Computational Fluid Dynamics Computational Fluid Dynamics

http://www.nd.edu/~gtryggva/CFD-Course/

Grading

Computational Fluid Projects

Homework
60%
25%
Dynamics Final 15%

Project and HW due NOW

Lecture 27
May 3, 2017

Grtar Tryggvason

Computational Fluid Dynamics Computational Fluid Dynamics

What did we learn?
Coarse goals and brief outline
More detailed list of topics
Coarse Goals:
Learn how to solve the Navier-Stokes and Euler
equations for engineering problems.
Hear about various concepts to allow continuing studies
of the literature.

Grading/Exam Ways:
Detailed coverage of selected topics, such as: simple
Input finite difference methods, accuracy, stability, etc.

Rapid coverage of other topics, such as: multigrid,

monotone advection, unstructured grids.

What are the current trends?

Computational Fluid Dynamics Computational Fluid Dynamics

Course outline Course outlinePart I

Introduction, what is CFD, examples, computers,

Part I elementary numerical analysis, course administration
A brief introduction to CFD
Elementary numerical analysis, accuracy, stability,
Part II partial differential equations
Numerical Analysis of partial differential
equations, cumulating in solution techniques for Review of fluid mechanics: the governing equations
the Navier-Stokes equations
Finite Difference solution of the Navier-Stokes
Part III Equations in vorticity/streamfunction form
Advanced topics in CFD
Finite Volume Approach, Solving the Navier-Stokes
Equations in Primitive Variables, the MAC Method
 Computational Fluid Dynamics
Course outlinePart II
First order Partial Differential Equations (PDF's).
Characteristics. Classification of Second Order PDF's.
Algorithms for Hyperbolic equations. The Euler equations.
Algorithms for Parabolic equations.
Algorithms for Elliptic equations.
Advection-diffusion equation
More Volume Approach, Solving the Navier-Stokes Equations
in Primitive Variables, the MAC Method, Colocated grids
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Course outlinePart III
Introduction to Complex Flows: Turbulence,
Multiphase flow, and Combustion
Direct Numerical Simulations of Multiphase Flows
Current trends (predictivity, multiscale, large systems)
Parallel Computations,
Computer Science Issues
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Partial Differential Equations:
Characteristics and the basic theory of first order
partial differential equations. Second order partial
differential equations and how to convert them to a
system of first order equations. Hyperbolic, parabolic
and elliptic second order equations and their physical
significance. What is an ill-posed problem.
Conservation laws and the conservative form.
Classical model equations and their solutions.
Diffusion, linear and nonlinear advection, and the
Laplace equation. The advection-diffusion equation
and its relation to the Navier-Stokes equations.
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Course outlinePart II
Complex Domains. Body fitted Coordinates.
Complex Domains. Grid Generation
Visualization
Other Methods. Spectral, Finite Element, Vortex, etc
Software
Computational Fluid Dynamics
The Navier Stokes Equations:
The basic equations of fluid mechanics in integral and
differential form. The difference between a conservative
and non-conservative form. Different formulations of the
basic equations: Primitive (velocity-pressure) form; stream
function-vorticity, and velocity-vorticity form in two- and
three-dimensions. The representation of advection,
viscous friction, and incompressibility, in the equations of
motion. The pressure equation for the primitive
formulation. Physical boundary conditions.
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Elementary Numerical Concepts:
Discrete approximations; finite differences; finite volume;
spectral and finite elements.
Numerical differentiation and integration. Time
integration: Euler, Runga-Kutta and predictor-corrector.
Implicit time integration.
 Computational Fluid Dynamics
Numerical Solutions of PDE's:
Accuracy by Taylor series expansion. Consistency and the
Modified Equation. Stability by the von Neumann's method.
Basic finite difference schemes for hyperbolic, parabolic and
elliptic equations.
Parabolic equations: The forward in time, centered in space
method. Implicit versus explicit methods. Backward Euler's
method, ADI and splitting. Stability limits. The Crank-
Nicholson method, predictor-corrector schemes.
Elliptic equations: Iterative solutions of elliptic equations.
Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel, and SOR iterations. Fundamentals of
multigrid methods.
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Numerical Solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations:
Vorticity-streamfunction form. Order in which the equations
must be solved. Boundary conditions for the vorticity.
Primitive variables. The MAC method and staggered grids.
Solution strategies and projection methods. Derivation of a
discretized pressure equation and treatment of boundaries.
Boundary conditions for the velocities.
Higher order methods: Adams-Bashford/Crank-Nicolson,
predictor-corrector.
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Complex flows:
Additional considerations for stratified and turbulent flows.
The k- model for turbulent flows.
Computations of multiphase flows. Lagrangian and
Eularian modeling of disperse flow
Combustion modeling: Diffusion flames versus Premixed
flames
Predictivity: Method of manufactured Solutions and UQ
Multiscale and Large Systems
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Hyperbolic equations: The method of characteristics.
Finite difference methods: upwind, leap-frog and Lax-
Wendroff's method. The Courant conditions. Advection of
sharp shocks: Numerical diffusion and oscillations.
Godunov's theorem, Monotonic advection, artificial
viscosity, high order Godunov methods, and FCT. Linear
versus nonlinear advection.
The advection-diffusion equation. Cell Reynolds numbers
and the stabilization of advection methods by diffusion
terms.
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Complex domains:
Boundary fitted grids. Derivatives and partial differential
equations in the mapped coordinates. One dimensional
stretching and algebraic grid generation. Elliptic grid
generation and elementary control strategies. The
vorticity-streamfunction equation in mapped coordinates
and its solution. Alternative strategies: Mapping versus
unstructured grids. Rectangular and triangular cells.
Block-structured grids.
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Parallel computing
Serial versus parallel, Shared versus
distributed memory, Domain decomposition,
Message Passing Interface (MPI)
 Computational Fluid Dynamics Computational Fluid Dynamics

Project 1
Warm-up. Solving a one-dimensional unsteady advection- Homework
diffusion problem
Elementary Concepts (problem 1)
Project 2 Basic Numerical Analysis (problems 2, 3, 4, 5, 13,14)
Modify a code for the Navier-Stokes equations in the Partial Differential Equations (problems 6-12, 15)
primitive variables (pressure and velocity) Mapped Grids (problems 19-24)
Advanced Topics (problems 18, 25, 23, 30)
Project 3 Solution Approach (problems 26-29, 31)
Two-dimensional compressible flow Review (problems 15-17)

Project 4
Visualization

University of Notre Dame

Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
Computational Fluid Dynamics AME 67636 Computational
Computational Fluid Fluid Mechanics
Dynamics
Homework 8. Due April 8, 2013

Problem 21-22.
The two-dimensional advection/diffusion equation
c c c 2c 2c
+U +V = D 2 + 2
t x y x y
where U and V are given and D is a constant, needs to be solved in the domain sketched
below. It has been decided to map the domain into a rectangular domain. The solution is
Issues and
University of Notre Dame known to have a boundary layer along the bottom, so in addition to making to domain
Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering rectangular, it is also desirable to cluster the grid points near the bottom.
Approaches
AME 67636 Computational Fluid Mechanics Propose a mapping function that accomplishes this.
Write down the finite difference equation to be solved.
Homework 8. Due April 8, 2013

Problem 21-22.
The two-dimensional advection/diffusion equation H2=1.3 m
2c 2c H1=1 m
c c c
+U +V = D 2 + 2 L=3 m
t x y x y
where U and V are given and D is a constant, needs to be solved in the domain sketched
below. It has been decided to map the domain into a rectangular domain. The solution is
known to have a boundary layer along the bottom, so in addition to making to domain Problem 23.
rectangular, it is also desirable to cluster the grid points near the bottom. To compute the mixing as a liquid jet enters a large rectangular domain it is often
Propose a mapping function that accomplishes this. necessary to cluster the grid points near the entrance region. Assume that the domain has
Write down the finite difference equation to be solved. a width W and length L, and the jet enters through the middle of the left boundary and
has a diameter D. The domain is very large and it is impractical to use a uniform grid.
You should solve for the flow using the Navier-Stokes equations in the pressure-velocity
form, but you can assume that the flow is two-dimensional.
University
(a) Describe your gridding strategy of Notre
and sketch whatDame
you would like the grid to look like
H2=1.3 m (b) Propose a Department
mapping function that clusters theMechanical
grid points near where the jet enters the
of Aerospace and Engineering
H1=1 m domain.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (c) Describe the flow Computational
AME 67636
solver FluidFluid
that Computational
you will use. Dynamics
Mechanics
L=3 m
Homework 9. Due April 15, 2013

Problem 23.
To compute the mixing as a liquid jet enters a large rectangular domain it is often
necessary to cluster the grid points near the entrance region. Assume that the domain has
a width W and length L, and the jet enters through the middle of the left boundary and
has a diameter D. The domain is very large and it is impractical to use a uniform grid.
You should solve for the flow using the Navier-Stokes equations in the pressure-velocity
form, but you can assume that the flow is two-dimensional.
(a) Describe your gridding strategy and sketch what you would like the grid to look like
(b) Propose a mapping function that clusters the grid points near where the jet enters the
domain.
(c) Describe the flow solver that you will use.
Problem 24.
The following equation (a nonlinear diffusion equation),
f f
=D f + q(x)
t x x
is solver time 0 t T for the domain 0 x L , where T is the final time and L is the
length of the domain. The source q(x), which is concentrated at L/2 is turned on for a
very short time at T/2. For the most part we expect to be able to use a relatively course
grid, except around the source when it is active. Thus, we want to use a grid that is
refined in both time and space, around T/2 and L/2.
(a) Propose a mapping function to refine the grid in space and time around T/2 and L/2.
(b) Write down the partial differential equation in the new coordinates.

Problem 25
Show that the one fluid formulation contains the usual Navier-Stokes equations for the
flow in each domain and the correct interface boundary conditions. The one fluid
equation is:

u
t
( ) (
+ uu = p + f + u + T u + F n x x f da )
Substitute the following into this equation
u = H1u1 + H 2u2
P = H1 p1 + H 2 p2
= H11 + H 2 2

and show that

( ) ( ) ( )(
H1 + H 2 + x f = 0 )

Problem 26
Propose a numerical scheme to solve for the unsteady flow over a rectangular cube in an
unbounded domain. The Reynolds number is relatively low, 500-1000. Identify the key
issues that must be addressed and propose a solution. Limit your discussion to one page.
Do NOT write down the detailed finite difference equations, but state clearly what kind
(b) Write down the partial differential equation in the new coordinates.

Problem 25
Show that the one fluid formulation contains the usual Navier-Stokes equations for the
flow in each domain and the correct interface boundary conditions. The one fluid
equation is:

u
t
( ) (
+ uu = p + f + u + T u + F n x x f da )
Substitute the following into this equation
u = H1u1 + H 2u2
P = H1 p1 + H 2 p2
= H11 + H 2 2

and show that University of Notre Dame

( ) ( ) ( )(
H1 + H 2 + x f = 0 ) Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
Computational Fluid Dynamics Computational
AME FluidFluid
67636 Computational Dynamics
Mechanics
Homework 10. Due April 22, 2013

Problem 26 Problem 27.

Propose a numerical scheme to solve for the unsteady flow over a rectangular cube in an
unbounded domain. The Reynolds number is relatively low, 500-1000. Identify the key
issues that must be addressed and propose a solution. Limit your discussion to one page.
Do NOT write down the detailed finite difference equations, but state clearly what kind
of spatial and temporal discretization you would use.
To evaluate the effectiveness of a new mixing device, you have been asked to write a
code to simulate the flow in channel shaped somewhat like the one sketched below. The
Reynolds number is only a few hundreds, so the flow is laminar, and you can take the
channel to be two-dimensional. Accuracy is extremely important and you have been
asked to accomplish this in only a few weeks. You only have to worry about getting the
flow field correct.

University of Notre Dame

Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering
AME 67636 Computational Fluid Mechanics
Homework 10. Due April 22, 2013
Describe how you would accomplish this. You do not need to write down the detailed
Problem 27. discrete equations, but your description should be sufficiently detailed so that it is clear
To evaluate the effectiveness of a new mixing device, you have been asked to write a what approximations you are going to use, and you should clearly state all critical issues
code to simulate the flow in channel shaped somewhat like the one sketched below. The and how you intend to deal with those.
Reynolds number is only a few hundreds, so the flow is laminar, and you can take the Limit the response to less than a page!
channel to be two-dimensional. Accuracy is extremely important and you have been
asked to accomplish this in only a few weeks. You only have to worry about getting the
flow field correct. Problem 28.
It is proposed to use a finite difference method to simulate the stirring and mixing of two
fluids by a prescribed velocity field. The fluids are completely identical, except that one
is read and the other is blue. The colors can mix, but diffusion is VERY small. The
velocity field is unsteady (but GIVEN) and maximum velocity is one. Assume that the
mixing takes place in a square, two-dimensional domain (with sides of length one) and
that the initial configuration of the fluids is given.
(a) EXPLAIN the main difficulties in solving this problem and
Describe how you would accomplish this. You do not need to write down the detailed (b) PROPOSE a method to allow us to simulate this problem. You do not have to write
discrete equations, but your description should be sufficiently detailed so that it is clear down the finite difference equations in detail Fluid Dynamics
what approximations you Computational
are going to use, andFluid Dynamics
you should clearly state all critical issues Computational
Limit the response to less than a page!
and how you intend to deal with those.
Limit the response to less than a page! Problem 29.
Propose a numerical scheme to solve for the unsteady flow over a rectangular cube in an
unbounded domain. The Reynolds number is relatively low, 500-1000. Identify the key
Problem 28. issues that must be addressed and propose a solution. Limit your discussion to one page.
It is proposed to use a finite difference method to simulate the stirring and mixing of two Do NOT write down the detailed finite difference equations, but state clearly what kind
fluids by a prescribed velocity field. The fluids are completely identical, except that one of spatial and temporalWhat if I dont
discretization have
you would use.MATLAB?
is read and the other is blue. The colors can mix, but diffusion is VERY small. The
velocity field is unsteady (but GIVEN) and maximum velocity is one. Assume that the Try OCTAVE (free)
mixing takes place in a square, two-dimensional domain (with sides of length one) and
that the initial configuration of the fluids is given. http://www.octave.org/
(a) EXPLAIN the main difficulties in solving this problem and
(b) PROPOSE a method to allow us to simulate this problem. You do not have to write
down the finite difference equations in detail
Limit the response to less than a page!

Problem 29.
Propose a numerical scheme to solve for the unsteady flow over a rectangular cube in an
unbounded domain. The Reynolds number is relatively low, 500-1000. Identify the key
issues that must be addressed and propose a solution. Limit your discussion to one page.
Do NOT write down the detailed finite difference equations, but state clearly what kind
of spatial and temporal discretization you would use.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Computational Fluid Dynamics

Miscellaneous Resources
Commercial Solvers:
Fluent http://www.ansys.com/ We can expect that the development of numerical
StarCD http://www.cd-adapco.com/
methods for computing fluid flow will continue and we
will see methods that are
Other Solvers
OpenFoam http://www.openfoam.com/
More accurate
Gerris http://gfs.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
More robust
Specialized Solvers More versatile
Fire Dynamics Simulator http://fire.nist.gov/fds/
Multiphase Flow: https://www.mfix.org/ than current methods.
Other
AMR http://www.physics.drexel.edu/~olson/paramesh-doc/Users_manual/amr.html We are also seeing new trends and a shift in
emphasize to topics that in the past were on the
Visualization http://www.paraview.org
sidelines.
And many, many others!
 Computational Fluid Dynamics Computational Fluid Dynamics

H. R. 5116

Section 605 of the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 [2]

One Hundred Eleventh Congress
is titled Promoting use of high-end computing simulation and of the
United States of America
modeling by small and medium sized manufactures, and states that AT T H E S E C O N D S E S S I O N

Begun and held at the City of Washington on Tuesday,

Congress finds that:

the fifth day of January, two thousand and ten

New Directions for Computational Physics: An Act

To invest in innovation through research and development, to improve the competi-
tiveness of the United States, and for other purposes.

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

(1) the utilization of high-end computing simulation and

(a) SHORT TITLE.this Act may be cited as the America COM-
PETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 or the America Creating
Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology,
Education, and Science Reauthorization Act of 2010.
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.The table of contents for this Act

modeling by large-scale government contractors and

is as follows:

Computational predictivity Federal research entities has resulted in substantial

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
Sec. 3. Budgetary impact statement.
TITLE IOFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
Sec. 101. Coordination of Federal STEM education.
Sec. 102. Coordination of advanced manufacturing research and development.
Sec. 103. Interagency public access committee.
Sec. 104. Federal scientific collections.
Sec. 105. Prize competitions.

improvements in the development of advanced

TITLE IINATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
Sec. 201. NASAs contribution to innovation and competitiveness.
Sec. 202. NASAs contribution to education.
Sec. 203. Assessment of impediments to space science and engineering workforce
development for minority and under-represented groups at NASA.

manufacturing technologies; and

Sec. 204. International Space Stations contribution to national competitiveness en-
hancement.

Multiscale/multiphysics
Sec. 205. Study of potential commercial orbital platform program impact on
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.
Sec. 206. Definitions.
TITLE IIINATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
Sec. 301. Oceanic and atmospheric research and development program.
Sec. 302. Oceanic and atmospheric science education programs.
Sec. 303. Workforce study.
TITLE IVNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY

Sec. 401. Short title.

(2) such simulation and modeling would also benefit small- and
Sec. 402. Authorization of appropriations.
Sec. 403. Under Secretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology.
Sec. 404. Manufacturing Extension Partnership.
Sec. 405. Emergency communication and tracking technologies research initiative.
Sec. 406. Broadening participation.
Sec. 407. NIST Fellowships.
Sec. 408. Green manufacturing and construction.

medium-sized manufacturers in the United States if such

Sec. 409. Definitions.

Integrated simulations of complex systems manufacturers were to deploy such simulation and modeling
throughout their manufacturing chains.

Ensuring American Leadership in Advanced Manufacturing by the

Presidents Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) and
the Presidents Innovation and Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC)
states that powerful computational tools and resources for
modeling and simulation could allow many U.S. manufacturing firms
to improve their processes, design, and fabrication.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Computational Fluid Dynamics

Reports on the future

of simulations

February 2012
PLEASE FILL OUT COURSE
INSTRUCTOR FEEDBACK!

http://www.nd.edu/~cif/cif.shtml

Cyberinfrastructure for 21st Century Science and Engineering

Advanced Computing Infrastructure
Vision and Strategic Plan

iii 1