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Contents

INSIGHT INTO WIND LOADING

ON TALL BUILDINGS Limitation of the Code
USING IS 875 (PART 3): 2015 Along-Wind Loading
Across-Wind Loading
K. Suresh Kumar, PhD, PEng, MASCE
Principal / Regional Manager Concluding Remarks

RWDI India
KINFRA Film & Video Park (SEZ)
Sainik School PO, Trivandrum
Kerala, India, Pin-695585

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IS 875 (Part 3): 2015

Page 1

Limitations of the Code

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IS 875 (Part 3): 2015 AS/NZS 1170.2 2011

Page 46

Wind Tunnel Tests are mandatory when

Height more than 200m

Fundamental frequency less than 0.2 Hz
Significant coupling is evident in first 3 modes of vibration

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NBCC 2010 ASCE 7-10

Wind Tunnel Tests are mandatory when

Wind Tunnel Tests are recommended for
Fundamental frequency less than 0.25 Hz
Building with unusual or irregular geometric shape located in complex
surrounding conditions

Buildings expecting high dynamic effects from vortex shedding,

torsional effects, and aeroelastic instabilities

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ASCE 7-10 CTBUH Technical Guide 2013

Wind tunnel test is recommended if any one of the following

High dynamic effects is expected when one or more of the
following apply
Height of the building > 400 ft (~120m)
Height of the building > 4 times its minimum effective width
Lowest natural frequency < 0.25 Hz
Reduced velocity (U/f.b) > 5, U=Mean hourly ultimate limit state speed
at h, f= lowest fundamental frequency, b=average width
applies:
Height of the building > 120m
Height of the building > 4 times its average width over top half
Lowest natural frequency < 0.25 Hz
Reduced velocity (U/f.b) > 5, U=Mean hourly ultimate limit state speed
at h, f= lowest fundamental frequency, b=average width

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RWDIs Recommendation

Height about 140m; Frequency = 0.2 Hz (X), 0.26 Hz (Y)

Nondirectional Y-dir loads are similar to code, Directional Y-dir loads
are about 10% less than code
Nondirectional X-dir loads are about 60% higher than code,
Directional X-dir loads are about 15% higher than code

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Along-Wind Loading

Along-wind meaning in the direction of wind

Three components:
Mean
Background Fluctuations
Along-Wind Loading Resonant Fluctuations

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Along-Wind Loading Along-Wind Loading

Mean Loading
1
= . . . . .
2

= , = ,
= , = ,
=

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Gust Loading Chain Along-Wind Loading

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Along-Wind Loading Along-Wind Loading

Cf appears to be very high for h/b>3 & 0 < a/b < 2.5

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Comparison of Codes

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Building 1

Return
3-sec Wind Speed (m/s) Period
44 50 Open water terrain in Wind Tunnel
Complex Surroundings

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Along-Wind Loading Along-Wind Loading

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Along-Wind Loading Along-Wind Loading

27 28

Building 2 Along-Wind Loading

3-sec Wind Speed (m/s) Return Period

50 50 Open terrain in Wind Tunnel
Complex Surroundings

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Along-Wind Loading Along-Wind Loading

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Along-Wind Loading Building 3

Return
3-sec Wind Speed (m/s) Period
38.76 50 Suburban terrain in Wind Tunnel
Complex Surroundings

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Along-Wind Loading Along-Wind Loading

35 36

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Along-Wind Loading Along-Wind Loading

37 38

Challenges in Code Calculations

1 = ,
= . . . . .
2 = ,

Cross-Wind Loading

39 40

Across-wind Loading

41 42

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Across-wind Loading
AS 1170.2 -1989 IS 875 (Part 3): 2015

Discrepancy in Fig 10 plot

43 44

Across-Wind Loading

X Y
Basic Speed 44m/s
Terrain Category 2
Height 161.20m
Width 27.20 26.96m
Frequency 0.182 0.189Hz
Damping 0.02

Building 1

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Across-Wind Loading Across-Wind Loading

X Y X Y
Basic Speed 50 m/s Basic Speed 38.76m/s
Terrain Category 2 Terrain Category 3
Height 111.30 m Height 172.60m
Width 42.35 99.33m Width 32.78 29.22m
Frequency 0.235 0.258Hz Frequency 0.147 0.153Hz
Damping 0.02 Damping 0.02

Building 2 Building 3

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Concluding Remarks

Wind load provisions in codes/standards are generally good for

preliminary design

For detailed design, especially for complex geometric shape

buildings in complex surrounding and for tall, slender and
Concluding Remarks flexible buildings, wind tunnel testing is required to know the
reality

Likely the reality will economize your design and save tons!
Also, there is a likelihood Reality Bites!

Wind tunnel testing is carried out to know the reality and make
sure the design is safe; not primarily for savings

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Concluding Remarks Concluding Remarks

Across-wind provision in IS code is also a mix of 1989 and 2011

Along-wind loading provision in IS 875 (Part 3) :2015 is taken from
Australian code 1170.2 versions 1989 and 2011
There are subtle changes in the wind profile and turbulence
values, hence the gust factor calculated are slightly different
version Australian codes
Figure 10 curves are at the wrong spot with respect to axis. So
please use with caution. Alternative would be to use the graph
from 1989 version of the Australian code.

Gust factors calculated using IS code and Australian codes are very Also, one can use the equations as well the graph from 2011
close version of the Australian code.

The main issue with the IS code lies with the Cf plot in Fig. 4 (Page Remember, cross-wind response is heavily influenced by the
35). Cf values seems too high for h/b> 3 geometry, height to width aspect ratio and surroundings,
therefore most of the time the calculations using the codal
provisions will be conservative.

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M: +91-989597 6686,
Email: Suresh.Kumar@rwdi.com
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