BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES
HEAT-ABSORBING PLATE GLASS- Absorbs a significant percentage of the suns radiant energy, reducing
WOOD - Is traditional building material, it is easily worked, has durability and beauty. It has great ability to absorb
shocks from sudden load. In addition, wood has freedom from dust and corrosion, is comparatively light in weight,
and is adaptable to a countless variety of purposes.
HARDWARES- Metal product used in construction, such as bolts hinges, locks, tools, etc. They are classified as:
A. FINISHING HARDWARES- Hardware, such as hinges, locks, catches, etc. that has a finished appearance as
well as function, esp. that used doors, windows, and cabinets, maybe considered part of the decorative
treatment of a room or building.
HINGE- A movable joint used to attached, support and turn a door about a pivot, consists of two plates joined
together by a pin which supports a door and connect it to its frame, enabling to swing open and closed.
B. ROUGH HARDWARES
In building construction, hardware meant to be concealed, such as bolts, nails, screws, spikes, rods, and other
metal fittings.
1. NAILS
C.W. - common wire nail with head and for strength - box nails also used for strength
FIN. - finishing nails without head - casing nail also without head
2. SCREWS- Classified by gauge (diameter), length head type and metallic make up.
3. WASHERS
4. BOLTS - Has threaded shafts that receive nuts, a hole is drilled, pushing the bolt through and adding a nut.
5. JOINERY BRACKETS -To form strong joint
6. LOCKSET -A complete lock system including the basic locking mechanisms and all the accessories, such as
knobs escutcheons plates, etc.
7. LARCH- A simple fastening device having a larch bolt, but not a dead bolt contains no provisions for locking
with a key, usually openable with both sides.
C. CONCRETE
PORTLAND CEMENT- Made from materials which must contain the proper portion of lime, silica, alumina and iron
components.
D. FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALS
FERROUS METALS
o STEEL- A malleable alloy of iron and carbon produced by melting and refining pig iron and/or scrap steel,
graded according to the carbon content.
STEEL PRODUCTS:
1. ROLLED STRUCTURAL SHAPES
2. SHEET FITTINGS- Sections are made to interlock and are available in several shapes.
3. STEEL PIPE- Seamless or welded small diameter and electrically welded large diameter pipe.
4. REINFORCING STEEL- Made from new steel or from discarded railway.
5. WELDED WIRE FABRIC- Consists of parallel, longitudinal wires welded to transverse wires at regular
intervals.
6. STEEL WIRE- Over 150,000 uses for wire including pins, needles, nails, bolts, cables, piano wires, fences.
7. BOLTS AND NUTS- Either hot forged or cold formed from wire of appropriate diameter.
8. STEEL STRAPPING- Used for banding columns forms to keep them from bulging under the pressure of
freshly poured concrete.
9. OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS- Lightweight warren-type truss made in several different styles.
10. SHEET STEEL- Black and galvanized, can be used to manufacture corrugated roofing and siding and formed.
11. STEEL STUDS- Lightweight, requiring minimum storage space and does not warp or shrinks.
12. PANS AND DOMES- Manufactured for used in forming one-way and two-way ribbed concrete floor system.
E. NON-FERROUS METALS
ALUMINUM- Is a lustrous, silver-white nonmagnetic, lightweight metal which is very malleable; has good thermal and
electrical conductivity.
F. GLASS- A hard, brittle, inorganic substance, ordinarily transparent or translucent.
TYPES OF GLASS:
1. REFLECTIVE GLASS- Used to control glare and reduce solar heat.
2. ROLLED AND ROUGH
3. CAST GLASS- Used where clear vision is not required, such as by factory roofs and walls, windows for halls
and staircases.
4. CATHEDRAL AND FIGURED GLASSES- Manufacturing is similar to rolled and rough cast glasses. They
contain a pattern or texture impressed usually on one surface by a pattered roller.
5. WIRED GLASS- A rolled glass into which wire mesh is inserted during the process of manufacture.
6.
the build up of heat within the building.
7. TEMPERED GLASS PLATE- Produces condition that is highly resistant to breakage.
8. VITREOUS COLORED PLATE-Polished plate glass can be heat-strengthened and coated on one side with
vitreous color which is fire-fused to the surface.
9. LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS- Widely used in the automotive industry and transportation, but now finding
some uses in the building industry, like glass that can withstand firearm attack and explosions.
10. INSULATING GLASS- They reduces external noise but still permit the entry of natural light.
G. PAINT AND COATINGS
1. PAINT- A mixture consisting of vehicles or binders, with or without coloring pigments adjusted and diluted with
correct amounts and types of additives and thinners, which when applied on a surface, forms an adherent
continuous film which provides protection, decoration, sanitation, identification and other functional activities.
2. VARNISHES- Constitute a group of more or less transparent liquids which are used to provide a protective
surface coating, at the same time they allow the original surface to show but add a lustrous and glossy finish to
it.
3. ENAMELS- When a pigment is added to a varnish.
4. SHELLAC- Only liquid protective coating containing a resin of animal origin.
5. LACQUER- Made from synthetic materials to take the place of varnish for clear finishes.
6. STAINS -Materials used to apply color to wood surfaces.
7. FILLERS -Used to impart colors to the wood pores and so emphasize the grain.
8. SEALERS- Seal the surface of the wood and prevent the absorption of succeeding finish coats.
9. SILICONE WATER REPELLANT- Protect from absorption of water and prevent moss, alkali, fungi, to destroy
the surface.
Foundation Bed- natural material on which the construction rest
Footing- lower portions of walls, piers or columns which are spread to provide a safe base
Grade Beam-part of a foundation system which supports the exterior wall of the superstructure and bears directly
on the column footing
Foundation Wall-part of the building foundation which forms the permanent retaining wall of the structure below the
grade
Water Table-the level beneath which soil is saturated with groundwater
Density-critical factor that determines the bearing capacity of granular soils
Excavation-process of digging the earth to provide a place for the foundation of the building
Dewatering-refers to the process of lowering a water table of preventing an excavation from filling with ground
water
Wall Footing-strip of reinforced concrete wider than the wall which distributes the load to the soil
Dowel-short reinforcing bars of steel which extend approximately equally into two abutting pieces of concrete to
increse the strength of joint
Lintel-horizontal structural member (such as beam) over an opening which carries the weight of the wall above it
Isolation Joint- often called expansion joints that allows movement to occur between a concrete slab and adjoining
columns and walls of the building
Spread Foundation-type of foundation that is employed when stable soil of adequate bearing capacity occurs
relatively near the ground surface
Isolated Footing-spread footings supporting free-standing columns and piers
Strip Footing-continuous spread footing of foundation walls
Combined Footing-supporting two or more columns. This type of footing is used where it is not possible to center
the footing beneath its supported column as in the case of columns located at or near the property line
Cantilevered Footing-type of footing that may be used in place of a combined footing under the same conditions.
The footing of the exterior and interior columns are connected by a tie-beam or strap
Mat Foundation-type of foundation that is employed on soil with low bearing capacity where there is a tendency
towards unequal settlement due to unequal loading of soil
Pile Foundation-a system of end bearing or friction piles, pile caps and tie beams for transferring building loads
down to a suitable bearing stratum
Pile Cap-a slab or connecting beam which covers the head of the group piles, tying them together so that the
structural load is distributed and they will act as a single unit
Simple Beam-beams having a single span with support at each end, there being no restraint at the supports
Cantilever Beam-beams supported only at one end or they may be that portion of beams projecting beyond on of
its support
 Continuous Beam-beams resting on two or more supports. The term "semi-continuous" is also frequently used in
reinforced concrete
Bent Bar-longitudinal bars bent to an angle of 30 degrees or more with the axis of a concrete beam, perpendicular
to and intersecting the cracking that could occur from the diagonal tension
Corbel-beam brackets, short beam extensions from columns used to support rafters or trusses
Bearing Wall-a wall on which either floor or roof construction rests
Foundation Wall-portion of an enclosing wall below the first tier of joist
Retaining Wall-subsurface wall built to resist lateral pressure of internal loads
Curtain Wall-enclosing wall of an iron or steel framework or the non-bearing portion of an enclosing wall between
piers
Masonry Panel Wall-exterior non-load bearing wall whose outer surface may form exterior building face or it may
be used back of panel curtain wall as back up
Beam-a structural member resting on support usually at its ends, which support transverse loads
Girder-term applied to a beam that supports one or more smaller beams as concentrated loads
100mm-minimum suspended slab depth or thickness
20mm-minimum concrete protective covering for slab reinforcement
Formula for computing Board Feet (in inches): (Thickness X Width X Length) divided by 12
SETTLEMENT- the downward movement of a building to appoint below its original position
FOUNDATION- a device at the base of structure which transmit the load to the soil which is resting on it
FOOTING- a part of foundation system where columns, pier or wall are at rest
BEAM- a horizontal structural member which transfers load from above to its bearing points
COLUMN- a major part of a building that is good in compression rather than tension
CANTILEVER BEAM- a horizontal structural member supported at one end only; these beams are supported at
one end only or they may be that portion of beams projecting beyond on of its support
GIRDER- a type of beam which carries another beam
BED ROCK- a type of soil which has a bearing capacity of 4,00 PSF
SAND AND GRAVEL- the best type of soil for foundations
SOIL COMPACTION- another type of soil improvement
SOILT TEST- type of soil test essential in determining types and depth of foundation
SOIL IMPROVEMENT- used in reducing liquefaction hazards to avoid large increase in pure water pressure
during earthquake shaking
GROUT- defined as the injection of a special liquid
ADMIXTURE- Portland cement is the most common materials for this; material other than water, aggregate or
hydraulic cement, used as in ingredient of concrete and added concrete before or during its mixture to modify its
properties; substances added to cements, mortars, concrete for the purpose of improving or imparting particular
properties such as: workability, durability, etc.
EXCAVATION- the removal of earth or soil from its natural position; it is the process of digging the earth to provide
a place for the foundation of the building
OPEN EXCAVATION- a type of excavation having a depth which exceeds it width measurement at the bottom
SHORING- a support system used to prevent movement of soil
SHEETHING- the most effective means of creating walls for tunnel
SHIELDING- another name for shoring
DYNAMIC- a system which is performed by dropping a heavy weight concrete or steel from heights of 30-100 ft.
TENSION CRACKS- cracks usually form at the horizontal distance of 0.5 to 0.75 times the depth the trench
MAT FOOTING- where the building should rest if the soil is found to be loose fine sand; a type of foundation that
can be considered a large footing extending over a great area, frequently an entire building. All vertical structural
loadings from columns and walls are supported on the common foundation
LOAD- equivalent to construction if in physics it is the force
METHOD IN SOIL IMPROVEMENT- Compaction Piles; Over Excavation; Dynamic Compaction
CONTINUOUS BEAM- refers to a beam with two spans with or without restraint at the two extreme ends; these
are beams resting on more than two supports. The terms semi-continuous is also frequently used in reinforced
concrete
VERTICAL EXCAVATION- it is the ideal choice for any excavation project which takes place in large urban setting
with high level of residential and commercial occupancy
LIVE LOAD- a weight or mass that is supported
COMPACTION GROUTING- it is a good option if the foundation of an existing building requires improvement
COFFERDAMS- an excavation method commonly used in waterlogged sites where it helps to provide structural
strength
STEEL PARS- the most commonly used reinforcing materials for most construction in various structures
COMPOSITE COLUMN- type of column when structural steel is embedded in to the concrete core of the spiral
column
PILE OR PIER FOUNDATION- it is intended to transmit structural loads through the upper zone of poor soil to a
depth
HORIZONTAL EXCAVATION- it is preferred choice for project involving shallow sites with a light or non-existent
residential and commercial population
STEP TRENCHING- commonly used by modern construction workers being employed when digging is required,
derived its name from the unique steps formed in the process of digging
MAT OR RAFT FOUNDATION- is classified as a large footing extending over a wide area of the building itself
LARGE TREES- these indicate solid ground
CONVEX TERRAIN- dry, solid place to build
CONCAVE TERRAIN- wet, soft place to build
STEEP TERRAIN- costly excavations, potential erosions and sliding soils
FLOATING FOUNDATION- special type of foundation applied in location where deep deposit of compressible
cohesive soil exists and the use of pile is impractical
FASTENERS- term used for both rivets and bolts
CAISSON- is a structural box ore chamber that is sunk in place or built in place
DEAD LOAD- the weight of the structure itself
LALLY COLUMN- is a fabricated post made of steel pipe provided with a plain flat steel bar or plate which hold a
girder, beam or girt
SCAFFOLDING- required for access mainly to construct walls, upper floors when brickworks exceeds chest level
above the ground
VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION- it is preferred choice for project involving shallow sites with a light or non-existent
residential and commercial population
PALITADA- vernacular term for CHB laying
SKYLIGHT- a window attached horizontally to the roof that harvest natural lighting and promotes energy efficient
design
REFLECTED CEILING PLAN- a plan that shows location of lights and other features of a ceiling
FIREWALL- a wall designed that prevents the spread of fire to another structure
PLUMBING LAW- Republic Act No. 1378
PLUMBING- the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing in the
supply of liquids, substances, and/or ingredients and removing them, and such water, liquid and other carried-
wastes hazardous to health, sanitation , life and property pipes and fixtures after installation
WOODS THAT ARE USED FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS - Mahogany; Yakal; The Great Old Oak Tree
GRANITE- commonly used in kitchen counter tops
GLASS BLOCKS- glass that can redirect the sunlight towards a given space
LOCK INSIDE- locks used in toilet
PD 1185- Fire Code of the Philippines
PD 1096- National Building Code
COMMONLY USED AS EXTERIOR WALL- Shear wall; Precast concrete wall; Dry wall
RIPRAP- used to prevent soil erosion in creeks
5 YEARS- normal length of warranty for roof deck waterproofing
ARCHITECT- the one who prepares and sign all architectural drawings
6 SETS- sets of construction drawings a client/owner should submit to the Building Official for the acquisition of the
Building Permit
SLAB SOFFIT- another term for under slab
BUILDING OFFICIAL- the one who approves and issue Building Permit
COMMONLY USED TO LESSEN THE HEAT INSIDE A ROOM- Double Foil Bubble Insulation Reflective Wrap
6 OR 4 CHB WALL- a wall that should be used to reduce the sound of flushing generated from the toilet
SUMP PIT- it is commonly located at basement and absorbs or collects excess or unnecessary surface water
BUHOS- vernacular term for concrete pouring
BLOCKOUTS- a floor opening where all utilities passes through from one floor to another
HALF BATH- Lavatory and Water Closet
 REFLECTIVE GLASS- kind of window wherein in the morning, exterior can be viewed and at night, reflection of
yourself can be seen
HAMMER- striking tool
RISER-in designing a stair, to find the number of stairs, divide the height of the stair by the height of each
STEEP GABLE ROOF ON METAL FRAMING- roofing system used when building a structure in a heavy forested
area
TILE ADHESIVE- used for bonding ceramic tiles on walls and floors
S2S- Smooth to Smooth Sides
HULOG- vernacular term to determine vertical alignment
SEISMIC GAP- a gap between two connecting slabs
BEST SOLUTION IF IN A CERTAIN PROJECT THAT CONCRETE STRENGTH OF THE COLUMN DOES NOT
PASS THE SPECIFIC MINIMUM REQUIREMENT- File a report to stating the issue at hand and the
recommendation for the immediately demolishment the said column.
PANEL DOOR WITH PANIC BAR- door used in fire exits
VOLUME- the amount of space measured in cubic units
FAADE- full elevation or face of the building
TOLERANCE- the acceptable variance of dimensions from the approved standard size
GYPSUM BOARD- a wallboard with a gypsum plaster core bonded to layers of paper or fiberboard; used instead
of plaster or wallboard to make interior walls
OCCUPANT LOAD- referred to as by the total number of persons that may occupy a building or a portion thereof
at any one time as per PD 1096
LATRINE- a water closet consisting of a continuous trough containing water. The trough extends under two or
more adjacent seats
SEPTIC TANK- is a watertight receptacle, which receives the discharge of a plumbing system or part thereof, and
is designed and constructed so as to separate solids from the liquid digest the organic matter through a period of
detention, and allows the effluent to discharge into a storm drain; or directly to the ground outside the tank through
a system of joint or perforated piping
VENT- a pipe or opening used to ensuring the circulation of air in plumbing system and for reducing the pressure
exerted on trap seals
ROUGHING-IN- the installation of all pipes in the plumbing systems that are in partitions and under floors. It
includes the plumbing work done before the setting of the fixtures, or finishing
HOUSE DRAIN- part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which receives the discharge from soil,
waste, and other drainage pipes
GLAZING- the placing of glass in windows and doors
STACK- another name for installed vertical pipe
BP 344- Accessibility Law
POST-TENSIONING- is a method of reinforcing (strengthening) concrete or other materials with high-strength
steel strands or bars, typically referred to as tendons
TROWEL- tool used in finishing the surface of the plaster to the required smoothness
SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH- it is the only all-steel church or basilica in Asia. Also, the first prefabricated building
in the world and more plausibly claimed as the only prefabricated steel church in the world
CONCRETE- a proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and water, which when properly proportioned, is at first
a plastic mass which can be cast or moulded into predetermined size or shape
REINFORCED CONCRETE- a concrete strengthened by having steel embedded
PLAIN OR MASS CONCRETE- a concrete without reinforcement
FINE AGGREGATE- type of aggregate smaller than in size consist of sand, stone screenings or other inert
materials of similar characteristics
COURSE AGGREGATE- type of aggregate larger than in size consist of crush stones, gravel or other similar
characteristics
SLUMP TEST- it is a test used in measuring the consistency of a concrete mix, defined as the state of fluidity of
the mix
CEMENT PLASTER- it is a proportioned mixture of cement, fine aggregate and water
CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT- Concrete Hollow Block international name
STAKES- are wooden used as posts sharpened at one end driven into the ground to serve as boundaries or
supports of the batter boards
STRING- are either plastic cords or galvanized wires strung across batter boards and used to indicate the outline
of the building wall and foundation
BATTER BOARDS- board nailed horizontally at the stake which serve as the horizontal plane where the reference
point of building measurements are established
FORMWORKS- used to shape and support fresh concrete until cured and able to support itself
THICK- thickness of plywood forms used where smooth surface is required, should be waterproof, Grade A
FOUNDATION BED- a natural material on which the construction rest
GRADE BEAM- part of a foundation system which supports the exterior wall of the superstructure and bears
directly on the column footing
FOUNDATION WALL- part of the building foundation which forms the permanent retaining wall of the structure
below the grade
WATER TABLE- level beneath which soil is saturated with groundwater
DENSITY- the critical factoring determining the bearing capacity of granular soils
DEWATERING- refers to the process of lowering a water table of preventing an excavation from filling with ground
water
WALL FOOTING- it is a strip of reinforced concrete wider than the wall which distributes the load to the soil
DOWEL- short reinforcing bars of steel which extend approximately equally into two abutting pieces of concrete, to
increase the strength of joint
LINTEL- a horizontal structural member (such as beam) over an opening which carries the weight of the wall
above it. Usually of steel, stone or wood
ISOLATION JOINTS- it is often called expansion joints. It allows movement to occur between a concrete slab and
adjoining columns and walls of the building
SPREAD FOUNDATION- this type of foundation is employed when stable soil of adequate bearing capacity
occurs relatively n ear the ground surface
ISOLATED FOOTING- are spread footings supporting free-standing columns and piers
STRIP FOOTING- is a continuous spread footing of foundation walls
COMBINED FOOTING- supporting two or more columns. This type of footing is used where it is not possible to
center the footing beneath its supported column as in the case of columns located at or near the property line
CANTILEVERED FOOTING- this type of footing may be used in place of a combined footing under the same
conditions. The footing of exterior and interior column as in the case of columns located at or near the property line
MAT FOUNDATION- this type of foundation is employed on soil with low bearing capacity where there is a
tendency towards unequal settlement due to unequal loading of soil
PILE FOUNDATION- it is a system of end bearing or friction piles, pile caps and tie beams for transferring building
loads to a suitable beating stratum
PILE CAP- a slab or connecting beam which covers the head of the group piles, tying them together so that the
structural load is distributed and they will act as a single unit
SIMPLE BEAM- these are beams having a single span with support at each end, there being no restraint at the
supports
BENT BAR-it is a longitudinal bars bent to an angle of 30 degrees or more with the axis of a concrete beam,
perpendicular to and intersecting the cracking that could occur from the diagonal section.
CROSS BRACING OR RAKERS- Are diagonals which support the wales and soldier piles bearing on heel blocks
or footings
Gabion Are galvanized or PVC coated wire baskets filled with stones and stacked to foreman abutment or
retaining structure
GRADING Are processes that change land elevation and slope by filling in low spots and shaving off high spots.
Cold chisel-Chisel that trims metal
Shebolts-Consists of water rods that are inserted through the form and threaded onto the ends of an inner rod
TEST BORINGS-For excavations that are carried no deeper than the proposed level, the underlying material may
be investigated by ___________
TEST PITS- For shallow work, an open pit is the most suitable method since it calls for an actual inspection of the
undisturbed material over a considerable area
FORMWORK -Fresh concrete must be shaped and supported by_______ until it cures and can support itself
Ground slopes over __25___% are subject to erosion and may be difficult to build on. In order to protect the soil
from eroding
Cribbing- Is a cellular framework of squared steel, concrete, or timber members, assembled in layers at
right angles, and filled with earth or stones.
 Power miter saw -Is a circular saw mounted over a small table used to cut various angles in wood.
SHORING- Is a process of transferring a portion of the load of the wall to temporary footings and done when the
excavation does not go much below the adjoining footings and when the material lis fairly solid.
Cripple stud-In a building frame, a structural element that is shorter than usual, as a
stud above a door opening or below a window sill is called
Cogged joint- A carpentry joint by two uneven timbers, each of which is notched at
the place where they cross
Bull-nosed step-A step usually lowest in a flight, having one or both ends rounded to a
semi-circle and projecting beyond the face of the stair string/s
Gravity wall- A massive concrete wall that resists overturning by virtue of its own weight
Quoin- In masonry, a hard stone or brick used to reinforce an external corner of a wall
Scarf joint- A type of half lapped joint used to resist tension
Baluster- One of a number of short vertical member often circular in section, used to support a stair handrail
Fenestration- The arrangement and design of window in a building
Fig. A-1-What concrete block that is used in making a corner of an anchor wall
12mm-Lateral ties used for 36mm main bars for column is
Inflection point-Refer to the portion of a beam where bending moment changes from positive to negative
Rowlock-. A brick laid on its edge so that its end is visible
Scab-A short flat piece of lumber which is bolted, nailed or screwed to butting pieces in order to splice them
together
Cross bridging-Diagonal bracing in pairs between adjacent floor joist to prevent the
joist from twisting
Web- A bar used to hold the reinforcement on a beam
Brad-A small finishing nail is called
Pyramid roof-A roof wherein the four sides are sloping towards the center terminating at a point
Stirrup-A metal sheet used to connect girder and floor joist at the same level
Pile- A slender structural unit introduced onto the ground to transmit load to underground strata
Soldier-Brick set on end with the narrow side showing is called
Pigment-Finely divided solid particles added to the vehicle to contribute color and durability to the paint
30cm-End lapping of corrugated G.I. roofing sheets
Carriage-Inclined structural member that supports the steps of a stair
Channel-Structural steel shape having unsymmetrical balance
6cm- Hooked end of a 12mm stirrups
Fig B-2-Which among the concrete block is the header block
Miter box-A device used as a guide of the hand saw in cutting object to form a miter joint
Plastic hose with water-The best and accurate tool for guiding the work in establishing ahorizontal level
10cm-Minimum thickness of suspended R.C. slab
40 bd.ft.-Total board foot of 10 pcs. 2"x2"x12'
Fig. C-3-Which among the brick work is a common flemish bond
Boysen-Xyladecor is a product of
Load bearing wall-Wall that support weight from above as well as their own dead weight
Effective length-The distance between inflection point in the column when it breaks
Volume-The amount of space measured in cubic units.
Stirrups-A bended rod to resist shear and diagonal stresses in a concrete
Cement-The most important component to determine the strength of concrete
Gypsum board-Another term for plaster board
Faade-The face or front of a building
Skylight-An opening in the roof for admitting light
Soft wood-Wood coming from trees with needle leaves, rather than broad leaves
Fire brick-A kind of brick used for high temperature
Plaster ground-A nailer strip incorporated in rough concrete wall to be plastered to act as guide and support for
finish trim around opening and near the base of the wall
Span-The distance between two structural supports
Rip-rap-Stone placed on a slope to prevent erosion
Striking tool-Hammer is a
Fig. D-2-Which among the finger joint is the hidden dove tail
Stripping-The process of removing concrete forms from the cured concrete
Purlins-A structural member spanning fron truss to truss or supporting rafters
Anchor bolts- Steel bent inserted in masonry construction for scouring wood or plates to concrete construction
Lintel-A horizontal piece of wood, stone, steel or concrete across the top of door or window opening to bear the
weight of the walls above the- opening
Glazing-The placing of glass in windows and doors
Cull- A rejected building material because of its below standard grade
Lap joint-A joint produced by lapping two pieces of materials
Green lumber- Lumber that still contains moisture or sap
Valley-The internal angle formed by the two roof slopes of a roof
Fascia-A vertical board attached on the ends of the rafters. It is part of the cornice
Spike-A large heavy nail is referred to as
Xylem-What is the scientific name of wood
Retaining wall-A wall that holds back on earth embankment
Chord-The term used to indicate top and lower principal member of a roof or bridge truss
Sleeper-Strips of hardwood usually 2"x2" laid over a concrete slab floor
Stud-A vertical structural member which acts as a supporting element in a wall or partition
Tyrolean finish- Rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a wall with a hand operated machine
Adiabatic curing-The curing of concrete or mortar without the gain or loss of heat during the curing period
Vinyl tile-A floor tile composed principally of polyvinyl chloride
Creep-The permanent deformation of materials under a sustained load
Riser-The vertical face of a stair
Plough-A groove extended along the edge or face of the wood member being cut parallel to grain
Post-tensioning- The stressing of unbonded tendons after concrete has cured
Ashlar brick-A brick whose face has been hacked to resemble roughly hacked stone
Perforated tape-A type of tape used in finishing joints between gypsum board
Control joint-Employed to reduce restraint by accommodating movement of masonry walls
Hopper-A window sash which opens inward and is hinged at the bottom
Parquet-Inlaid wood flooring usually set in simple geometric pattern
Wrought iron-Anchor bolts and strap are molded out of
Lag screw-Common hardware fastener for truss braces
Lead-Sealer type of washer for G.I. roofing sheets
Solignum-Trade name for anti-termite surface application on wood
Admixture-Retarders or accelerators concrete setting
Galvanized- Coated with zinc
Seismic-Technical term for earthquake
Stile-Vertical frame of paneled door
Baseboard-Fascia between floor and wall
Mortar-Cement, sand, and water
SUBAN-Filipino term for temper (metal work)
BACKSET-Horizontal distance from the face of a lock or latch to the center of the knob or lock cylinder
CHORD-A principal member of a truss
TYROLEAN FINISH-Rough plaster finish obtained by flinging plaster on a wall with a hand operating machine
PANTILE-A roofing tile which has the shape of "S" laid on its side
WROUGHT IRON-A commercially pure iron of fibrous nature, valued for its corrosion resistance and ductility
COLD JOINT-A joint formed when a concrete surface hardens before the next batch of concrete is placed against
it
CAST IRON-Has high compressive strength but low tensile strength
BED-Horizontal surfaces on which the stone units lie on course
FOUNDATION WALL-That part of the foundation for a building which forms the permanent retaining wall of the
structure below grade
GRADE BEAM-That part of the foundation system which supports the exterior wall of the superstructure and bears
directly on the column footing
BATTEN-A narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint along the edges of two parallel boards in the same plane
 BEAM BLOCKING-The boxing in or covering a joist beam or girder to give appearance of a larger beam
WESTERN FRAMING-A system of framing building in which floor joist of each storey rest on the top plates of the
storey below and the bearing walls and partitions rest on the subfloor of each storey
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE-The pressure equivalent to that exerted on a surface by a column of a water at a
given height
BAY-A window which projects outside the mainline of the building created by the presence in the soil
ACI INSULATION-Fashion tone ceiling tiles manufacturer
JACINTO COLOR STEEL-Pre painted longspan roofing manufacturer
THERMAL INSULATION-Combination of aluminum foil, installed beneath the ceiling under G.I. Roofing
ELECTROLYTIC ACTION-Anodizing gives aluminum oxide coating by means of this
HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH-Use of aluminum sheets is not allow in this material
PLACA ROMANA-A brand name of asbestos roofing
STEEL-Anchor bolts and column straps are made of this
FORMICA-Tradename for plastic materials
TANGUILE-First group of wood used as shoring
250mm-Minimum thickness of footing according to NBC
FLUE-A passageway of a chimney
PITCH POCKET-A defects in softwood consist of an opening in the grain that contains pitch or resin
KNOTS-Lumber defects caused by broken twigs
PRIMER SEALER-They are used for unpainted surfaces or those to be repainted after most of the original paint
has been removed
AA-Concrete mixed ideal for road pavement and waterproof structure
MOLDS AND STAINS-Lumber defects due to the effects of fungi
GALVANIZING-To coat steel or iron by immersing in a bath of zinc
COUNTERSINK-A boring bit having a conical shaped cutter to accommodate the head of the screw
ROSE-A metal plate attached to the face of a door, around the shaft for the door knob
SCRIBE-The process of marking wood, metal bricks using pointed material
DAVIES-A brand of liquid solution of pigment in suitable vehicle of oil, organic solvent or water
GLASS-A building material made of fused silica with alkaline bases, drawn up with a metal bar from a tank
ZOCALO-A low wall around a chalet type house
LAG SCREW-Common hardware fastener for truss braces
COMPRESSION SEAL-A material which provides a seal as a result of pressure between he faces of a joint
CRASH BAR-The cross bar of a panic exit device; serves as a push bar to actuate the panic hardware
BLEEDER MASS-Rock volume to collect water in retaining wall
SOLEPLATE-A horizontal timber which serves as a base for the stud in a stud partition
STILE-One of the outer structural member of a frame; as at the outer edge of a door or a window sash
SOLIGNUM-A tradename for for anti-termite surface application on wood
COLOROOF-A roofing material having galvanized steel as base with acrylic over glazed
LEAN-Concrete with low cement content
FLOOR PANEL-Pre-casted custom designed architectural panel with specially designed waterproof joints
SHEET PILE-A barrier or diaphragms formed to prevent the movement of the soil, to stabilize the foundations
KALAMEIN-A fireproof door with metal covering
HARDWOOD-Comes from deciduous or broadleaf trees and are typically used for flooring, stairs, paneling,
furniture and interior form
SOFTWOOD-The evergreens and are used for general construction relatively soft and easy to cut and work
YACAL-Used for posts, girder, and jambs attached to concrete and also for wooden decks
TINDALO-Finest wood for furniture
DAO-Used for paneling and plywood veneer
KAMAGONG/RED LAUAN-Tanguile like for framing chests, jewel boxes, stair frames
WHITE LAUAN-Philippine mahogany for framing chests, stair, frame
APITONG-Used for framing joist, truss
NARRA-Most expensive used for furniture and paneling, flooring, door panels, stairs
TANGUILE-The most common lumber in the market; used generally for framing, joists, nailer, studs
ALMACIGA-Used for paneling
KNOTS-The hard cross grained mass of wood formed in a trunk at the place where a branch joins a trunk
SHAKES-A crack due to natural causes occurring in timber; includes ring shakes, cup shakes heart shakes, star
shakes and wind shakes
PITCHPOCKETS-A defects in softwoods; consist of an opening in the grain that contains pitch or resins
SPLIT-A cracks that extends completely through a piece of wood or veneer
CHECK-A small crack running parallel to the grain in wood and across the rings, usually caused by shrinkage
during drying
WARP-Distortion in shape of parallel plane surface
WANE-A round edge or bark along an edge at a corner of a piece of lumber; usually caused by sawing too near
the surface of the lag
DRY ROT-The decay of seasoned wood caused by fungi of a type capable of carrying water into the wood they
infest
1 BOARD FOOT-1 inch x 12 inches x 1 foot of length
BOARD FOOT FORMULA-Thickness x Width x Length / 12
BOARDS-1" TO 1 1/2" thk and wider
DIMENSION LUMBER-2" to 4" thk
TIMBERS-5" x 5" and larger
PLYBOARD-A bi-product of wood where waste wood boards are compressed finishes on both sides with a thin
layer of wood, glued together with industrial glues
JACK RAFTER-Hip roof support
GYPSUM BOARD-Another term for plaster board
TRIMMING GUARD-A nailer strip incorporated in rough concrete wall to be plastered to act as a guide and support
for finish trims around openings and near the base of the wall
RIPRAP-Stone placed on a slope to prevent erosion
SLEEPERS-Strips or hardwods usually 2" x 2" laid over a concrete slab floor
Z BAR-Steel window section for muntins
POLYMER-A hardener mixture mixed with marble dust to fill-up the gap of marble slabs during installatiuon of floor
or wall finishes
DEAD BOLT LOCK-A type of handless lockset key operated to give double security
TRUSCON-Admixture that impart color on concrete
PRE-TENSIONED CONCRETE-Tension is placed on the reinforcing prior to the placing of the concrete
PRE STRESSING-Subjecting reinforcement bars, tendons to tension on a stress bed prior to pouring concrete
FOUNDATION BED-The soil or rock directly beneath the footing
3 DAYS-Minimum time required for removing the form for sides of beams and girders
SAHARA-To improve the water repellant qualities of cement in concrete mixing
BLISTERING-A paint defects causes by applying a finish coat over too damp a base coat
FLAT SLAB-A type of concrete floor which has no beam
WOOD PLANK-A 2" to 5" thick piece of lumber
FLOAT GLASS-A flat glass sheet possesing high quality polished, smooth surface
CASEIN-A protein; the chief nitrogenous ingredient of milk
ASPHALTIC-A type of roofing materials made from semi solid mixture of complex hydrocarbons derived from coal
of petroleum and before installation dissolved in solvent, emulsified, heated to a liquid state
TEFLON-The tradename for flouroplastic which is transparent to opaque in character and is used primarily for
electrical fixture and pipe sealing
HYDRATION-The chemical reaction between cement and water which produces hardened cement
SCREEDING-The process of striking the concrete in order to bring the surface to the required grade
FALSEWORK-Temporary structure used to support a permanent structure during its erection and until its become
self supporting
TRENCH- An excavation whose length greatly exceeds its width
WEATHERING STEEL- A type of steel that develops a protective oxide coat on its surface upon exposure to the
elements so that the painting is not required for protection
FLEMISH BOND-A pattern bond with alternate strechers and headers in each with headers centered over
stretchers in the course below
HEAVYWEIGHT -Such as barite, magnitite and steel punching and is used primarily for nuclear
CONCRETE-radiation shielding
PUTLOG SCAFFOLD-A type of scaffold which has one line of standard to support the outside of the scaffold deck,
while the inside edge is supported from the wall being built
 ASTM C 150-A Portland cement specification
ALCLAD-A clad aluminum sheet used for standard corrugated, ribbed or V-beam section and various embossed
patterns for industrial roofing and curtain wall sheets
CHALKING-A common paint film defect where progressive powdering from the surfaces inward occurs
PARQUET-Inlaid wood flooring usually set in simple geometric patterns
POLYURETHANE FLOOR-A special coating system with high gloss shine while maintaining the natural
COATING-wood qualities, maintenance free, used to finish topcoat and wood flooring
PVC-A type of plastic rigid to flexible, translucent to opaque and is used in insulation, siding, wood imitation,
flooring and piping
GLAZING PUTTY-The paint materials used for sealing, filling, correcting surface defects on wood surfaces
TYPE III HIGH EARLY-A type of cement that provides 190% of type I strength after one day curing
STRENGTH-and also produces about 150% of the heat of hydration of normal cement-during the first seven days
BATCHING-The process of proportioning cement, water, aggregates and additives prior to concrete mixing
2 to 5 INCHES-Minimum slump recommended for mass concrete
SHOTCRETE-The placing of concrete using pneumatic pressure of dry mix concrete or mortars
SOLDIERS-A standing position of brick construction having length and height as the exposed surface
VACUUM DEWATERING-A process employed to reduce the amount of free water present in plastic concrete after
the concrete has been placed and screen
ANODIZING-An electrolytic process in which the aluminum is immersed in a specific acid solution through which a
direct current is passed between the aluminum and the solution
VEHICLES-The substance in the paint which gives continuity and provides adhesion to the surface or sub trite
STAGING-A more substantial framework progressively built up as tall building rises up 16mm No. 5 designation of
a bar
CAISSON-A water tight structure or chamber within which work is carried on in building foundation or structures
below water level
CHECKS-A wood defect that is a small crack running parallel to the grain in wood and across the rings, usually
caused by shrinkage during drying
TENSION SET BOLTS-Bolts that incorporate a torque control groove so that the stem breaks under a specified
torque
BANK-A soil condition where the soil material is in the natural state before the disturbance
COMPACTION-The process of increasing the density of a soil by mechanically forcing the soil particles closer
together, thereby expelling the air from the void spaces
BULB PILE-A special form of cast in place concrete pile in which an enlarged based is formed during driving
TIE BEAM-A beam usually distributed horizontal forces to footings
TEMPERED GLASS-A type of glass produced by heating annealed glass almost to the melting point and then
chilling it rapidly which is 3 to 5 times stronger than ordinary glass
DUCO-A type of paint that produces a very smooth and glossy surface and sometimes referred to as pigmented
lacquer
BED JOINT-A horizontal layer of mortar on which bricks are laid
CAVITY WALL-Walls made up of two masonry withes separated by an air space 2" (50mm) or more in width and
tied together by metal ties
FLYING FORM-A type of soft formwork with no shoring along its span and is supported instead of trusses frames
along its span and shoring on both ends
CLASS AA CONCRETE MIXTURE RATIO
PIER -A column usually reinforced concrete, constructed below the ground surface
WANE-A defect in lumber which is round edge or bank along an edge at a corner of a piece of lumber, usually
caused by sawing too near the surface
SOLVENTS-A liquid component of a paint to increase its fluidity, they volatize or evaporated during drying and not
became part of the film
KICKER PLATE-A plate usually wood used to anchor a stair to concrete
EXPANSIVE SOIL HEAVING-A type of settlement that cause the grade slab to bend upward due to wet soil
expansion
ENAMEL-A special type of paint made with varnish as the vehicle, applied in wood and metal surfaces
EFFLORESCENCE-Whitish powder that forms on the surface of bricks or stone walls due to evaporation of
moisture or containing salts
KILN BURNED BRICKS-The most widely used type of building brick which is made of natural sand and clay or
shale
COLLAR JOINT-A vertical joints between brick wythes
CHECKING-A paint defect coat by soft undercoat, forming shallow cracks at closely spaced but irregular interval
EMULSIFIERS-It is not a vehicle of paint
INSULATING GLASS-A double unit glass
COMMON BOND-A pattern consisting of stretcher or running bond six or seven courses with a course of headers
laid perpendicular to the stretcher course
DISPERSAL AGENT-Additive used to ensure that all particles of cement and water are mixed thoroughly in a
concrete setting
LAMINATED COATING-Flouropolymers, powder coatings, siliconized acrylics and polyesters are these types of
coatings for aluminum
ANODIZING-A process of coating steel products by immersing them in a bath of motten zinc after cleaning them
WEATHERING STEEL-Another term used for ASTM A572 high strength low alloy. It is a structural steel which
uses a natural form of oxidation for protective coating
TWO HINGED FRAME-A rigid frame which is done by welding together its two spanning members, both are
connected homogenously to the vertical column members fastened conventionally to the concrete pedestal
BEARING PLATE-Steel plate under the end of a beam used to distribute the end reaction where the beam rests
on a masonry or concrete support
TARRED FELTS-Used as a dry sheet to protect wood sheating from dripping asphalt, usually composed of
combination of felted papers, shredded wood fibers and asphalt saturated
GRAVEL SURFACING-A type of surfacing in built-up roof where a flood coat of bitumens is applied over the top
ply and a layer of aggregate is applied while the flood coat is hot
SHAKES-Unitary roofing materials which are similar to shingles except that they are split out
PAINT DEFECTS
ALLIGATORING-An incomplete form of peeling where the paint cracks into the large segments, the edges of
which breakaway from the surface while the center remains attached. Usually due to repeated application of new
coats over old coats
BLEEDING-Discoloration of coating caused by solubecolor in the underlying surface, may be prevented by
applying an impermeable undercoating
BLISTERING-Formation of blisters or pustules in coating, may be due to underlying spots of grease, sap or
moisture to excessive heat or to direct exposure to the sun during the process of drying
CHALKING-Progressive powdering from the surface inward
DEADENING-Loss of luster, due to insufficient or defective undercoat, most frequently to improper filling of wood
MOISTURE BLUSH-Clouding of the laquer film through precipitation of moisture in the film
Constant temperature and constant low humidity in the finishing will help
ORANGE PEEL-Rough appearance resembles very closely the peel of the orange, may be due to improper
cleaning of surface
PEELING-Indicate imperfect attachment to the surface; due to dampness, greasy surface and moisture
PINHOLING-As it called, changes in atmospheric conditions during application over sweating or incompletely dried
undercoats, spots of grease or soap
RUNS AND SAGS-Irregularities of surface due to uneven flow of varnish or paint, too much varnish, incomplete
brushing
TACKINESS-Adhesive property of incompletely dried coating, it is caused especially in the refinishing of old work,
over unclean or greasy surface
WRINKLING-Due to applications of few heavy coats for more thin ones, also may be due to cold weather
FADING-The loss of color of a paint film through exposure to sunlight and weather
Question Answer
Particle size of Boulders Above 75 mm
Particle Size of Gravel 75mm
Particle Size of Coarse Sand No.10 to No.40 sieve
Particle Size of Fine Sand No.40 to No.200
Particle Size of Silt-Clay Particles passing No.200
the water content at which a silt or clay material will just begin to crumble Plastic Limit
when rolled into a thread approx 3.2mm
Called soil crushed stone and sand used to raise an existing grade or as a Fill Materials
man-made deposit; generally used under footing, pavers, or concrete slabs which can be cast, molded or formed into predetermined size or shape
on grade Hardening of concrete Setting
Soil with sand not less than 50%; used to prevent the movement of fine Granular Fill or Filters Concrete mixed with water and a fine aggregate of less than 6mm Mortar, Stucco or Cement Plaster
particles out of soils and other natural materials through which seepage Concrete strengthened by embedded steel Reinforced Concrete
occurs Concrete without reinforcement Plain or Mass Concrete
Selected laboratory approved pit-run gravel, disintegrated granite, sand Borrow Fill CLASS AA Concrete proportioning for concrete underwater and retaining 1 : 1.5 : 3
shale, cinders or other similar materials walls
Hard durable fragments of stone and a filler of sand or other finely divided Base Course Materials CLASS A Concrete proportioning for slabs, beams, columns, etc. 1: 2 :4
minerals matter from vegetable matter and lumps of clay complying with the CLASS B Concrete proportioning for walls thicker than 100mm, footings, 1 : 2.5 : 5
local borrow fill materials steps, reinforced concrete slabs on fill
Local Borrow Fill materials Banda y banda, Escombro, Escombro CLASS C Concrete proportioning for concrete plant boxes and any non- 1: 3 : 6
bulik critical concrete structures
Constructed layer of stone placed to prevent erosion Riprap CLASS D Concrete proportioning for mass concrete work 1: 3.5 :7
Consists of mats or baskets fabricated from wire mesh and anchored to a Gabion System Sufficient materials are placed at one time to make a convenient size batch Batch Mixers
slope of concrete
Three types of termite proofing Physical Barrier, Chemical Barrier, Bait Materials are fed constantly and from which the concrete is discharged in a Continuous Mixers
System steady stream
A system to prevent termites from accessing the wood in a home Physical Barriers Concrete mixing done on a water-tight platform Hand Mixing
A steel mesh product that is fine enough to keep even tiny termites from Termite Mesh Most common type of concrete mixer Drum Mixer
passing through it Substances added to cements, mortars, and concrete for the purpose of Admixture
Layer of sand with uniform size of particles used to prevent termites from Termite Resistant Sand improving or imparting particular properties
passing through To accelerate setting or hardening of concrete mixture Accelerators
Type of termite barrier applied during construction to the soil and Pre-construction Chemical Barriers To retard setting of concrete mixture Retarders
foundation Introduces minute air bubbles to greatly increase the resistance of concrete Air-entraining Agents
Type of termite barrier which is created by applying 4 gallons of termicide Vertical Barriers to freezing and thawing, increase plasticity and reduce bleeding.
per 3 linear meters by rodding or trenching around the gate of foundations Added to concrete to make it water-proof Sahara
etc. Board nailed horizontally at the stake which serve as the horizontal plane Batter Board
Type of termite barrier made by applying 4 liters of termicide per 3 square Horizontal Barrier where the reference point of building measurements are established
meters Used to shape and support fresh concrete until cures and able to support Formwork
A filter layer of finer material that is installed over a coarse road base Choker itself
material Temporary supports designed to carry forms for beams and slabs Shoring
Aggregates consisting of crush stones, gravel or other inert materials of Fine Aggregates Works best where a smooth surface is required. The plywood should be Plywood Forms
similar characteristics waterproof, Grade A and at least 12mm () thick.
Aggregates consisting of cinders, blast furnace slag, expanded shale or Special Aggregates May be in the form of pans for concrete joist construction or steel decking Steel Forms
clay, perlite, vermiculite and sawdust or corrugated steel
A dark brown to black cementitious material composed of bitumens which Asphalt Polystyrene forms used in frame work Plastic Forms
when mixed with graded aggregates is used as paving material by placing Aggregate made by treating molten blast furnace slag with controlled Expanded Slag or foamed slag
while hot over a prepared base. quantities of water or steam
Oldest manufactured building material used as mortar and plaster by all Lime Aggregate composed of the ash components of the coal along with the Cinder
early civilizations; Made from calcination of limestone various quantities of unburned or partially burned combustible matter.
Calcium Oxide Quicklime A cement mix used to glue masonry units to each other Mortar
Mixing of Quicklime with water before usage Slaking or Hydration Mortar applied to wall surfaces as a preparation or a hard finish coat Plaster
Calcium Hydroxide; Improves workability of concrete Hydrated or Slaked Lime First binding coat of plaster Scratch Coat
Lime that can settle underwater Hydraulic Lime 2nd straightening coat of plaster Brown-Coat
Gypsum rock is ground fine and heated until it loses of its water content Plaster of Paris Or Gypsum Plaster Final coat of plaster Finish Coat
39.5 % impurities are present in the plaster made from Gypsum to retard Hard Wall Plaster Hydrated lime and water Lime Putty
the set and improve its setting qualities Plaster of Paris mixed with alum or borax or other materials and burned Keenes Cement
First developed by Romans by mixing staked lime with pozzolana which Cement Mixed with water, sand and lime putty Portland Cement Plaster
hardened under water Consists of applying two or three thin coats of plaster of different colors and Sgrafitto
English bricklayer and mason who invented and patented Portland cement. Aspdin then cutting away certain areas of one or two coats to produce a three-
Obtained by finely pulverizing clinker produced by calcining a proportioned Portland Cement dimensional colored design.
mixture of argillaceous (silica, alumina) and calcareous (lime) materials with A built-up construction or combination of building materials as clay, Masonry
iron oxide and small amounts of other ingredients. concrete, or stone set in mortar or plain concrete.
Weight of 1 bag of cement 94 lbs or 1 cu. ft. The horizontal surfaces on which the stones or bricks of walls lie in the Bed
Limit number of sacks of cement piled on top of each other 12 courses
A proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and water.; A plastic mass Concrete A continuous layer of bricks, stones, or other masonry units Course
Each continuous, vertical section of the wall, one masonry unit thick. Wythe or Tier Has three types: Corrosive, Neutral and Non-corrosive
Connection between bricks, stones or other masonry units formed by Bond Piece of iron is heated and applied to the joint with the solder and flux Soldering Iron
lapping them one upon another carrying up the work The parts to be soldered are heated using torch flames and then applied Soldering Torch
A brick or block masonry laid lengthwise of a wall Stretcher with solder and flux
A brick or block masonry extending over the thickness of the wall Header The heating of the metals to be joined causes the solder to run into the joint Sweat Method
A unit laid on its end with its face perpendicular to the face of the wall. Soldier Type of soldering in which temperatures are higher but lower than in Brazing
The corner stones at the angles of buildings, usually rusticated so as to Quoins welding
project from the normal surface of the wall. The process in which two metals are so joined that there is an actual union Welding
Stones running through the thickness of the wall at right angles to its face, Bond Stones of inter-atomic bonds
in order to bind it together. Type of welding in which gas flame and electric arc are used Fusion Welding
A course of stones placed on top of cornice crowning the walls Blocking Course Type of welding in which pressure and heat make the weld Pressure Welding
Stone delivered from the quarries rough and irregular shape. Rubble Stone A metal cylinder or rod which has a head on one end while the other end is Rivets
Stone cut into specific size, squared to dimensions, and to a specific Dimension Stone flattened to hold metals
thickness Wood that comes from conifers which have needles instead of leaves Softwood
Squared stones in regular courses Ashlar Wood that comes from broad-leaved or deciduous trees Hardwood
Courses of stone face which is jagged, so as to present a rough surface Rustic or Rock Work Softer, younger outer portion of a tree which is lighter in color than of the Sapwood
Occurs when heavier stones or areas of stone project from the normal face Rustication central portion
of the surrounding wall The older, harder central portion of the tree which is durable and less Heartwood
Structural units of clay or shale formed while plastic and subsequently fired. Brick permeable
Consists of five stretcher courses and then a header course. It is generally Common Bond Caused by attack of fungi on wood Decay
begun with a row of headers at the bottom course Cracks or lengthwise separation across the annual rings of growth Checks
Consists of alternate courses of stretchers and headers English Bond Cracks between and parallel to the annual rigs of growth Shakes
Consists of alternate headers and stretchers in each course Flemish Bond Irregular growths on the body of a tree which interrupt the smooth curve of Knots
A hollow masonry unit, with two or three cells or cores Concrete Hollow Block the grain
Also known as gypsum partition blocks, are usually made of gypsum, Plaster Block Well-defined openings between annual rings containing solid or liquid pitch Pitch-pocket
vegetable fibers as binders, and reinforcement Lack of wood on the corner or edge Wane
Soft, non-magnetic silvery metal characterized by its light weight that can Aluminum Any variation on the plane surface of wood Warping
be easily worked A distortion of the board in which the edge is convex or concave Crook
Process of shaping material by forcing it to forcing it to flow through a Extrusion longitudinal
shaped opening in a die A distortion of the board in which the face is convex or concave longitudinal Bow
Protective coating or cladding applied for corrosion resistance Alclad A distortion in which the face is concave or convex across Cup
Commercial form in which iron is first prepared Crude or Pig Iron A distortion of the board in which one corner is raised Twist
Iron-Carbon alloy that contains more than 1.7% carbon Cast Iron Refers to lumber cut tangent to the annual rings of growth Plain sawing
Almost pure iron with only 0.1% carbon Wrought Iron Wood cut radially to the annual rings of growth Quarter Sawing
Iron-carbon alloy which do not contain 2% or more carbon and cannot be Steel or Carbon Steel Wood used in construction Lumber
extruded Lumber less than 2 thick and less than 8 wide Strip
Medium carbon steel with its carbon content controlled to give it strength Structural Steel Lumber less than 2 thick and at least 8 wide Board Lumber
and ductility Pieces more than 2 thick but is less than 5 in any dimension Dimension Lumber
Bars are used for reinforced concrete Wrought Carbon Steels Pieces 5 or more on the smallest side Timber
Steel with more than 10% Chromium Stainless Steel The size of lumber when it is cut from the log Nominal Size
Green color on Copper which is acts as protection against corrosion Patina Formula for computing Board Feet (in inches) (Thickness X Width X Length) divided by
Bluish white metal that is soft and malleable covered by a thin layer of Tin 12
Stannic Oxide The process of removing moisture from wood Seasoning
Medium-hard bluish white metal that is used to galvanize other metals Zinc Warm moist air or superheated steam is used to drive out moisture from Kiln-drying
Process in which a protective coat of zinc is applied to steel and iron to Galvanizing wood
protect it from corrosion. Usually done on steel and iron. Made of several thin plies or veneers of wood that have been glued Plywood
Alloy of copper and zinc Brass together
Alloy of Copper and Tin Bronze Water-proof plywood Marine Plywood
Steel-white metal which takes a brilliant polish Chromium A paneling material made by reducing and refining wood chips into small Hardboard
Inert silvery metal that is not workable and resembles iron in strength and Nickel thread-like fibers and pressing them under heat in hydraulic pressure
copper to its resistance to corrosion Made by bonding together wood particles with an adhesive under heat and Chipboard
Blue-gray, soft, very heavy metal, has good corrosion resistance and is Lead pressure to form a rigid board with a smooth surface
extremely workable Finishing materials made from vegetable fibers such as corn and Fiberboards
A method of joining metals by melting an alloy called solder Soldering sugarcane pressed into sheets
Pieces to be joined are immersed in a pot of molten solder Metal Bath Dip A non-combustible building board with a gypsum core enclosed in tough Gypsum Board
A substance used in soldering to clean the surfaces of the metals Flux smooth paper
Fiber-reinforced boards made of Portland cement Fiber-cement Board enlarged and flattened for hammering
Made of small wood chips and base materials such as cotton stalk, rice, Particle Board Nails used for finishing work with a slender shank and brad head Finish Nail
straw, sawdust etc. glued together Nail used for easy removal in temporary construction work Double-headed Nail
Soft when heated but hardens when cooled Thermoplastic Nailing in which nails are driven perpendicular to the face of the material Face-nailing
This material combines the transparency of glass with plastics shatterproof Acrylic Nailing in such a way the heads are not seen on the face of the work Blind-nailing
quality Nailing obliquely to the surfaces being joined Toe-nailing
A hard, brittle, chemically-inert substance produced by fusing silica together Glass Driven by a compressor that are capable of fastening materials to wood, Power Driven Fasteners
with a flux and a stabilizer to a mass that cools to a rigid condition without steel and concrete
crystallization Uses gun-power charges to drive studs into material
Glass used as rigid, vapor-proof thermal insulator Foamed or Cellular Glass Metal fasteners having tapered, helically threaded shanks and slotted Screw
Glass used to control light transmission, glare and solar radiation Glass Block heads designed to be driven into material by turning
Fabricated by drawing the molten glass from a furnace Drawn Glass Helically threaded metal fastener having a pointed end Wood Screw
Fabricated by forming a cylinder and dividing it lengthwise and flattening it Cylinder Glass Having square head and a thin coarse pitched head Lag Screw / Lag Bolt / Coach Screw
Made from Drawn or Cylinder Glass Sheet Glass An anchor having a metal shell with a screw at its central axis Screw Anchors
Formed by rolling molten glass into a plate that is subsequently ground and Plate Glass A screw used to fasten metal roofing sheets to the purlins Tekscrew
polished after cooling Threaded metal pins or rods, usually having a head at one end, designed to Bolt
Manufactured by pouring molten glass onto a surface of molten tin and Float Glass be inserted through holes in assembled parts and secured by a mating nut
allowing it to cool slowly Perforated disks of metal, rubber or plastic used under the head of a nut or Washers
Glass coated slowly to relieve internal stresses Annealed Glass bolt or at a joint to distribute pressure, prevent leakage, relieve friction or
Annealed glass that is partially tempered by the process of heating and Heat-strengthened Glass insulate incompatible materials
sudden cooling Used to secure the surfaces of two materials together Adhesive
Glass that breaks into relatively harmless tiny pebble-sized particles Tempered Glass Metal products used in construction such as bolts, nails, and fittings such Hardware
Consists of two or more plies of flat glass bonded under heat and pressure Laminated or Safety Glass as latches, etc. and tools
to inter-layers of resin that retains the fragments when the glass is broken Hardware that are meant to be concealed such as bolts, nails, screws and Rough Hardware
Laminated glass that has exceptional strength Security Glass other metal fittings
Flat or patterned glass having a square or diamond wire mesh embedded Wired Glass Hardware such as hinges, locks, catches etc. that has a finishes Finish Hardware
within it to prevent shattering in the event of breakage or excessive heat appearance as well as function
Opaque glass for concealing the structural elements in curtain wall Spandrel Glass Movable joints used to attach, support and turn a door or about a pivot Hinge
A glass unit consisting of two or more sheets of glass separated by a Insulating Glass Usually attached to the butt edge of a door and consists of an odd number Butt-hinge
hermetically sealed air space to provide thermal insulation of knuckles on one leaf and even on the other
Has a chemical admixture to absorb a portion of the radiant heat and visible Tinted or Heat-absorbing Glass A device that automatically returns the door to closed position Closer
light that strikes it Fine aggregate chips were used as aggregate in this finish Granolithic Finish
Has a thin translucent metallic coating to reflect a portion of the light and Reflective Glass A mixture of marble chips, cement and water laid as topping or as a wall Terrazo
radiant heat that strike it finish
Transmits visible light while selectively reflecting the longer wavelengths of Low-emissivity Glass A measure of a tiles density and relative absorption Vitrification
radiant heat
Straight, slender pieces of metal having one end pointed and the other Nail
POST -halige / poste WINDOW HEAD sombrero SCAFFOLDING plantsa HINGE bisagra Platsuela- Filipino term for
GIRDER -gililan WINDOW OR DOOR JAMB hamba STAKE staka PANELED DOOR de bandeha wrought iron strap
JOIST -soleras OPEN STRINGER - hardinera PLASTERED COURSE kusturada EARTHFILL -eskumbro Kostilyahe-Filipino term for ceiling
FLOORING sahig/suwelo CLOSED STRINGER madre de STUCCO or PLASTER -palitada MASONRY FILL lastilyas joist
GIRT -sepo eskalera SCRATCH COAT-rebokada ADOBE ANCHOR liyabe Batidora- Filipino term for door
BEAM biga TREAD baytang PICHWORK on MASONRY piketa SOLDER hinang fillet
TRUSS kilo RISER takipsilipan VARNISH FINISH monyeka SOLDERING LEAD estanyo Guililan-Filipino term for girder
BOTTOM CHORD barakilan HANDRAIL gabay SPACING or GAP biyento Balangkas-Filipino term for Lastilyas-Filipino term for masonry
TOP CHORD tahilan MOLDING muldora CONCRETE SLAB largamasa framework fill

EAVE sibe Barakilan-Filipino term for bottom Tubo de banada-Filipino term for
PURLINS -reostra ALIGNMENT -asintada
COLAR PLATE -sinturon PROJECTION bolada PLUMB LINE -hulog chord downspout

Sinturon-Filipino term for collar Espolon- Filipino term for cabinet

FASCIA BOARD senepa FRAMEWORK balangkas CEMENT TILES baldosa
GUTTER kanal Kusturada-Filipino term for hinge
EXTERNAL SIDING tabike CEMENT BRICK ladrilyo
plastered course Pie de gallo-Filipino term for brace
VERTICAL STUD pilarete CONDUCTOR alulod DOOR FILLET batidora
Reostra-Filipino term for purlins Baniera-Filipino- term for bathtub
HORIZONTAL STUD pabalagbag WROUGHT IRON STRAP GROOVE kanal
CEILING JOIST kostilyahe plantsuwela WOOD GRAIN haspe Asolehos-Filipino term for
WINDOW SILL pasamano BOLT pierno PATTERN or SCHEDULE -plantilya wainscoating tiles