Bending of beams

What are we learning today?

1. Internal effects of beam

2. How to develop shear force and bending moment equations
3. How to sketch shear force and bending moment diagrams for
a. Beam with concentrated loads
b. Beam with uniform distributed loads

Important: You must know

a. What happens when you section a beam (slide 5).
b. What to be careful with when you sketch shear force and bending moment diagram of a cantilever
beam (slide 43).
Bending of beams
Beams can be classified based on how they are supported. For example, a simply supported beam is
pinned at one end and roller supported at the other. A cantilevered beam is fixed at one end and free
at the other, and an overhanging beam has one or both of its ends freely extended over the supports.

Beams are considered among the most important of all structural elements. They are used to support
the floor of a building, the deck of a bridge, or the wing of an aircraft. Also, the axle of an automobile,
the boom of a crane, even many of the bones of the body act as beams.

To solve for loads in beams, we can draw free body diagram and apply the equations of equilibrium.
Bending of beams
So far, we have only analyse beams subjected to point load. Beams can also have distributed loads.
The intensity w of a distributed load may be expressed as force per unit length of beam. The intensity
may be constant or variable, continuous or discontinuous.
Bending of beams Uniform
Distributed loads distributed loads

Load intensity which are constant or which vary linearly are easily
handled. The three most common cases of loads on a beam are shown.

The resultant load R is represented by the area formed by the intensity w

(force per unit length of beam) and the length L over which the force is
Uniform varying
distributed. The resultant passes through the centroid of this area.
distributed loads

In the third example, the trapezoidal area is broken into a rectangular and
a triangular area, and the corresponding resultants R1 and R2 of these
sub areas are determined separately.

w is force/metre. E.g 40kN/m.

Bending of beams
Internal effects of beam
In addition to supporting tension or compression, a beam can resist
shear, bending, and torsion. These three effects are illustrated in the
figure as shown.

The force V is called the shear force, the couple M is called the bending
moment, and the couple T is called a torsional moment. These effects
represent the vector components of the resultant of the forces acting on a
transverse section of the beam.

HOW TO DRAW THE FREE BODY DIAGRAM OF A SECTIONED

BEAM.
Bending of beams
Example 1: Internal effects of beam
Determine the internal normal force, shear force, and moment at point C in the simply supported beam.

To determine the resultant load of the varying

distributed load and the distance it acts from A.
Resultant load = (W)(L) = (4) (6) = 12 kN
Distance = L/3 = 6/3 = 2m

12 kN
To determine the force By,
Ma = 0
-By (6) + 12 (2) = 0
By = 4 kN
Bending of beams
Example 1: Internal effects of beam
Determine the internal normal force, shear force, and moment at point C in the simply supported beam.

To determine the maximum load intensity at C.

To determine the resultant load of the varying
distributed load of the sectioned beam.

Resultant load = (2)(3) = 3 kN

Distance = L/3 = 3/3 = 1m

To determine the free body diagram of the body

sectioned at C.
Bending of beams
Example 1: Internal effects of beam
Determine the internal normal force, shear force, and moment at point C in the simply supported beam.

To determine the normal force Nc, To determine the moment, Mc

Fx = 0 Mb = 0
-Nc = 0 -1(3) 3(2) + Mc = 0
Nc = 0 Mc = 9 kNm

To determine the shear force Vc,

Fy = 0
Vc 3 + By = 0
Vc 3 + 4 = 0
Vc = -1 kN
Vc = 1 kN
Bending of beams
Example 2: Internal effects of beam
Determine the internal normal force, shear force, and moment at points D and E in the compound beam.
Point E is located just to the left of the 10-kN concentrated load. Assume the support at A is fixed and the
connection at B is a pin.
Bending of beams
Shear force and bending moments diagram
Because of the applied loadings, beams develop an internal shear force and bending moment that, in general, vary
from point to point along the axis of the beam. In order to properly design a beam, it is useful to determine the
maximum shear and moment in the beam. One way to do this is to express V and M as functions of their arbitrary
position x along the beams axis.

These shear and moment functions can then be plotted and represented by graphs called shear and moment
diagrams. The maximum values of V and M can then be obtained from these graphs.

Since the shear and moment diagrams provide detailed information about the variation of the shear and moment
along the beams axis, they are often used by engineers to decide where to place reinforcement materials within the
beam or how to proportion the size of the beam at various points along its length. In order to formulate V and M in
terms of x we must choose the origin and the positive direction for x. Although the choice is arbitrary, most often the
origin is located at the left end of the beam and the positive direction is to the right.
Bending of beams
Shear force diagram
Step 1: Draw free body diagram.
Step 2: Find all unknown forces.
Step 3: Define key sections of the beam and develop the shear force equations.
Step 4: Draw the shear force diagram starting from the left. x-axis to represent the length of
the beam and y-axis to represent the magnitude of shear force (V, Newtons).
Important: Sign convention Force directed downwards represents negative shear force.
Force directed upwards represents positive shear force.

Concentrated loads

V (N)
Bending of beams
Shear force diagram and equation
Uniform distributed loads It is useful to develop equations for shear force diagram
especially when it involves uniform distributed loads.

V = - 50x
x
V (N)
Therefore, when x = 0 m,
v = 50N/m x 0 = 0 N.
when x = 1 m,
v = 50N/m x 1 = -50 N.
when x = 5 m,
v = 50N/m x 5 = -250 N.
Bending of beams
Shear force diagram and equation
Uniform distributed loads

50N
50N

50N/m

x
V = - 50 50x
Bending of beams
Example 1: Shear force diagram

Ma = 0
-By (6) + 9 (4) = 0
By = 6 kN

Fx = 0
Ax= 0

Fy = 0
Ay 9 + By = 0
Ay 9 + 6 = 0
Ay = 3 kN
Bending of beams
Example 1: Shear force diagram
Shaft and bearings
Shear force and bending moment diagram

Example2
Bending of beams
Example 3: Shear force diagram *

4 kN Fy = 0
Ay - 4 = 0
Ay = 4 kN
Ax
Ma = 0
Ma + 4(1) + 6 = 0
Ma Ma = -10 kNm
6 kNm
Ay Ma = 10 kNm
Bending of beams
Example 2: Shear force diagram

V = 4 2x
4 kN
x
When x = 0.5m, v = 4 + (-2)0.5 = 3 kN
When x = 1m, v = 4 + (-2)1 = 2 kN
When x = 1.5m, v = 4 + (-2)1.5 = 1 kN
When x = 2m, v = 4 + (-2) 2 = 0kN
Bending of beams
Example 3: Shear force diagram

200 N

V = -200 40x
x
When x = 0 m, v = -200 + (-40)0 = -200 N
When x = 1m, v = -200 + (-40)1 = -240N
When x = 1.5m, v = -200 + (-40)1.5 = -260N
When x = 5m, v = -200 + (-40) 5 = -400kN
Bending of beams
Example 3: Shear force diagram

V (N)
Bending of beams
Example 4: Shear force diagram
Construct the shear force diagram and determine the greatest shear force.

100 N 250 N

R1 R2

To determine R1,
M = 0
R1(5) - 100 (4) 250 (2.5) = 0
5 R1 400 625 = 0
R1 = 205 N
To determine R2,
Fy = 0
R1 100 250 + R2 = 0
R2 = 145 N
Bending of beams
Example 4: Shear force diagram
Construct the shear force diagram and determine the greatest shear force.
Where are the critical points to construct shear force diagram?
0<x<1 1<x<5
100 N

205 N 205 N
x x
V = 205 50x V = 205 -100 50x

When x = 0m, v = +205 + (-50)0 = 205N

When x < 1m, v = +205 + (-50)1 = 155N
When x = 1m, v = +205 - 100 + (-50)1 = 55N
When x = 5m, v = +205 -100 + (-50) 5 = -145N
Bending of beams
Example 4: Shear force diagram
Construct the shear force diagram and determine the greatest shear force.

V (N)
Bending of beams
Bending moment diagrams concentrated loads
Bending of beams
Example 1: Shear force and bending moment diagrams

V = 4 2x
10 kNm V = 4 2x
M = 4x x2 + C
4 kN
x C = 10
M = 4x x2 +10
Bending of beams
Example 2: Shear force and bending moment diagrams *
Bending of beams
Example 2: Shear force and bending moment diagrams *

0<x<4
V = 3 kN
V=3
3 kN
x 4<x<6
M = 3x

9 kN
V = 3x 9 (x 4)
= 36 6x
3 kN
x
Bending of beams
Example 3: Shear force and bending moment diagrams

V = -200 40x
M = -200x 20x2
Bending of beams
Example 3: Shear force and bending moment diagrams *
V (N)
Bending of beams
Example 4: Shear force and bending moment diagrams
0<x<1 1<x<5

V = 205 50x V = 205 100 - 50x

M = 205x 25x2 M = 205x 100(x-1) - 25x2
= 105x + 100 - 25x2
Bending of beams
Example 4: Shear force and bending moment diagrams

V (N)
Bending of beams
Example 5: Shear force and bending moment diagrams *