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60634
Int.
Heat
Trans.
Fluid Dynamics: Boundary Layers
Analogous Equations
if two normalized (dimensionless) equations take the same form the
equations are analogous
Reynolds Analogy
u*
* * u
*
1 2 u*
u * +v =
The momentum and energy boundary x y *
Re y *2
layer equations are analogous if there is L
advection diffusion
a negligible pressure gradient (dp*/dx* ~ 0)
and the Pr ~ 1
terms term
* *
* T * T 1 2T *
u +v =
x *
y *
Re L y * 2
Given equivalent boundary conditions, the
solutions take the same form
u* = T * ! Re $
C f # & = Nu
u* T * " 2 %
= *
y* y* =0
y y* =0
D.
B.
Go
AME
60634
Int.
Heat
Trans.
Fluid Dynamics: Boundary Layers
Reynolds Analogy
dT * hL h L average Nusselt
Nu = * = = f (x * ,Re L ,Pr) local Nusselt Nu =
dy y= 0
kf number k f number
The Nusselt number (and heat transfer coefficient) are functions of the
fluid properties (, , , c, kf)
the effect of variable properties may be considered by evaluating all
properties at the film temperature
Ts + T
Tf =
2
most accurate solutions often require iteration on the film properties
D.
B.
Go
AME
60634
Int.
Heat
Trans.
Fluid Dynamics: Boundary Layers
Transition
AME
60634
Int.
Heat
Trans.
Fluid Dynamics: Boundary Layers
Transition
D.
B.
Go
AME
60634
Int.
Heat
Trans.
External Convection: Overview
External Flows
boundary layers develop freely without constraint (compare to a
internal/duct flow)
boundary layer may be laminar, laminar and turbulent, or entirely
turbulent
simplest external flow: flat plate in parallel flow
AME
60634
Int.
Heat
Trans.
External Convection: Overview
Transition to Turbulence
critical Reynolds number affected by free stream turbulence and surface
roughness of plate
nominally
Re x,c ~ 10 5 laminar free stream & smooth plate
if the boundary layer is tripped at the leading edge:
Re x,c = 0 x c = 0
flow is turbulent along entire length of flat plate
Average parameters
1$ c ' 1# c &
x L x L
s,L = && s,x,lam dx + s,x,turb dx )) hL = %% hx, lam dx + hx,turb dx ((
L% 0 xc ( L$ 0 xc '
D.
B.
Go
AME
60634
Int.
Heat
Trans.
External Convection: Overview
Thermal Conditions at the Surface (idealized)
uniform heat flux q"s"
uniform surface temperature Ts
unheated starting length
D. B. Go