://scienceamz.blogspot.my/2015/09/bernoullis-principle.html

[4]https://phys.libretexts.org/TextMaps/Introductory_Physics_TextMaps/Map%3A_College_Physics_(O
penStax)/12%3A_Fluid_Dynamics_and_Its_Biological_and_Medical_Applications/12.1%3A_Flow_Rate_a
nd_Its_Relation_to_Velocity

[5] https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/12-1-flow-rate-and-its-relation-to-velocity/