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Abstract: With the trials conducted in two locations and over two years, the adaptation and stability statistics
of 20 bread wheat genotypes were estimated for yield performances. Regression coefficient, mean squares of
deviation from regression and determination coefficients were estimated. All the genotypes were found stable
for their traits of plant densitity and days to heading. There were differences in stability performances among the
genotypes for the traits of plant height, grain numbers spike-1, grain weight spike-1, 1000 kernels weight and
grain yield. The unstability for plant height and grain weight spike-1 among the genotypes were originated from
the mean squares of deviation from regression; for the other traits it was resulted from not only the mean
squares of deviation from regression but also from the differences among regression coefficients of genotypes.
Keywords: Bread wheat, yield, yield components, genotype x environment interaction, adaptation and stability.
zet: ki yl ve iki lokasyon zerinden yrtlen denemelerle 20 adet ekmeklik buday genotipinin verim
performanslarna ait adaptasyon ve stabilite istatistikleri belirlenmeye allmtr. Regresyon katsays,
regresyondan sapmalar kareler ortalamas ve belirleme katsays deerleri tahminlenmitir. Tm genotipler bitki
skl ve baaklanma sreleri bakmndan stabil bulunmulardr. Genotipler arasnda bitki boyu, baakta tane
says, baakta tane arl, 1000 tane arl ve tane veriminde stabilite yetenekleri ynnden farkllklar
bulunmutur. Stabil olmama durumu bitki boyu ve baakta tane arlnda regresyondan sapmalar kareler
ortalamasndan; dier zelliklerde ise yalnzca regresyondan sapmalar kareler ortalamasndan deil ayn
zamanda genotiplerin regresyon katsaylar arasndaki farkllktan kaynaklanmtr.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ekmeklik buday, verim, verim komponentleri, genotip x evre etkileimi, adaptasyon
ve stabilite.
1. Introduction
wheat cultivars with high and stable yield are Anatolian, indigoneus or exotic. Two of local
highly esteemed by both farmers and breeders varieties and five of commercial varieties were
[4]. used as control.
Genotype x environment interactions are
of major importance, because they provide 2. Material and Method
information about the effect of different
environments on cultivar performance and have The experiments were conducted two
a key role for assessment of performance consecutive growing years (1999-2000 and
stability of the breeding materials [5]. Stable 2000-2001) at the research plots at Pasinler and
genotypes have the same reactions over the Ilca locations of Erzurum Province Center (39
environments. Most favourable stability occurs 55 North, 41 16 East), with 1680 m and 1812
with high yield or performance [6]. Increasing m above sea levels, respectively.
genetic gains in yield is possible in part from The soil was clay-silt, slightly alkaline
narrowing the adaptation of cultivars, thus (pH=7,8 and 7,7), rich in potassium (23.5 and
maximizing yield in particular areas by 26.9 kg da-1), medium in phosphorus (5.17 and
exploiting genotype x environment interaction 2.29 kg da-1) and containing low organic matter
[7]. (1,23 and 0,85 %) in Pasinler and Ilca locations,
The aim of this study is to determine respectively. In Erzurum long-term average total
high-yielding and stable wheat cultivars or lines, precipitation is 389,9 mm year-1, mean
with the trials conducted in two locations during temperature for the whole year is 4,0C, and
1999 to 2001. relative humidity is 67 %. Precipitation during
Thus, the yield production and income of the experiments growing period for 1999-2000
the farmers in the region will increase. Genetic and 2000-2001 was 238,8 mm and 364,5 mm in
resources forming the genetic base are the lines Ilca and 279,8 mm and 330,9 mm in Pasinler
obtained from the segregating generations in the (Table 1).
Regional Research Institute of Eastern
Table 1. Monthly mean temperature, rainfall and relative humidity in experiment years.
ILICA PASNLER
MONTHS
Twenty bread wheat genotypes (5 soft winter length with 6 rows and row spacing was 20 cm.
wheat lines, 8 red winter wheat lines, 2 local and Genotypes were sown at the seed rate of 500
5 commercial cultivars) were used as genetic seed m-2 in November and harvested in the first
material in the trials (Table 2). The experiments half of August. Mineral fertilizer was applied at
were designed in a randomized complete block the rate of 6 kg N and 6 kg P2O5 da-1
with three replications. The plot size was 6 m
.
84
International Journal of Science & Technology
Volume 1, No 2, 83-89, 2006
Data were recorded on spike number m-2, plant parallel to that of the mean response of all other
height, grain numbers spike-1, grain weight spike- varieties in the trial. Thus, a variety having a b
1
, 1000 kernel weight, heading date and grain 2
value close to 1 and a small Sdi is considered
yield.
The significance of genotypes x stable. In addition, a genotype having b i =1,
2
environment interaction was tested for all traits 2
Sdi =0, ri =1 with the performance better than
in the analysis of variance. Based upon this
the trial mean is considered well-adapted [8-12].
significance three statistics of adaptation and
stability were calculated for the genotypes.
3. Results and Discussion
Regression coefficient [8], and stability
Data belong to investigated traits, as
parameter [9] was computed. According to the
average of two years , two locations and 20
Finlay-Wilkinson and Eberhart-Russel, a stable
genotypes were shown in Table 3
variety is one whose response to environments is
.
Table 3. Data belong to yield components and yield by the average of locations, years and genotypes.
Traits Range Mean
D.F. Components
Source of Grain 1000
Variation Spike numbers Plant Grain numbers weight kernels Time to
-2 -1 -1
M height spike Spike weight heading Grain yield
Years (Y) 1 3114709.5** 15424.0** 15.5** 0.047* 160.8** 3096.0** 4113139.8**
Locations (L) 1 1458444.5** 53521.0** 3.5 0.929** 41.5** 633.7** 2574874.5**
YxL 1 512358.0** 340.8** 17.6** 0.157** 2.0 395.2** 750513.5**
Blocs 8 6291.4 64.1* 1.5 0.008 2.3 1.1 261.4
Genotypes (G) 19 27862.6* 337.9** 9.7** 0.027** 8.3** 9.4** 8781.0**
YxG 19 19044.3 92.1** 2.8** 0.014* 5.5** 0.9 4927.5**
LxG 19 21368.9 38.9 2.1* 0.008 1.6 1.3 6618.0**
YxLxG 19 19371.9 111.1** 1.7 0.010 3.8** 0.9 3599.1**
Error 152 14783.6 29.5 1.1 0.008 1.6 0.8 1157.1
Table 4. The results of analysis of variance of yield and yield-related traits belong to the bread wheat
genotypes.
The year x genotype, location x weight spike-1, plant height, 1000 kernels weight,
genotype and year x location x genotype grain number spike-1 and grain yield and there
interactions were not significant for spike were differences in stability performances
number m-2 and days to heading; years x among the genotypes for these traits.
genotype interaction for grain weight spike-1, The means of square of homogenity of
year x genotype and year x location x genotype regression (MSHR) and means of square of
interactions for plant height and 1000 kernels deviation from regressions (MSDR) partitioned
weight, year x genotype, location x genotype and from the genotype x environment interaction are
year x location x genotype interactions for grain given in Table 5, and the adaptation and stability
yield were statistically significant (Table 4). statistics and mean values of traits of genotypes
These results indicated that the genotype x are illustrated in Table 6.
environment interaction was significant for grain
3.1. Spike number M-2 and mean values for spike number m-2 of
Insignificance of genotype x genotypes, cvs Dou-88, Gerek-79, Karasu-90
environment interaction indicated that all the
genotypes were stable for spike number meter-2.
Depending on the regression coefficient values
86
M. Ayiek and T. Yldrm
84
International Journal of Science & Technology
Volume 1, No 2, 83-89, 2006
Table 6. The mean values and the adaptation and stability statistics belong to the investigated traits of bread wheat Genotypes
Genotypes Spike numbers m-2 Plant height (cm) Grain numbers spike-1 Grain weight spike-1
X b i S
di
2
ri
2
X b i S di
2
ri
2
X b i S di
2
ri
2
X b i S di
2
ri
2
DOU-88 750 1.151 1430 0.992** 84.1 0.950 10.972 0.992** 40.7 1.389 0.597 0.811** 1.15 1.165 0.0067 0.888**
PALANDKEN 672 0.789 5019 0.937** 92.4 1.043 33.453 0.985** 40.3 1.885 1.260 0.767** 1.10 1.421 0.0032 0.951**
GEREK-79 829 1.861 18259 0.961** 81.1 1.008 51.772* 0.973** 40.3 1.163 0.908 0.609** 1.11 1.405 0.012* 0.840**
KIRK 698 0.764 19030 0.797** 91.9 1.102 548.695** 0.795** 39.3 2.052 0.335 0.952** 1.13 0.367 0.005 0.447**
TR 640 0.661 3813 0.937** 88.9 0.767 234.589** 0.815** 40.0 2.333 2.768** 0.731** 1.10 0.694 0.026** 0.292*
BVDB-1 675 0.379 6107 0.751** 85.7 1.218 147.043** 0.946** 39.4 3.093 3.057** 0.790** 1.17 1.115 0.009 0.781**
BVDB-2 652 0.579 3503 0.924** 79.5 1.147 33.322 0.985** 39.5 3.120* 0.739 0.953** 1.21 1.284 0.008 0.852**
BVDB-3 716 1.209 16776 0.917** 76.5 1.001 10.225 0.995** 40.5 0.269* 0.102 0.434** 1.15 1.029 0.013* 0.682**
BVDB-4 685 1.281 39513 0.841** 87.5 0.997 19.770 0.988** 39.5 0.361 1.716 0.107** 1.20 1.142 0.015* 0.710**
BVDB-5 635 0.661 14475 0.794** 84.5 1.165 110.724** 0.954** 40.5 1.009 0.584 0.557** 1.22 0.929 0.00004 0.988**
KARASU-90 769 1.562 29240 0.914** 86.2 1.073 1.589 0.999** 37.5 0.565 1.213 0.191 1.07 1.004 0.008 0.859**
HAWK 711 1.048 188 0.999** 81.4 0.905 14.257 0.988** 40.9 -0.228 *
0.412 0.104 1.17 1.444 0.017** 0.739**
BVDK-1 747 1.125 1263 0.993** 78.1 1.053 21.723 0.990** 41.0 0.482 0.791 0.156 1.18 1.107 0.013* 0.754**
BVDK-2 724 1.029 1172 0.992** 79.3 0.910 62.499** 0.960** 41.0 0.815 2.402** 0.139 1.16 1.017 0.013* 0.682**
BVDK-3 743 0.531 59256 0.378** 85.1 0.994 4.442 0.960** 40.5 -2.435 5.497** 0.563** 1.19 0.540 0.007 0.492**
BVDK-4 726 0.869 2981 0.968** 74.4 0.951 59.204* 0.998** 39.3 2.552 10.597** 0.320** 1.15 1.052 0.016** 0.659**
BVDK-5 754 1.272 7981 0.962** 89.6 0.896 245.403** 0.964** 40.9 0.830 0.505 0.482** 1.06 1.245 0.028** 0.603**
BVDK-6 760 0.989 12087 0.911** 75.4 0.916 127.141** 0.852** 40.9 0.219* 0.082 0.308** 1.18 0.637 0.007 0.607**
BVDK-7 738 1.154 7232 0.960** 82.5 0.933 91.925** 0.921** 40.8 -0.343 0.728 0.059** 1.16 1.222 0.022** 0.690**
BVDK-8 747 1.088 203 0.998** 87.2 0.944 99.405** 0.944** 41.0 1.185 1.236 0.737** 1.22 0.427 0.020** 0.158**
Genotypes 1000 kernels weight (g) Days to heading Grain yield (kg da-1)
X b i Sdi
2
ri
2
X bi S di
2
ri
2
X bi S di
2
ri
2
DOU-88 38.0 1.312 1.263 0.876** 161 0.973 1.405 0.990** 339 1.042 3244.3** 0,984**
PALANDKEN 37.7 0.354* 0.163 0.786** 162 1.083 1.167 0.990** 258 0.737 535.8 0,995**
GEREK-79 37.5 0.196 17.198** 0.007 162 0.868 1.684 0.980** 284 0.830 2766.2** 0,979**
*
KIRK 36.6 0.011 0.404 0.009 162 1.060 0.460 0.986** 253 0.658* 3378.3** 0,960**
TR 37.4 0.781 4.886** 0.393** 163 0.895 0.229 0.992** 286 1.066 3392.6* 0,983**
BVDB-1 38.8 0.359 4.043** 0.137 162 1.029 1.363 0.986** 343 1.038 1007.8 0,995**
BVDB-2 38.9 1.595* 0.365 0.969** 164 0.935 2.428 0.969** 337 1.213* 2410.8** 0,988**
BVDB-3 38.1 2.206 3.404** 0.893** 163 0.973 0.946 0.986** 291 1.061 1685.3 0,992**
BVDB-4 38.6 1.167 2.594** 0.713** 162 1.060 0.460 0.986** 295 0.953 4100.3** 0,976**
BVDB-5 38.1 2.173 3.341** 0.890** 162 1.016 0.061 0.996** 301 0.916 2018.7* 0,987**
KARASU-90 38.8 1.226 2.793* 0.723** 162 0.961 0.426 0.989** 291 1.087 3192.6** 0,986**
HAWK 37.8 1.383 1.460 0.870** 162 0.984 0.221 0.976** 338 1.176 4791.5** 0,983**
BVDK-1 38.0 1.788 1.749 0.918** 161 0.972 0.269 0.986** 346 1.345* 1402.0 0,996**
BVDK-2 38.2 1.685 1.392 0.923** 160 1.129 2.177 0.986** 304 1.087 484.7 0,998**
BVDK-3 38.2 0.695 2.250 0.526** 162 1.039 0.307 0.987** 303 0.937** 215.6 0,999**
BVDK-4 37.8 1.103 1.141 0.848** 161 1.035 0.315 0.996** 278 0.911 2782.6** 0,982**
BVDK-5 37.8 1.638 2.258 0.865** 162 0.959 2.149 0.989** 284 0.807* 883.4 0,993**
**
BVDK-6 39.7 0.070 0.170 0.081 161 1.130 0.573 0.995** 300 1.128 2800.1** 0,988**
BVDK-7 39.7 0.141** 0.226 0.209* 161 1.032 0.403 0.986** 314 1.019 4744.1** 0,976**
BVDK-8 39.9 -0.053** 1.011 0.007 160 0.967 3.919 0.961** 309 0.989 1086.9 0,994**
M. Ayiek and T. Yldrm
The condition of not to be stable of some BVDB-4, BVDK-1, BVDK-2, BVDK-4, BVDK-
genotypes for this trait originated from the 5, BVDK-7, BVDK-8 were not stable.
greatness of MSDR of these genotypes. So, cvs As regresssion coefficient is equal to 1
Gerek-79, Krik, Tir and the lines of BVDB-1, (bi = 1) for all genotypes the cv Hawk and the
BVDB-5, BVDK-2, BVDK-4, BVDK-5, BVDK- lines of BVDB-1, BVDB-2, BVDB-4, BVDB-5,
6, BVDK-7 and BVDK-8 were not stable. Since BVDK-1, BVDK-2, BVDK-3, BVDK-6,
the other genotypes supply the three equalities of BVDK-7, BVDK-8 grain weight spike-1 of which
2
bi = 1, Sdi2=0 and ri =1, they proved to be stable. are higher than the trial mean, adapted well to all
conditions; the cvs Palandken-97, Gerek-79,
If the adaptation abilities of the
Krik, Tir, Karasu-90 and the line of BVDK-5
genotypes are considered, for the equalities bi = 1
grain weight spike-1 of which are lower than the
and Xi > X are supplied, the cvs Dou-88, trial mean, adapted poorly to all conditions. In
Palandken-97, Krik, Tir and Karasu-90 and the addition to this, it is determined that the cv
lines of BVDB-1, BVDB-4, BVDB-5, BVDK-3, Dou-88 and the lines of BVDB-3 and BVDK-4
BVDK-5 and BVDK-8 have adapted well to all
having bi = 1 and Xi = X , adapted moderately to
environments; whereas since the other genotypes
all conditions.
are such as bi = 1 and Xi < X , they have adapted
poorly to all environments. 3.5. 1000 Kernel weight
3.3. Grain numbers spike-1 For this trait, unstability among the
genotypes originated from the differences among
Unstability for this trait originated from regression coefficients and the condition that the
the differences among the coefficient of MSDR differed from 0.The cvs Dou-88, Hawk
regression and also MSDR. According to this, and the lines BVDK-1, BVDK-2, BVDK-3,
the cvs Dou-88, Palandken-97, Gerek-79 and BVDK-4, BVDK-5 having bi = 1, Sdi2=0 and
Krik and the lines of BVDB-4, BVDB-5, 2
ri =1, showed a stable performance. The other
BVDK-5, BVDK-7 and BVDK-8 were stable as
they supplied the equalities of bi = 1, Sdi2=0 and genotypes were not stable.
2 The cv Karasu-90, the lines BVDB-1
ri =1. and BVDB-4 adapted well to all environments.
As the adaptation abilities of genotypes Because, they had conditions such as bi = 1 and
were taken into the consideration, the cvs Dou-
Xi > X . The cvs Dou-88, Gerek-79, Tir, Hawk
88, Palandken-97, Gerek-79 and the lines of
and the lines BVDB-3, BVDB-5, BVDK-1,
BVDB-5, BVDK-1, BVDK-2, BVDK-3, BVDK-
BVDK-2, BVDK-3, BVDK-4, BVDK-5
5, BVDK-7, BVDK-8 having bi = 1 and Xi > X ,
resulting bi = 1 and Xi < X , adapted poorly to all
adapted well to all environments; the cvs Krik,
environments. On the other hand, the line
Tir, Karasu-90 and the lines of BVDB-1, BVDB-
BVDB-2 having bi>1 and Xi > X , adapted well
4, BVDK-4 having bi = 1 and Xi < X , adapted
to good environments, the cvs Palandken-97
poorly to all environments. The line BVDB-2
and Krik with bi<1 and Xi < X adapted badly to
having bi>1 and Xi < X showed poor
poor environments, the lines BVDK-6, BVDK-7
adaptation to good environments; the cv Hawk
and the lines BVDB-3, BVDK-6 having bi<1 and BVDK-8 resulting bi<1 and Xi > X adapted
well to poor conditions.
and Xi > X showed good adaptation to bad
environments.
3.6. Days to heading
-1
3.4. Grain weight spike
All the genotypes in the trial were stable
for days to heading. If early heading is accepted
From the point of this trait, the condition
as a good performance for high yield, the cv
of not being stable among the genotypes was
Dou-88 and the lines BVDK-1, BVDK-2,
resulted from MSDR. According to this, the cvs
BVDK-4, BVDK-6, BVDK-7, BVDK-8 having
gerek-79, Tir, Hawk and the lines BVDB-3,
88
Adaptability Performances of Some Bread Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) Genotypes in The Eastern Region of Turkey
89