Incident Prevention

Incident Prevention
Safety And Health Officer Certificate

Course
Copyright@NIOSH 2005/1 1
Learning Objectives
To define what is incident
To explain the causes of incident & role

of management control
To explain 3 theory on accident

causation
To list the cost involved in an incident
Scope
Principles of loss prevention
Causes of incidents
Incidents and productivity
Approach to loss prevention
Principles of
Incident Prevention
1. Incident prevention is good management
2. Management and workers must fully

cooperate
3. Top management must lead
Principles of
Incident Prevention
4. There must be an OSH policy
5. Must have organisation and resources

to implement the OSH policy
6. Best available information and

technology must be applied
What Is An Incident?
An incident is:
An unexpected, unplanned event in a
sequence of events
That occurs through a combination of causes
Which result in:

Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an
individual,
Damage to property,
A near-miss,
Any combination of these effects.
Why Prevent Incidents?
Legal
Human Rights
Business
Causes Of Incidents
Types of Incidents
Cause immediate injury or damage to

equipment or property:
A forklift dropping a load
Someone falling off a ladder
That occur over an extended period:

Hearing loss
Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals
Early Theory Of Accidents
(Heinrich (1930's))
Ancestry/social
environment
Fault of a
person
Unsafe act/
condition
Accident
Injury
Heinrichs
Five Stage Sequence
Ancestry/social
environment
Fault of a
person
Unsafe act/
condition
Accident
Injury
Accident Causation Model (1974)
The Three Basic Causes of
Accidents
Poor Management Safety Policy &
Decisions
Personal Factors
Environmental Factors
Unsafe Act Basic Causes
Unsafe

Indirect causes Condition
Unplanned Incidence ACCIDENT

Personal Injury,
Direct Causes Property Damage
Three Basic Causes Of Accident
Lack of Management Control
Management responsible for:
Selection of workers
Machinery and equipment
System of work
Information and training
Supervision, etc
The accident prone worker is a false
approach. It is like blaming the victim
instead of the perpetrator.
Multiple Cause Of Accidents
Cause A
(Poor lighting)
Cause B Accident
(Not look where going) (Trip)
Cause C
(Wood in walkway)
Compatible with Loss Causation Theory.

Fall From a Defective Ladder
Why was the defective ladder not found

during normal inspection?
Why did the supervisor allow its use?
Didn't the injured employee know it

should not be used?
Fall From a Defective Ladder
Was the employee properly trained?
Was the employee reminded not to use

the ladder?
Did the superior examine the job first?
Trip Although Warned in
Dark Walkway
Was there a necessity for that person to

walk in that area or was there a safer
route.
If the person was not in a hurry would

they have been more aware of their
surroundings and avoided the wood.
Trip Although Warned in
Dark Walkway
If the area was better lit would the

person have avoided the wood.
Could the wood have been removed.
The Accident Pyramid
1 Fatal / Serious injury
3 Lost days
50 First aid
80 Property
400 Near misses

TYE/PEARSON/BIRD 1969-1975
Accepted Accident Theory
Multiple Causation Theory
A single unsafe act or condition may or
may not cause an accident but both are
caused by lack of management control.
Bird Loss Causation Model

In line with Schewhart(1930s) theory of
quality control.
Accepted Accident Theory
Heinrichs theory is weak and negative

Blaming victim and lack system thinking,
continual improvements, upstream control and
worker participation.
Productivity Aspect Of OSH
Direct Vs. Indirect
Incident Cost Iceberg
It is estimated
Direct that for every $1
Costs in direct incident
Indirect costs, there are
anywhere from $4
Costs to $11 in indirect
or hidden costs.
The Hidden Costs
Insured Costs -- covering injury, ill health, damage.
Hidden Uninsured 8-36 times as much as insured costs
1. Product and material 7. Investigation time

damage 8. Supervisors time
2. Plant and building diverted
damage 9. Clerical Effort
3. Tool and equipment 10.Overtime working
damage
11.Temporary labour
4. Expenditure on
emergency 12.Loss of expertise /
experience supplies
5. Fines
13.Clearing site
6. Legal costs
14.Production delays
Incident Prevention Costs
DESIGN COSTS (e.g to install machine
guards)
OPERATIONAL COSTS (training costs,

PPE, etc.)
SAFE GUARDING THE FUTURE COSTS

(health surveillance, audits etc)
Cost- Benefit Analysis Of Control
Measures
Compare specific incident costs with

cost of specific improvement being
suggested.
Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety
Management
All injuries and occupational illnesses
are preventable.
Management is directly responsible for

doing this.
Safety is a condition of employment.
Training is required.
Management
Safety audits and inspections must be

carried out.
Deficiencies must be corrected promptly.
All unsafe practices, incidents and injury

accidents will be investigated.
Management
Safety away from work is as important as
safety at work
Incident prevention is costeffective; the

highest cost is human suffering.
Employees must be actively involved.
Summary
Incident in the workplace is largely caused
by lack of management control
If you think safety is expensive, try
accidents
Implement an appropriate company policy
Control OSH risk
Put a management system in place
Promote Occupational Safety and Health

Incident Prevention

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Incident Prevention

Safety And Health Officer Certificate

To explain the causes of incident & role

To explain 3 theory on accident

To list the cost involved in an incident

Incidents and productivity

Approach to loss prevention

1. Incident prevention is good management

2. Management and workers must fully

3. Top management must lead

4. There must be an OSH policy

5. Must have organisation and resources

6. Best available information and

That occurs through a combination of causes

Which result in:

Cause immediate injury or damage to

That occur over an extended period:

Unplanned Incidence ACCIDENT

Compatible with Loss Causation Theory.

Why was the defective ladder not found

Why did the supervisor allow its use?

Didn't the injured employee know it

Was the employee properly trained?

Was the employee reminded not to use

Did the superior examine the job first?

Was there a necessity for that person to

If the person was not in a hurry would

If the area was better lit would the

Could the wood have been removed.

1 Fatal / Serious injury

400 Near misses

Bird Loss Causation Model

Heinrichs theory is weak and negative

1. Product and material 7. Investigation time

OPERATIONAL COSTS (training costs,

SAFE GUARDING THE FUTURE COSTS

Compare specific incident costs with

Management is directly responsible for

Safety is a condition of employment.

Safety audits and inspections must be

Deficiencies must be corrected promptly.

All unsafe practices, incidents and injury

Incident prevention is costeffective; the

Employees must be actively involved.

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