TAP CHI KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHE Tap 45, s6 4, 2007 Tr. 111-118, THIET KE TOI U'U KET CAU THEP BANG THUAT TOAN TIEN HOA VO ANH TUAN, NGUYEN QUOC CUONG 1.MO DAU Do wu diém néi trdi ctla n6, trong nhimg nim gan day viée sir dung thugt tosn jén hod trong tinh todn tdi uu két cdu thép da duoc hig ngudi quan tém nghién ciru. Bai todn tdi wu két cfu xuat hign khi trong nbigu phuong 4n kha thi, két cdu phai théa man thém mot s6 diéu kién nhu (t6i thiéu) trong lugng, dim bao dé cing, higu qua kin 14... Cn cir vao bién thiét ké va ham muc tiéu, t6i wu hoa két cau duge chia thanh: toi uu tiét dign (lién tue va roi rac), t6i uu hinh ding va t6i wu cu trie, Trong bai bao nay dé c§p chit yéu dén bai todn 16i wu tiét dién voi him muc tigu ld cye tiéu hoa trong lugng ciia két cau, theo thuat todn tién hod vi phan (Differential Evolution-DE). Trong rét nhiéu bai todn thiét ké tdi uu tiét dién ctia két cdu, cdc bién cia bai todn t6i uu khéng cé gia tri tay y ma thay vao dé cdc bién thudng duge chon trong mét loat cde gid tri cho true (dign tich thép hinh, dung kinh buléng...). Theo quan niém, tai giai cho bai todn véi cae phan tir c6 tiét dign duge chon tir bang dién tich tiét dién ngang rét don gin, Tuy nhién trong thyc t8, bai toiin nay khéng don gidn niur chiing ta thuimg nghi vi khéi hong tinh todn rat 16n oM6i mét két cau don gian c6 10 phan tir, mdi phan tt dugc chon trong 10 tiét dign cho truéc, néu “7ndi mot lan phan tich két eau mat 0.1 gidy thi ting thoi gian toi uu sé kéo dai hon 10 nam. M6t sé phuong phdp téi wu da duge nhiéu tc gia dé cap va str dung tir nhimg nam 1960 dé gidi quyét bai todn trén, Nhiing phuong phap nay duge gidi thigu boi Fleiiry-L.A. Schmit, Jr (1980), M.W. Huang (1995), M,W. Huang-J.S. Arora (1995, 1997) and R.S.S. Yavada-C.S. Gurujee (1997). Bai bdo nay nhim gidi thigu chung vé mét s6 thuét toan ti wu két ca cau sit dun tién hod, trinh bay mét s6 van dé khi thiét ké tdi uu két cu, céc vi dy t6i uu két cdu chi tra sy chinh xée cling nhu tinh wu vigt eta thugt todn tién hod vi phiin va so sénh véi céec thugt todn khac. Cudi cing, la m6t sé két Tun vé t6i wu két cdu sir dung thuat toan tién hod vi phan. I. THUAT TOAN TIEN HOA ¢ Thugt toan tién hod la khai nigm ding 48 chi eée chuong trinh may tinh cd sit dung thuat todn tim kiém va t6i wu dya trén nguyén ly tién hod ty nhién. Cé nhigu thugt todn da va dang durge nghién ciru song tiéu biéu 1a cdc thuat ton: - Quy hoach tién hoa (EP, Fogel, 1995). - Chién luge tién hoa (ES, Rechenberg, 1994; Schwefel, 1995). - Thugt toan di truyén (GA, Holland, 1992; Goldberg, 1989). - Chién luge di truyén (GP, Koza, 1992; Banzhaf, 1998). - Tién hod vi phan (DE, K. Price-R. Storn, 1996), MtThnat todn tién hod néi chung dya trén quan nigm cho ring, qué trinh tién hod ty nhién la qué trinh hoan hao nhat, hp ly nhat, va tw nd da mang tinh t6i wu. Quan nigm nay ¢6 thé durge xem nhu mét tién dé diing, khéng chimg minh durge nhumg phit hyp véi thire té khach quan. Qué trinh tién hod thé hign tinh ti wu 6 ché, thé hé sau bao gid cing tét hon (phat trién hon, hoan thign hon) thé hé truréc. Tién hoa ty nhién duge duy tri nhé hai gua trinh co ban: sinh san chon Igc ty ahién. Xuyén suét qua trinh tién hod ty nhién, cde thé hé mdi lun duge sinh ra bd sung thay thé thé hé cfi. Ca thé nao phat trién hon, thich img hon voi méi trudng sé tén tai. Ca thé nao khong thich img duge vi méi trudng sé bj dao thai. Céc cd thé mdi sinh ra trong qué trinh tién hod nha sy lai i ghép & thé hé cha-me. Mét cé thé méi c6 thé mang nhimng tinh thuge tinh cia cha-me (di truyén), efing c6 thé mang thude tinh hodn toan mdi (dot bién). Cae thudt todn tién hod, tuy ¢6 nhimg diém khéc bigt, nhumg déu mo phéng bén qua trinh co ban: lai ghép, d6t bién, sinh san va chon loc ty nhién (hinh 1). a Khéi tao quén thé Banh gia Lua chon Két thuc? cha-me Lap Tai sinh Chen loc. Phép lai (dot bién) ‘Banh gia thé hd e ke tiép. Hink 1. Vong lip cua thuat toan tién hod | + Phép lai ghép la qué trinh hinh thanh nhiém sic thé mdi trén co sé nhiém sc thé cha-me, bing cach ghép mt hay nhiéu doan gen cita hai (hay nhiéu) nhiém sc thé cha-me véi nhau. ~ Bot bién la hign tugng cé thé con mang mét (s6) thude tinh khéng 6 trong ma di truyén ca cha-me.Phép dgt bién xay ra véi xéc xudt nhé hon rét nhiéu so véi xde xuat lai ghép. - Phép tdi sinh la qué trinh trong d6 cdc ca thé duge sao chép trén co sé d6 thich nghi cla cf thé d6. - Phép chon 14 qué trinh loai bé céc ca thé x4u trong quan thé dé chi gitt lai trong quan thé cdc ca the tot. IIL. THIET KE TOL UU TRONG LUQNG KET CAU Doi voi bai toan tdi uu tiét dign rBi rac, tiét dign ngang cia mBi du kién sé duge chon trong mét danh sach tiét dién cho truéc. Nhu vay bién thiét ké la dign tich tiét dién ngang cia cu kign, ham myc tiéu duge xdc dinh dya trén cure tiéu hod trong lugng oita két cau va phai thoa mén cée diéu kign rang bude. Thuat todn t6i wu chi tiét duge trinh bay 6 hinh 2, voi mi trong quan thé méi, két edu déu duge phan tich lai ngi lye, chuyén vi, img suat. két cdu sir dung phan mém tinh to4n két cdu cia hang SOFISTIK, phin mém t6i uu dya trén M2thuat toan tién hod vi phan do tac gia tu lap trinh), Khai tao ,| Banh gia, quan thé chon loc Ket qua toi uu Lua chon chasne Quan thé me Hinh 2. Thuat toan tién hod vi phan ~_ sinh 1, Ham mye tigu u dién nhw sau We LAhL, q) 71a chi s6 cua nhém edu kién, um la sé cau kign, Wl trong luong cia Két cfu, 4,18 digntich Ham muc tiéu chin [a cuc tiéu trong long iia cdu kign. Né duge ign ngang ciia cdu kign, 9, va L, 1a trong lurgng riéng va chiéu dai cua cdu kién. 2. Cae ring buge Tai méi vong lip, két cfu cén phai phan tich 48 kiém tra céc rang bude, vi dy nhy rang buge vé img sudt, chuyén vi, én dinh tong thé ciing nhur &n dinh eye b6 va dign tich tet dign phai duge chon tir danh sach céc tiét dign cho truéc. @.1 Rang bude vé ing sudt Rang budc vé tg suat phai thoa man 6, <[o], §=1, 2, ..., am Q) v6i o; la ing suat clia cau kién thir i img véi timg trudng hop tai trong /, [0] la img suat cho phép ciia cu 2.2 Rang bude vé chuyén vi Rang buéc vé chuyén vi phai théa man lalsb"s wong Mes FHA Dy sony @) voi 4, la chuyén vj cia nut / tng vei truong hgp tai trong f, Aula shu Vi,cho phép dud tic dung cia trudng hop tai trong 1, p 1a sd cde chuyén vi rang bude vA nlc ld sé trudng hgp tai trong. 2.3 Rang bude vé bién thiét ké Cae bién thiét ké t6i wu 4, phai théa man digu kign sau Ay o ® @ ® oy” ol” do {* 7 7 oe 4 let 7 r oe lof" Ls af fre ® eo je 7% 7 t js fe a9 le [ee Hinh 6. Khung phang 2 nhip 6 tang Khung chiu 2 trudng hgp tai trong: (1) tai trong phan bd g, = 58,37 kN/m tai cde phan tit 1, 7,11, 17, 21, va 27. Tai trong phan be 14,59 kN/m tai cdc phan tir 2, 6, 12, 16, 22, va 26. (2) tai trong phan bé g, = 14,59 kN/m tai cdc phan ti 1, 2, 6, 7, 11, 12, 16, 17, 21, 22, 26, va 27. Tai trong tp trung P= 5 KN tai cée mit 1,4, 7,10, 13, va 16. Ung sudt va én dinh cuc b6 cia cdc cau kign duge kiém tra theo tigu chuan Eurocode (EC ® 3). Chuyén vi cho phép theo cac phuong cita két cAu 4 A< + 50,8 mm. Két qua téi wu duge thé hign & hinh 7. Sau 20 vong lap trong long téi uu cia két cu W= 2079,4 kg. w 2700 2800 [Ht 2300 2100 + 1700 12349078 6 11219415 101718100 gen Hinh 7. Két qua t6i wu khung phang 2 nhip 6 ting V. KET LUAN dung thudt toan tién hod khi thiét ké tdi uu trong lugn; tng ket cat thép. Nhing t6i wu trong lugng c6 bién t6i wu rdi rac rat hay gap khi t6i wu két cAu thép c6 sir dung tiét dign tigu chuan. Qua cdc vi dy cho thy vigc t6i uu két cdu sir dung atthuat ton 1ién hoa vi phan déu cho két qua tét hon cdc thuat todn tién hod khac. Tuy nhién cing nh céc thuat toan ‘ibe hoa khdc, thuat toan tién hoa vi phan cé thdi gian tinh toan cén Ion. Nhung déi véi sur phat trién cia may tinh, két hop véi kha nang tinh toan song song thi 46 khéng phai 18 van d8 dang lo ngai. Voi thuat todn 161 uu don gidn, c6 thé ap dung cho bai todn t6i wu tiét dién lién tuc hoge rdi rac, viéc Ap dung thuat todn tien hoa dé phan tich Iya chon, n toi tim, duge phuong an ti uu gitip cho ki su xdy dyng e6 thém phuong an lira chon khi thiét ké. TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. C. Fleury and L. A. Schmit - Jr, Dual methods and approximation concepts in structure synthesis, NASA Rep. No. CR-3226, Scientific and Tech. Information Branch, NASA Washington, D.C. 1980. 2. G. Guerlement, R. Targowski, W. Gutkowski, J. Zawidzka, and J. Zawidzki - Discrete minimum weight design of steel structures using EC3 code, Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 22 (2001) p. 322-327. 3. J. ¥. Richard Liew, Jin-Jun Li - Advanced Analysis of Pre-Tensioned Bowstring Structures, International Journal of Steel Structures 6 (2) (2006). 4. K. Price, R.Storn, and J. Lampinen - Differential Evolution - A Practical Approach to Global Optimization, Springer, 2005. 5. M.-W. Huang and J.S. Arora - Optimal design of steel structures using standard sections, Journal of Structural Optimization 14 (1997) 24-35. 6. RS. S. Yavada and C. S. Gurujee - Optimal design of trusses using available sections, Journal of Structural Engineering 23 (5) (1997) 539-692. 7. §. Rajeev and C. S. Krishnamoorthy - Discreet optimization of structures using geneticy algorithms, Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE 118 (5) (1992) 1233-1250. 8 Z. Michalewicz- Genetic Algorithms + Data structures = Evolution Programs, Springer, 1999. SUMMARY OPTIMAL DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES USING DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION ‘The paper presents a practical method of the (discrete) minimum: weight design of steel structures. For such applications, (some) values for variables must be selected from available standard sections. Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm is one of Evolution Algorithms, that was used and implemented into a computer program for their numerical optimization. Three numerical examples are presented: the classical benchmark problem of a 25-bar space truss, a bowstring column, and a 2-bay 6-storey plane frame. The proposed method gives, after a reasonable calculation time, a very good approach to the exact optimum solution. In the example of a 25 bar space truss, the proposed method gave the lowest weight (ca. 5% better than others) ‘compared with corresponding existing results and in the two last examples, the results (weights) obtained were better than the initially designed weights. ~~” Dia chi: Nhdn bai ngdy 22 thang 9 nam 2006 ‘Trung Dai hc Xay dymg Ha NGi. 18