History:

The history of Artificial Intelligence , it was started very early in the industry revelation, by
innovations that made machines to work. However, it was not the real thinking of AI when they
made them. The actual time the AI thinking is started by large scale funding for the researches by
US in early 1960s. The results were mostly theoretical and some practical that solves problems
related to industry information processing, medical, scientific, and military. Artificial
intelligence (AI) began in antiquity, with myths, stories and rumors of artificial beings endowed
with intelligence or consciousness by master craftsmen. The seeds of modern AI were planted by
classical philosophers who attempted to describe the process of human thinking as the
mechanical manipulation of symbols.

The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy (the father of AI) at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. Many of them predicted that a machine as intelligent as a human being would
exist in no more than a generation and they were given millions of dollars to make this vision
come true.

In the 1980s, they launched the expert systems. Then Europe and Japan started also funding AI
researches with very large amount of money. While many expert systems produced, they did not
meet the big image or the illusion that the investors expected which led to temporary
disappointment. However, this step was very important to the next generation of expert systems.

In the 1990s, it was the real start of implementing the AI. The first thing was the computers with
DOS operating system. Then, the Internet started. In general, many AI related things were
developed since.

Introduction:

From way back people dreamed of machines being like humans, so they can help them in
different places of the life. Even before computers and Internet being so popular . One of the best
examples is the Terminator movie that has made the robotic machine very powerful and clever to
find certain human beings and kill them. Then after that movie, many other movies came and
coming to reflect the idea of clever machinery or robots. That is on way how people think about
it, there is other people who have started long back thinking and using some sort of it, to be
accurate in the industry revelation. They made the machines to help them produce more in the
factories. Fortunately, this idea went very well, and people till now, use the programmed
machines to produce very fast and in large amount.

Humankind has given itself the scientific name Homo sapiens (man the wise) because our mental
capacities are so important to our everyday lives and our sense of self. The field of artificial
intelligence, or AI, attempts to understand intelligent entities. Thus, one reason to study it is to
learn more about ourselves. But unlike philosophy and psychology, which are also concerned
with intelligence, AI strives to build intelligent entities as well as understand them. Another
reason to study AI is that these constructed intelligent entities are interesting and useful in their
own right. AI has produced many significant and impressive products even at this early stage in
its development. Although no one can predict the future in detail, it is clear that computers with
human-level intelligence (or better) would have a huge impact on our everyday lives and on the
future course of civilization.

The greatest advances have occurred in the field of games playing. The best computer chess
programs are now capable of beating humans. In May, 1997, an IBM super-computer called
Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess match.

Definition:

Intelligence:

Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world. Varying kinds
and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines.

Artificial intelligence:

Computers to mimic or duplicate the functions of the human brain or Behavior by a machine
that, if performed by a human being, would be called intelligent. The people, procedures,
hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that
demonstrate the characteristics of intelligence are called as artificial intelligence system.
Concept:

Artificial intelligence is the search for a way to map intelligence into mechanical hardware and
enable a structure into that system to formalize thought. It is the science and engineering of
making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs.

The demarcation of concepts holds true to these clauses for systems that:

Think and act like humans

Think and act rationally

It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence. As like
human beings, we learn from our experience in the same way artificial intelligence also learns
from its past experience. It applies the knowledge what it acquire in experience. due to this
knowledge of experience it can handle any situation which it face. It has the ability to solve the
critical problems though the important data is missing. In case of new situation or in a difficult
situation it reacts not only quickly but also correctly. The attractive ability of the artificial
intelligence is to understand visual images properly. It can process and manipulate symbols very
easily.

Branches of Artificial intelligence:

Artificial intelligence classified into six branches depending upon the properties of human being
like listening, sound, brain activity, nerves action, stimulations, to learn new things like different
languages, adaptation and ability to acquire knowledge from experience.

1. Perceptive System:
The perceptive system is a branch off artificial intelligence which deals with the perception like
interpreting sights, sound, smells and touch.

2. vision system:
Vision system is the science and technology of obtaining models , meaning and control
information from visual data. The two main field of vision system are computational vision and
machine vision.
Computational vision has to do with simply recording and analyzing the visual perception and
trying to understand it. Machine vision has to do with using what is found from computational
vision and applying it to benefit people , animal and environment etc.
Vision system has influenced the field of artificial intelligence greatly. artificial intelligence uses
vision system to communicate human. artificial intelligence also uses vision system to recognize
handwriting, text and drawing. Text typed on document can be read by computer easily but
handwritten text can not. Vision system fixes this by converting hand written figures into figures
that can be used by computer.

3. Expert system:
Expert system emulates the decision making ability oh human expert. Expert systems are
designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge, represented primarily as if
then rules rather than through conventional procedure code. Expert system were among the first
truly successful forms of AI software. An expert system is divided into two subsystem the
inference engine and the knowledge base. The knowledge base represents facts and rules. The
inference engine applies the rule to known fact to reduce new facts.

4. Learning system:
To solve the problems system require intelligence . learning is central to intelligence .as
intelligence requires knowledge, it is necessary for the system to acquire knowledge . learning
system serves this purpose. it refers to system capable of acquiring and integrating the
knowledge automatically the capability of system to learn from the experience, training,
analytical observations and other means, results in a system than can continuously self improve
and there by exhibit efficiency and effectiveness. It usually starts with some knowledge and a
corresponding knowledge organization so that it can interpret, analyze and test the knowledge
acquired. Learning system consists of following components,
Learning element: it receives and process the input obtained from person or reference material
Knowledge base: it may contain some basic knowledge. Thereafter it receives more
knowledge which may be new and so be added as it is.
Performance element: It uses the update knowledge based to perform task or solve some
problems.
5. Natural language processing:
It is field of artificial intelligence which is concerned with the interaction between the computers
and human (natural) languages. As such it is related to area of human-computer interaction.
Many challenges in NLP involve: natural language understanding, enabling computers to derive
meaning from human or natural language input and others involve natural language generation.
Natural language processing algorithms are based on system learning, especially statistical
system learning.

6. Neural network:
An artificial neural network is a network inspired by biological neural network which are used to
estimate or approximate functions that can depend on a large number of inputs that are generally
unknown. Artificial neural network are typically specified using three things,
1. Architecture: It specifies that variables are involved I the network and their topological
relationships.
2. Activity rule: local rules define how the activities of the neurons change in response to each
other.
3. Learning rules: It specifies the way in which the neural networks weights changes with time.

Expert system
Expert systems (ES) are one of the prominent research domains of AI. It is introduced by the
researchers at Stanford University, Computer Science Department.

The expert systems are the computer applications developed to solve complex problems in a
particular domain, at the level of extra-ordinary human intelligence and expertise.

Characteristics of Expert Systems

High performance

Understandable
Reliable
Highly responsive
The expert systems are capable of advising, instructing and assisting human in decision making,
demonstrating, explaining interpreting input, predicting results, justifying the conclusion,
suggesting alternative options to a particular task.
Components of Expert Systems
The components of Expert system includes following components
1. Knowledge Base
2. Interface Engine
3. User Interface

Knowledge Base
It contains domain-specific and high-quality knowledge. Knowledge is required to exhibit
intelligence. The success of any ES majority depends upon the collection of highly accurate and
precise knowledge. The data is collection of facts. The information is organized as data and
facts about the task domain. Data, information, and past experience combined together are
termed as knowledge.

Components of Knowledge Base

The knowledge base of an ES is a store of both, factual and heuristic knowledge.
Factual Knowledge It is the information widely accepted by the Knowledge Engineers
and scholars in the task domain.
Heuristic Knowledge It is about practice, accurate judgment, ones ability of evaluation,
and guessing

Interface Engine
Use of efficient procedures and rules by the Interface Engine is essential in deducting a correct,
flawless solution. In case of knowledge-based ES, the Interface Engine acquires and
manipulates the knowledge from the knowledge base to arrive at a particular solution.

User Interface:
User interface provides interaction between user of the ES and the ES itself. It is generally
Natural Language Processing so as to be used by the user who is well-versed in the task domain.
The user of the ES need not be necessarily an expert in Artificial Intelligence.
It explains how the ES has arrived at a particular recommendation. The explanation may appear
in the following forms
Natural language displayed on screen.
Verbal narrations in natural language.
 Listing of rule numbers displayed on the screen.

The user interface makes it easy to trace the credibility of the deductions.

Development of Expert Systems:

The process of ES development is iterative. Steps in developing the ES include ,
1. Identify Problem Domain
The problem must be suitable for an expert system to solve it and find the experts in task
domain for the ES project. Establish cost-effectiveness of the system.
2. Design the System
Identify the ES Technology as well as Know and establish the degree of integration with
the other systems and databases. Realize how the concepts can represent the domain
knowledge best.
3. Develop the Prototype
From Knowledge Base: The knowledge engineer works to
Acquire domain knowledge from the expert.
Represent it in the form of If-THEN-ELSE rules.
4. Test and Refine the Prototype
The knowledge engineer uses sample cases to test the prototype for any deficiencies in
performance.
End users test the prototypes of the ES.
5. Develop and Complete the ES
Test and ensure the interaction of the ES with all elements of its environment, including
end users, databases, and other information systems.
Document the ES project well.
Train the user to use ES.
6. Maintain the ES
Keep the knowledge base up-to-date by regular review and update.
Cater for new interfaces with other information systems, as those systems evolve.
Advantages of Expert system:
They are easily available due to mass production of software.
Production cost is reasonable. This makes them affordable.
They offer great speed. They reduce the amount of work an individual puts in.
Error rate is low as compared to human errors.
They can work in the environment dangerous to humans.
They work steadily without getting motional, tensed or fatigued.
The use heuristic method which gives quick solution.

Disadvantages of Expert system:

The major disadvantage of expert system is the knowledge acquisition.
It requires a significant amount of time to gain the skills required to work with the
involved software applications.
Domain experts not always able to explain their logic and reasoning
Unlike the tasks completed by human beings, expert systems do not incorporate common
sense in making decisions.
It is also not easy to automate complex processes to handle.
It also lacks creativity possessed by human beings.
Errors may occur in the knowledge base, and lead to wrong decisions
Cannot adapt to changing environments, unless knowledge base is changed

Limitation expert system:

The concept of the Expert Systems mainly involves a very narrow range of the codified
domain.
The Expert Systems are not generally adopted at managing the highly sophisticated
sensory inputs.
The Expert Systems mainly function in the domain of the extracted, cognitive, logical
thinking process.
 The different types of the multi dimensional problems that are faced by the various users
while performing the various activities, cannot be efficiently tackled by the Expert Systems.
Some of the typical Expert Systems at times are not able to make available common sense
knowledge and the broad ranging contextual information.
Very narrow range of the knowledge is incorporated in the Expert Systems.
The Expert Systems do not respond well to the various situations out side their range of
the expertise.
The Expert Systems remain what they are the machine experts.
The human self awareness is lacking in the Expert Systems.
The various Expert Systems lack the much needed self analysis tools.
The Expert Systems are non self referral systems.

Applications of expert system:

These systems assist in the design of physical devices and processes, ranging from high-
level conceptual design of abstract entities all the way to factory floor configuration of
manufacturing processes.
The financial services industry has been a vigorous user of expert system techniques.
Advisory programs have been created to assist bankers in determining whether to make loans to
businesses and individuals.
Hazard Evaluation, Chemical Facilities Procedures, Correct Propellant Ingredient
Mixture, Pollution Control Technology Permits, Common Metal and Alloy Identification, Real-
time Process Controlled City Waste Water Management
Submarine Approach Officer Training, Combat Methodology Selection, Radar Mode
Workstation Designing, Federal Contract Management, Severe Weather Forecasting.
Airplane Starting Systems, Data Communications, Test and Repair of a PCB, Gas Turbine
Control System, Bearing System Failures, Telecommunications Difficulties, Real-Time Process
Control, Meterman's Assistant System, Mechanical Equipment and Systems Diagnosis.
Examples of Expert System:
Most computer games are rule-based, which means that the computerized characters such
as enemy guards, friendly wingmen, or monsters follow a basic set of rules according to what is
happening around them. By using AI, the computerized characters become less predictable and
more difficult to overcome. Many designers incorporate fuzzy logic into the characters'
decision-making programs so that the set of rules they operate under are less severe.
Some crowd scenes in animated movies are created with computers and made more
realistic with AI. Called artificial life or A-life, the process involves using a computer to mimic
groups of living things.
Electronic sensors throughout the car's engine monitor its efficiency. A neural network
computer chip in newer models reduces the car's emissions and improves fuel efficiency by
monitoring fuel combustion.
Today a person does not have to get into a car to go shopping, thanks to sophisticated AI
applications and the Internet. In 1995 almost no businesses conducted their affairs over the
Internet. But by the year 2003 business-to-consumer sales on the Internet exceeded $100 billion
and business-to-business sales more than $3 trillion.
A speech recognition applications can be a small part of expert systems which enough
popular out there. If you ever heard about Jarvis Project, it can be an example of a bigger expert
system, it recognize voice commands to do something, even for locking door and turn off the
lamp. In smart phones it is in the form of Cortana in lumia, Siri in iphones and Google voice in
android.

Disadvantages of artificial intelligence:

Over reliance on AI as you may have seen in many films such as The Matrix, iRobot or
even kids films such as WALL.E, if we rely on machines to do almost everything for us we
become very dependent, so much so they have the potential to ruin our lives if something were
to go wrong. Although the films are essentially just fiction, it wouldnt be too smart not to have
some sort of backup plan to potential issues on our part.
Human Feel as they are machines they obviously cant provide you with that human
touch and quality, the feeling of a togetherness and emotional understanding, that machines
will lack the ability to sympathies and empathies with your situations, and may act irrationally
as a consequence.
Inferior as machines will be able to perform almost every task better than us in
practically all respects, they will take up many of our jobs, which will then result in masses of
people who are then jobless and as a result feel essentially useless. This could then lead us to
issues of mental illness and obesity problems etc.
Misuse there is no doubt that this level of technology in the wrong hands can cause mass
destruction, where robot armies could be formed, or they could perhaps malfunction or be
corrupted which then we could be facing a similar scene to that of terminator ( hey, you never
know).
Ethically Wrong? People say that the gift of intuition and intelligence was Gods gift to
mankind, and so to replicate that would be then to kind of play God. Therefore not right to
even attempt to clone our intelligence.
Preprogrammed No able to act any different work than programmed one

Conclusion:
Artificial Intelligence and the technology are one side of the life that always interest and surprise
us with the new ideas, topics, innovations, products etc. AI is still not implemented as the
films representing it(i.e. intelligent robots), however there are many important tries to reach the
level and to compete in market, like sometimes the robots that they show in TV. Nevertheless,
the hidden projects and the development in industrial companies. At the end, weve been in this
research through the AI definitions, brief history, and applications of AI in public, applications
of AI in military, ethics of AI, and the three rules of robotics. This is not the end of AI, there is
more to come from it, who knows what the AI can do for us in the future, maybe it will be a
whole society of robots.
On the other hand Prof. Stefan hawking said that, The development of full artificial
intelligence could spell the end of the human race. It would take off on its own, and re-design
itself at an ever increasing rate .Humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, couldn't
compete, and would be superseded. I believe we will remain in charge of the technology for a
decently long time and the potential of it to solve many of the world problems will be realized.
We cannot quite know what will happen if a machine exceeds our own intelligence, so we can't
know if we'll be infinitely helped by it, or ignored by it and sidelined, or conceivably destroyed
by it".

So though artificial intelligence is beneficial for day to day work it has many drawback too if
the use artificial intelligence exceeds so much in future.
References
http://www.innovationservices.philips.com/sites/default/files/materials-analysis-
gcms.pdf

http://www.slideworld.com/slideshow.aspx/GC-and-GC-MS-ppt-332126

http://www.powershow.com/view/1afb0NzIxO/Gas_Chromatography_Mass_Spectromet
ry_Analysis_GC_MS_Fundamentals_and_Special_Topics_powerpoint_ppt_presentation

http://www.slideshare.net/banuman35/gas-chromatography-and-mass-spectrometry

http://www.bris.ac.uk/nerclsmsf/techniques/gcms.html

file:///G:/GCMS%20%20How%20Does%20It%20Work%20%20%20%20Unsolved%20
Mysteries%20of%20Human%20Health%20%20%20Oregon%20State%20University.ht
m