Sound attenuation in turbulent pipe flow

Uno Ingard, and Vijay K. Singhal

Citation: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 55, 535 (1974);
(1974); doi: 10.1121/1.1914532
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1914532
View Table of Contents: http://asa.scitation.org/toc/jas/55/3
Published by the Acoustical Society of America

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Sound
Sound attenuation in
in turbulent pipe flow*
Uno
Uno lngard
Ingard and Vijay K.
and Vijay K. Singhal
Singhal
Departments
Departmentsofof Physics and of
Physicsand of Aeronautics
Aeronauticsand
and Astronautics
Astronauticsand
and Research
ResearchLaboratory
Laboratory of
of Electronics,
Electronics,
Massachusetts
MassachusettsInstitute
Institute of
of Technology,
Technology, Cambridge,
Cambridge,Massachusetts
Massachusetts02139
02139

Results of.steady-state
Results of 'steady-stateandpulse
and pulsemeasurements
measurements ofupstream
of upstreamanddownstream
and downstreamattenuation
attenuation ofsound
of soundin
in
turbulent pipe ow
turbulent pipe flow are
are presented
presentedand
and compared
comparedwithwith calculated
calculatedvalues
valuesobtained
obtainedfrom
from aa simple
simple model
model
in
in which
which the
the sound
soundis
is treated
treatedas
as aa quasistatic
quasistaticperturbation
perturbationof
of the steadyow
the steady flow in
in the
the pipe.
pipe.
Subject
Subject Classication:
Classification:28.60;
28.60; 20.45.
20.45.

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION the
the empirical velocity dependence
empirical velocity dependence of
of the
the pressure
pressure drop
drop
per unit
per length in
unit length flow. Inamore
pipe flow.
turbulent pipe
in turbulent detailed
In amoredetailed
Under
Under most
most conditions
conditions the
the attenuation
attenuation of sound
sound in
in a
analysis
analysis we
we would
would have to consider
have to consider not only the
not only the mean
mean
duct
duct is
is basically
basically the
the result
result of
of viscous
viscous andand heat-conduc-
heat-conduc- ow
flow but
but also
also the
the turbulent
turbulent spectrum,
spectrum, as
as well
well as
as the
the
tion
tion losses
losses at
at the
the duct
duct boundary.
boundary. The The corresponding
corresponding mean-ow
mean-flow profile
profile in
in the
the duct.
duct.
losses
losses in
in the bulk of
the bulk of the
the gas
gas are
are small
small compared
compared with
with
the boundary losses, at least at sufficiently
the boundary losses, at least at sufficiently low
low frequen-
frequen- If
If the
the mean
mean velocity
velocity in
in the
the duct
duct is
is V
V and
and the
the density
density
cies.
cies. For
For aa rigid
rigid smooth
smooth wall
wall these
these viscothermal
viscothermal is p, the steady-state pressure drop per unit
is p, the steady-state pressure drop per unit length
length of
of
boundary
boundary losses
losses account for the
account for the classical
"classical attenuation
attenuation" the
the duct
ductcan
canbe
be written
written as
as (tit/a) (pVa/Z), where
(b/a)(pV'/2), whereaa is
is the
the
in
in a
a pipe,
pipe, as
as was
was determined
determined by
by Kirchhoff
Kirchhoff for
for the
the funda-
funda- ratio
ratio between
between the
the area
area ofof the
the duct
duct cross
cross section
section and
and its
its
mental
mentalplane
"plane"wave
wavemode.1
mode. Actually,
Actually, viscosity,
viscosity, and
andto
to perimeter
perimeter (a (a =d/4
=d/4 for
for aa circular
circular cross
cross section
section ofof diam-
diam-
a
a lesser
lesser extent
extent heat
heat conduction,
conduction, areare largely
largely responsible
responsible eter d), and
eter d), it is
and b is an
an empirically
empirically determined
determined friction
friction
for
for the
the acoustic
acoustic losses
losses even when the
even when the duct
duct wall
wall is
is irre-
irre- factor that depends on the Reynolds
factor that depends on the Reynolds number number R. R. The
The
gular
gular or is covered
or is covered with
with an
an acoustic
acoustic lining,
lining, although
although in in Reynolds
Reynolds number
number dependence
dependence of of 11)
b has
has been
been studied
studied ex-
ex-
such
such cases
cases the
the attenuation
attenuation isis often
often expressed
expressed in in terms
terms perimentally
perimentally by by numerous
numerous investigators
investigators for for pipes
pipes with
with
of
of empirical
empirical material
material parameters,
parameters, such as ow
such as flow resis-
resis- varying
varying degrees
degrees of of wall
wall roughness,
roughness, and and the
the results
results are
are
tance, acoustic
tance, acoustic normal
normal impedance,
impedance, and and the
the like,
like, which
which summarized
summarized in most texts on uid
most texts fluid flow.
flow. 4
are
are related only indirectly
related only indirectly to the shear
to the shear viscosity
viscosity and
and In
In the
the presence
presence of
of a
a fundamental
fundamental acoustic
acoustic mode in the
heat
heat conduction.
conduction.
pipe,
pipe, the
the velocity
velocity and
and pressure
pressure fields
fields will
will be
be perturbed.
perturbed.
Accordingly, we express the velocity and the
Accordingly, we express the velocity and the pressure
pressure
In
In the presence of
the presence mean flow,
of mean flow, or
or at
at large
large acoustic
acoustic as
as Vu+u(t)
Vo+u(t) and
andP0 +p(t), where
Po+P(t), where uu is
is the
the oscillatory
oscillatory acous-
acous-
amplitudes, additional losses can
amplitudes, additional losses can occur
occur as
as a
a result
result of
of tic
tic flow
flow velocity
velocity and
andpp the
the sound
soundpressure.
pressure. The The quan-
quan-
the
the generation
generation of
of turbulence
turbulence either
either by
by the
the large
large ampli-
ampli- tities
tities V0
V0 and
and P0
P0 are
are the
the unperturbed
unperturbed values
values of
of velocity
velocity
tude sound
tude soundfield
field itself
itself or
or by
by the
the interaction
interaction of
of sound
sound (at
(at and
and pressure.
pressure. The
The time
time dependence
dependenceofof these
these quantities
quantities
any amplitude)
any amplitude) with
with the vorticity in
the vorticity in the
the flow.
flow. This
This is
is neglected
neglected in
in the present analysis.
the present analysis.
nonlinear
"nonlinear" contribution
contribution to
to sound
soundabsorption
absorption has
has been
been
studied
studied in
in several
several investigations
investigations during
during the
the past
past 40
40 The
The corresponding
corresponding perturbation
perturbation ofof the
the turbulent
turbulent fric-
fric-
years8
years'andandhas
hasrecently
recentlybeen
beenthe
thesubject
subjectofof considerable
considerable tion
tion in
in the
the pipe
pipe gives
gives rise to an oscillating
rise to an oscillating friction
friction drag
drag
attention in
attention in connection with the
connection with design of
the design liners in
duct liners
of duct in that affects
affects the acoustic
acoustic field
field with
with a contribution
contribution to the
aircraft.
aircraft. pressure
pressure gradient
gradient equal
equal to
to

In light of
the light
In the these considerations,
of these in pursuance
and in
considerations, and pursuance it
a poVou-
9913 all _ 41 ( 531mb-
2a avou-;poVou 1+2 3V0 .
of
of our
our systematic
systematic study
study of
of sound
soundpropagation
propagation in
in duets
ducts =.poVoU- 'pvu+2
with ow,
with flow, wewe have
have examined
examined the
the propagation
propagation of
of sound
sound in
in The
e linearized
lineized momentum
momentum equation
equation for
for the
the sound
sound field
field
hard-walled
hard-walled pipes
pipes carrying turbulent ow.
carrying turbulent flow. is
is then
then

I. QUASISTATIC
OUASISTATIC APPROXIMATION
APPROXIMATION a a_ i (1++ Kit2 81w)
In
In this
this paper
paper we
we report
report the
the results
results of
of measurements
measurements
Po
( )
p0<8t+Vo

+ Vo ax)u+a
u +- poVou
a
Po Vou
6 Oln
2
8V0 '
Vo
of sound
of sound attenuation in turbulent
attenuation in pipe ow
turbulent pipe flow and
andanattempt
an attempt 8
to understand these
to understand these results
results in terms of
in terms of a
a simple
simple phenom-
phenom-
+2P0
=-
+25upocu=5 r (1)
(1)

enological
enologicaltheoretical analysis of
theoreticalanalysis of the
the problem.
problem.83 In
In in
in which
which we
we have
have expressed
expressed separatelythe
separately the viscothermal
viscotherm
this analysis we
this analysis we consider
consider the oscillatory ow
the oscillatory flow in
in the
the drag as an additional
drag as adtion term
term Zvpo cu.
sound
sound field
field to
to represent
represent a a quasistatic
quasistatic modulation
modulation ofof the
the
steady flow. This results in a modulation of the pres- The
The continuity
continuity equation for the
equation for the sound
sound field
field is
is
steady flow. This results in a modulation of the pres-
sure
sure drop
drop in
in the
the pipe,
pipe, which
which can
can be
be expressed
expressed asas an
an
equivalent a a aW_
equivalent turbulent
turbulent friction
friction acting
acting on
on the
the oscillatory
oscillatory (it-+Vo ax)P+poC
ow.
flow.
+F0 cE_0
+P0 =0, (2)
(2)
This
This approach
approach does
does not
not deal
deal explicitly
explicitly with
with the
the detailed
detailed where
where we
we have
have introduced
introducedp/cz
p/c 2 for
for the
the perturbation
perrbation in in
mechanism
mechanism of
of the
the interaction
interaction of
of the
the sound
sound wave
wave with
with the
the density. For a
density. For a wavelike
wavelike perturbation,
perturbation, exp
exp (ikx
({}- iwt),
turbulent flow,
turbulent flow, since this interaction
since this interaction isis accounted
accounted for
for in
in Eqs.
Eqs. 11 and
d 22 reduce to
reduce to

535 J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 55, No. 3, March 1974 Copyright
535 J.Acoust.
Soc.Am.,Vol.55,No.3, March
1974 Copyright 1974
1974by
bythe
theAcoustical
AcousticalSociety
Society of
of America
America 535
535
536
536 Ingard and Singhal:
Ingard and Singhal: Attenuation
Attenuation in
in turbulent pipe flow
turbulent pipe flow 536

I I I
(a). |R|<| II II IIllI I
I I
I I
I I I I I II
.2- -
.2 _
IPI
m
// u
// l d I _ STANDING WAVE _
I+I RI . :21+IRI+al-IRIa2)x 6' ' : :
I+Irl _-+lrl+(a,-IRI
a=)x
/ ,x':::::1'* F2La g
o .05
I:
:
.o5 - CALCULATED\ //.
:
.
I y
\I'|RI"(|"I
RIaZ)x
3
Z
Z

-- 1'llu-l'f/
xx / H
x _
II
I-IRI
_'x E
I - / HAPULSE
x
L
I
I i I--
< X

2
.0|
,01 1 lllllllI ) Illllll
(b) .OI
,01 .05
.05 .I .22 .3.3 .4
.4.55
(u} |R|
IRI>l
>l
IPI MACH
MACH NUMBER
NUMBER, , MM

FIG.
FIG. 3.
3. Comparison
Comparison of
of downstream
downstream attenuation
attenuation measurements
measurements
__:-_____7_:_ by
__,,l+ standing-wave and
the standing-wave
by the pulse techniques
and pulse the theoretical
with the
techniques with theoretical
/ I predictio ns.
a2 predictions.

co
_ .4)
_ M 0+ iIEMgVQ 31nd) _ _ _1 ,
c _ kM0+za 2a _ Doc k
-kM
+i M
+izPMoV
2a081nb
8Vo+2;,i-P0
ck=0.
___1
8V0 +2891 :0.

FIG.
FIG. 1.
1. Standing-wave patterns in
Standing-wavepatterns in a
a duct
duct with
with flow.
flow. An
An acous-
acous- - Dock
Pock (w/c
(w/ckM
- kMo)o)
tic
tic wave
wave exp
exp (ax-ikiwt)
(lx--iklx--iwt) traveling
traveling in
in the
the negative
negativeasx direc-
direc-
tion (4)
tion reflects
reflects from
from the
the end
end x=0
x=0 as
as R
R exp( azx+ik2xiwt),where
exp(-x+ikx-iwt),where Note
R=
R= IRIRI I exp(igo).
exp(i0). (a)(a) With reflection coefficient.
With reflection coefficient IR IRI I <1,-
<1; (b)
(b) Notethat
that V0
V0alnzp/a V0 is
aln/aV0 is equal
equalto to RR 6(1n zp)/8R, where
a(ln)/aR, where
With
With IRI
I RI >> 1.
1. The
Thefigures
figuresshow
showthetheenvelope
envelope of
o the
thepressure
pressure R is the
R is number,and
Reynoldsnumber,
the Reynolds andthatthat tb 3(lns/ 8V0
maxima
maxima and and minima.
minima. FromFrom the tangents to
the tangents to these
these envelopes
envelopes at at =s/8Vo is of first order in 111. Then,
= a/aVois of first order in . Then, neglectingneglectingthe
the
the
the end
end ofof the
the duct,
duct, x=0,
x= 0, one
one can
can easily
easily find
find from
from the
the informa-
informa- second-order product terms in 11),
second-orderproductterms in , a/aV0, azp/a v0, and
and [3,,
, and
and
tion
tion given
given onon the
the figure
figure the
the reflection with
attenuation
reflection coefficient
coefficient IRI R |I and
and the
the with(1
(1H's)a
+ie)/'=
11+iE/2
+i/2 (6
(e<<
<<1),
1), we
weget get the
thefollowing
following ex-
ex-
attenuation coefficients
coefficients a,
al and
and a2.
a.. pressions
pressions for
for the
the propagation
propagation constants
constants k,
k. and k_ for
and k. for the
acoustic
acoustic waves
waves traveling
traveling inin the
the downstream
downstream and
andupstream
upstream

[aws

Mo+(aMo+u)(.
,
_i_+ikMo+a
and
and
b_\)OVo
o
+2m]u
.
+mp=
+2u+-ikp=O
MV
I'31
alnb 1.
1
directions
directions of the turbulent
of the

N /0
turbulent

w/c- [2 _Mq(
k_1+Mo+zI:+2a
k+-1+Mo+i v+---a PM(1
1+2
+2 8R
flow
flow

EM)]_1
R01nb)]
OR 1+Mo
1+Mo' 1 (5)
(5)
ipocku+[i(w/c)+ikM o]p=0,
iPocku+ [ - i (/c) +ikMo]P=O, (3)
(3) N w/c . 39% 1_2 3111] 1
where Mo= Vo/c is the
where M0= Vo/c is the Mach number of
Math number of the
the flow
flow in the
the k.- - ! w/c
k'__1Mo_1 [2
-M'---' "+2a-0
-i[8"+ -R81n)1
+2
(2 1- 1
Mo(6)(6,
OR1Mo'
an
Pipe-
pipe. At zero ow
At zero flow and
and in
in the
the low-velocity
low-velocity laminar
laminar flow
The regime,
regime, the
the attenuation
attenuationis
is caused
causedsolelybyviscos ity and
solelybyviscosity and
The corresponding
corresponding dispersion
dispersion relation
relation k(w)
k(o) for
for the
the
acoustic
heat
heat conduction.
conduction. As
As the
the Reynolds
Reynoldsnumber
number increases,
increases,
acoustic wave
wave is
is then
then
the
the flow
flow becomes
becomesturbulent
turbulentand
andthe term so/
the term [2a(1 1M0)]
M0/[2a(1 +M0)]
becomes
becomes thethe major
major contribution
contribution to the attenuation.
attenuation. It
I l l I I I I II I I I I I I I
is
is larger
larger inin the
the upstream
upstream than
than in the downstream
downstream direc-
direc-
I I I I I I III I I I I I III I

tion,
tion, the
the difference
differenceexpressed
expressedby by the
the factors
factors (1
(1+Mo)"1
+M0)'
and
and(1 -Mo)'1.
(1-M0) '. For
For example,
example,at
at aa Mach
Machnumber
numberof
of 0. 5,
0.5,
neglecting
neglectingviscothermal
viscothermal effects,
effects, we
we have
havek_=3.
k.= 3.00 k,
k+..
m
'0 The
The term
term (IPMo/4a)R8 (ln)/8R is
(Mo/4a)RO(ln)/OR is negative
negativeat
at low
lowRey-
Rey-
g. -2 MEASURED
MEASURED__ PI
1 - nolds
nolds numbers,
numbers, but but since it is
since it is only
only about
about 10%
10% of
of the
the
. s.w. METHOD / previous
previous term,
term, it it is
E ,
- - .
s.w.
M
ETHOD'///
x
x -_ It
It can
canbe
be shown,
is not
shown, however,
not very
very significant
however, that
significant in
that because
becauseof
most cases.
in most
of the
cases.
the rapid
rapid
E ; decrease
2 _ 2 decreaseof of 1P0with
with R
R atat low
low Reynolds
Reynoldsnumbers
numbersthe the at-
at-
_
5,05 :
I;
cu
CALCULATED\/
, MEASURED'
tenuation
crease
for
crease with
downstream
with increasing
propagation
increasing velocity
velocity at
at very
actually
tenuation for downstream propagation actually can de-
low ow
very low
can de-
flow speeds.
speeds.
- ,. MEASURED-
_

yx .x,,x PULSE
PULSE--
_
_.:.'"=x:= x _
At
At high
high Reynolds
Reynoldsnumbers
numbers (0becomes
becomes independent
independentof
of
R,
R, and
andthen
thenonly
only M0/[2a(1:l-Mo)]
OMo/[2a(1+M0)] contributes
contributesto
to the
the at-
tenuation.
tenuation. ByBy retaining
retaining only
only this
this term,
term, the
the sound
soundat-
at-
.OI
o01 I l I I I I I II I I I I I I I I
.Ol
.Ol ,. .05
.05 .loI .o2 3 .4 .5 tenuation
tenuation in
in a
a distance
distance x
x of
of turbulent pipe ow
turbulent pipe flow can
can be
be
MACH
MACH NUMBER
NUMBER,, M expressed
expressed as
FIG.
FIG. 2.2. Attenuation
Attenuation of of a
a plane
plane sound
sound wave
wave traveling
traveling against
against . . . a 8. 7 2(11PM, 5
the
the direction mean ow
direction of mean flow as a function
function of Mach
Mach number. Attenuation in decibels * Mo) (a) . (7)
calculated
calculatedcurve
curve #31
l is
is from
from theory
theorywith
with the
number.
the published
publisheddata
The
The
data on
on
Attenuation
indecibels
- 8.72(1'M0) ' (7)
the
the friction
friction factor 1P. Diameter
factor . D=4n.
Diameter D=4. For
For aa square
square cross
cross section,
section, dxd,
d xd, we
we have
have a=d/4
a=d/4 and
and

J.
J. Acoust.
Acoust.Soc.
Soc.Am.,
Am., Vol.
Vol. 55, No.
No. 3, March
March1974
1974
537
537 Ingard andSinghal:
lngard and Singhal:Attenuation in
Attenuation in turbulent pipeflow
turbulent pipe flow 537
537

0-3 I l I I l I
x10-3

ATTENUATION, 0*D.dB
88 /,_

I
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.
7-
7 STANDING
STANDING ,x ,
WAVE / // ,,-
./, ---

01
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WAVE- /

'0
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i'

O
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be):
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// I0Ax 51 I _
.04

.
g
E 5
5

I
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A? 4
4 z D -

.0
j=-
/ / z I. // _

'ol-Iv
3 _ j n / / .

DOWNSTREAM
b
N
.xx

I
.0 [yQPULSE
PULSE o
2
2l :19----- -- LIA/2 _

I
|
'o
l-A t
I >v V ...... ____." _
II II |I II II II |I lI

O
0
I I
I I I I I .00 2 4 6 8 I0 12 14 [6
16 [8
18 20
20

.
2 4 6 8 IO l2 I4
0
o I
.i .2
.2 .3
.3 4
.4 .5 DIAMETER ,, D
DIAMETER D cm
cm
_. M
---*M

FIG. 6. Predicted
FIG. downstream attenuation
Predicted downstream attenuation coefficients for
coefficients for
FIG. 4.
FIG. Sound attenuation
4. Sound attenuation in turbulent pipe
in turbulent by standing-
flow by
pipe flow standing- smooth pipes.
"smooth" pipes.
wave measurementsat
wave measurements 1100 Hz
at 1100 with PPo
Hz with exp[-kix/(1 aM)],
17 ~11.) exp[-kx/(1 M)],
3/4 in.
3/4 in. by 7/8 in.
by 7/8 rectangular cross
in. rectangular cross section. Different points
section. Different points
curve indicate
the curve
on the
on indicate the variability in
the variability standing-wave pro-
the standing-wave
in the pro- o

cedure.
cedure. constant pressure, and
constantpressure, and/= the acoustic
w/2 the
f = w/21r frequency.
acoustic frequency.
The viscothermal
The viscothermal attenuation is proportional
attenuation is to the
proportional to the
square root of acoustic frequency, whereas the contri-
square root of acoustic frequency, whereas the contri-
bution
bution caused turbulence is
by turbulence
caused by the quasistatic
(by the
is (by approx-
quasistatic approx-
with a typical
with value 4: =
typical value Weget
10'a, we
- 10*, get imation) of frequency.
independent of
imation) independent frequency. For air
For at standard
air at standard
, Mo f conditions, B.
conditions, s 1.43x1o-5f1/2/a.
v - 1.43x 10'5f 12/a. This should be
This should com-
be com-
-0.171M0(_:)
Attenuation due to turbulence 0. 17 1i Mo (d) dB.
Attenuation
duetoturbulence pared with
pared the turbulent
with the attenuation IS,=0.
turbulentattenuation 51PM0/a. With
=0.5Mo/a. With
(8) typicalvalue 10'2 for , it followsthat at f=
aa typical value 10"2 for 1P, it follows that at f= 100 Hz
100 Hz
As an example,
As an example, for a travel
for a distance x=
travel distance x: 100 d and
100 d and get
we get
we v == 43,
when 0.03 and
M0 0.03
when Moe: and at I-I, I3,,=
f = 1000 HZ,
atf=1000 = , 3,,
M0 - 0.
M as 0.3, upstream attenuation
the upstream
3, the '7. 5 dB
is 7.5
attenuation is the
and the
dB and when Moe
when M0 - 0.1. In general,
0. 1. In see that
we see
general, we exceeds 8,,
exceeds
that 3,
downstream attenuation
downstream dB.
is 44 dB.
attenuation is if
if

M0>2. 86X10f1/2.
M0> 2.86x 10' f/a. (9)
(9)
It is
It interesting to
is interesting compare the
to compare viscothermal sound
the viscothermal sound
attenuation with that
attenuation with turbulence alone.
by turbulence
caused by
that caused alone. The
The
viscothermal II. MEASUREMENTS
ll. MEASUREMENTS
viscothermalattenuation
attenuationcan be expressed5
can be expressed as
s as
experimental studies
In experimental
In of the
studies of the sound attenuation in
sound attenuation in
Is. _i
4,, Esme1m],
] pipe ow,
turbulent pipe
turbulent flow, we used a
we used a sound
sound source mounted in
source mounted in
one of
one of the side walls,
the side approximately midway
walls, approximately between
midway between
where d V: [2a/(pow)]1/ the open ends
the open of a
ends of rectangular pipe
a rectangular pipe with inner dimensions
with inner dimensions
where dr: [2p/(p0)]/'a is the viscous
is the acoustic boundary
viscous acoustic boundary
3/4 3/4 in.
by 3/4
in. by 3/4 in.
or 3/4 by 7/8 in. One
7/8 in. endof
Oneend theduct
of the
layer thickness, (11!:
layer thickness, [ZK/(powCQPz
dr: [2K/(Po,)] thethermal
is the
/' is thermal 3/4 in. in. or in. by duct
acousticboundary
acoustic boundarylayer thickness,77:0,/,,
layer thickness, is the
= C,/C,, is ratio
the ratio was
was connected to a
connected to a pump via a
pump via a plenum
plenum chamber and the
chamber and the
of specific heats,
of specific p. the
heats, p shear viscosity,
of shear
coefficient of
the coefficient viscosity,
other end was
other end was open unflanged The
and unflanged:
open and The ow velocity in
flow velocity in
K the heat coefficient, C
conduction coefficient, heat at
specific heat
the specific
C, the the duct could varied between 0 and
could be varied 170 m/sec.
and 170 m/sec.
K the heat conduction at
Two of experiments
sets of
Two sets were undertaken,
experiments were one with
undertaken, one with
pulse excitation
pulse and the
excitation and with steady-state
other with
the other excita-
steady-state excita-
pulse measurements,
.4

I I i I i I I I I I I
tion of the sound source. In the
tion of the sound source. In the pulse measurements,
sound source was
the soundsource
the driven by
was driven means of
by means pulse gener-
a pulse
of a gener-

ator which produced harmonic sound

produced harmonic wave trains
pressure wave
soundpressure
ATTENUATION , u_ 0, dB

m 20 ator which trains

18 in the
in the duct. The carrier
duct. The frequency of
carrier frequency waves was
these waves
of these was
chosen to
chosen be considerably
to be than the
lower than
considerably lower cutoff frequency
the cutoff frequency
of the
of higher-order mode
first higher-order
the first the duct,
in the
mode in that at
so that
duct, so at
I
3,:

the carrier frequency

the carrier only the
frequency only wave mode
plane wave
the plane was able
mode was able
z .12 to propagate.
to propagate.
.10 By mounting
By a pair.
mounting a pressure transducers
of pressure
pair of on either
transducerson either
o
I/
UPSTREAM

.08 side of
side the sound
of the source, the
soundsource, decay of
the decay upstream and
of upstream and
bust. a

06 downstream pulses in
downstream pulses in the known distance
the known between the
distance between the
D .04
microphones in
microphones in each pair was
each pair for a
determined for
was determined number '
a number
.O2 of different
of different ow
flow velocities.
velocities.
.00 I I I I IJ II II ]I II II II
2 4 6 8 IO
I0 I2
12 14I4 16I6 I8 20 22
18 20 22 In the
In steady-state measurements
the steady-state the standing-wave
measurements the standing-wave
DIAMETER, D cm
DIAMETER, Dcm field in the
field in the tube was recorded
tube was means of
by means
recorded by a microphone
of a microphone
FIG. 5.
FIG. 5. Theoretically calculated
Theoretically attenuation co
upstream attenuation
calculated upstream co-
probe, which was moved along the axis of the tube. The
probe, which was moved along the axis of the tube. The
for smooth"
efficients for "smooth" pipes as aa function
pipes as the diameter
of the
function of "diameter" attenuation was then
attenuation was determined from
then determined slope at
the slope
from the the
at the
of the pipe.
of the pipe. origin of
origin the curve
of the connecting the
curve connecting the pressure minima in
pressure minima in

J. Acoust.
J. Soc. Am.,
Acoust. Soc. Vol. 55,
Am., Vol. No. 3,
55, No. March 1974
3, March 1974
/
538
538 lngard and Singhal:
Ingardand Attenuation in
Singhal:Attenuation pipe flow
turbulent pipe
in turbulent flow 538
538

the standing-wave pattern.

the standing-wave pattern. Actually, modification of
a modification
Actually, a of frequency of
ular frequency
ular our experiment,
of our their data
however, their
experiment, however, data
the
the conventional procedure had
conventional procedure to be
had to to accommo-
made to
be made accommo- are in good
are in with ours.
agreement with
good agreement ours.
date the
date the occurrence of a
occurrence of reflection coefficient
pressure reflection
a pressure coefficient
Onthe
On the basis
basis of theanalysis
of the analysispresented
presented here,we
here, we have
have
than unity
greater than
greater at the
unity at downstream end
the downstream of the
end of pipe.
the pipe.
This
constructed the shown in
curves shown
the curves in Figs. and 6,
Figs. 55 and to be
6, to be
This modification
modification is summarized in
is summarized Fig. 1.
in Fig. 1. used aid in
an aid
as an
used as in estimating the sound
estimating the attenuation in
sound attenuation in
III.
III. DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
turbulent pipe flow under some conditions. In
turbulent pipe flow under some different conditions.
different In
the preparation of
the preparation these curves
of these we used
curves we the empirical
used the empirical
Figures 2,
Figures 2, 3, and 4
3, and the attenuation
that the
showthat
4 show is almost
attenuation is almost Reynolds number
Reynolds dependence of
number dependence the friction
of the coefficient
friction coefficient
independent
independent of the Mach
of the number at
Mach number Mach numbers.
low Mach
at low numbers. b, as
II), as can foundin
be found
can be in most onuid
textson
most texts dynamics.4,
fluid dynamics.
For
For Mach
Machnumbers
numbers beyond
beyond 0.25,
0.25, corresponding
corresponding to Rey-
to Rey-
nolds numbers
nolds numbers (based on the
(based on the pipe "diameter") larger
pipe diaineter) larger
than 1.1
than X105,
1.1 x flow dependence
the flow
105, the dependence of the attenuation
of the is
attenuationis ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
pronounced in
quite pronounced
quite in the upstream direction,
the upstream less pro-
direction, less pro- This work
This was supported
work was supportedby the U.
by the S. Navy
O.S. Navy (Office of
(Office of
nounced the downstream
in the
nounced in downstream direction.
direction.
Naval Research) under Contract N00014-67-A-0204-0019.
Naval Research) under Contract N00014-67-A-0204-0019.
The accuracy
The accuracy of measurements of
of measurements type is
this type
of this not par-
is not par- Help from
Help from Mr. A. Tarvin,
Jeffrey A.
Mr. Jeffrey Department of
Tarvin, Department of Phys
Phys-
ticularly great, as
ticularly great, can be
as can from the
seen from
be seen in ex-
spread in
the spread ex- ics, MIT,
ics, MIT, in the initial stages of the experiments
in the initial stages of the experiments is
is
perimental data
perimental points shown
data points shown in Fig. 4.
in Fig. 4. Apart from the
Apart from the gratefully
gratefully acknowledged.
acknowledged.
errors in
errors purely acoustic
in purely measurements, there
acoustic measurements, are
there are
several factors that
several factors that influence the accuracy'of
inuence the these
accuracy'of these
measurements.
measurements. For For example, there is
example, there static pressure
a static
is a pressure
variation along the
variation along of the
length of
the length the pipe and a
pipe and correspond-
a correspond- *Presented at
*Presented at the Symposium on
Interagency Symposium
the Interagency University Re-
on University Re-
ing variation of in Transportation
search in
search Noise, Stanford
Transportation Noise, University, Stan-
Stanford University, Stan-
ing variation density and
the density
of the flow velocity.
the flow
and the velocity. This
This
ford, California,
ford, 2830 March
California, 28-30 March 1973, at the
and at
1973, and the 85th Meet-
85th Meet-
effect has been
effect has ignored in
been ignored the analysis
in the presented here,
analysis presented here,
of the
ing of
ing Acoustical Society
the Acoustical of America,
Society of Boston, Massa-
America, Boston, Massa-
but a
but more detailed theoretical
a more.detailed revealed that
study revealed
theoretical study these
that these chusetts,
chusetts, 1013 April 1973.
10-13 April 1973.
effects lead
effects to additional
lead to terms, of
additional terms, second or
of second or higher
higher
1G. Kirchhoff, Pogg. Ann.,
1G. Kirchhoff, Pogg. 134 (1868).
Bd. 134
Ann., Bd. (1868).
order in
order in M0, which in
Mo, which our case
in our were always
case were less than
always less than 2L.
'L. J. Sivian, J.
J. Sivian, J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
Acoust. Soc. 7, 94101
Am. 7, 94-101 (1935); P. J.
(1935); P. J.
10% of
10% the leading
of the leading terms considered here.
terms considered here. AtAt higher
higher Westervelt and
Westervelt W. Sieck, J. Acoust. Soc.
and P. W. 22, 680(A)
Soc. Am. 22,
Mach numbers than
Mach numbers than those involved in
those involved our experiment
in our experiment (1950).
(1950). U. Ingard and
U. Ingard Ising, J.
H. Ising,
and H. Soc. Am.
Acoust. Soc.
J. Acoust. Am. 42, 6
42, 6-
(M0< 0.
(Mo< 45), these
0.45), correction terms
these correction terms must
must be accounted
be accounted 17
17 (1967).
(1967).
for. 3At the Interagency
3At the InteragencySymposium
Symposiumat at Stanford
Stanfordinin March
March 1973, it
1973, it
for.
was brought to
was brought our attention
to our an analysis
that an
attention that to the
similar to
analysis similar the
Within the range
Within the range of the accuracy
of the accuracy of the measurements,
of the measurements, one presented
one here had
presented here been carried
had been by T.
out by
carried out T. E. Siddon and
E. Siddon and
the was
was toto be
be reported
reported at
at CANCAM
CANCAM 73,'73, Montreal, Canada, 28
Montreal, Canada, 28
the experimental and calculated attenuations are
experimental and calculated attenuations in fair
are in fair
May-1 June
May-1 June 1973.
1973.
agreement, particularly in the upstream direction.
agreement, particularly in the upstream direction.
4For example, J.
4For example, W. Daily
J. W. and D.
Daily and D. R.
R. F. Harleman, Fluid
F. Harleman, Fluid
There appears to
There appears be a
to be a consistent pulse-measured atten-
consistent pulse-measured atten- Dynamics (AddisonWesley,
Dynamics (Addison-Wesley, Reading,
Reading, Mass.
Mass., , 1966),
1966), pp.
pp.
uation somewhat lower
uation somewhat than the
lower than steady-state measure-
the steady-state measure- 274275. .-
274-275.
Ahrens and
ments. Ahrens
ments. Ronnebergers found
and Ronneberger6 strongfre-
foundaa strong fre- 5P. M. Morse
P. M. Morse and
andK.
K. U.
U. Ingard, Theoretical Acoustics
Ingard, Theoretical Acoustics(Mc-
(Mc-
quency dependence, but
quency dependence, our data
but our no such
show no
data show behavior
such behavior Graw-Hill,
Graw-Hill, New
New York,
York, 1968),
1968), p.
p. 519.
519.
in the
in range of
the range frequencies investigated.
of frequencies investigated. At the
At partic-
the partic- 6C.
C. Ahrens
Ahrensand D. Ronneberger,
andD. Ronneberger, Acustica
Acustica25,
25, 150157
150-157 (1971).
(1971).

Soc. Am.,
Acoust. Soc.
J. Acoust.
J. Am., Vol. 55, No.
Vol. 55, No. 3, March 1974
3, March 1974