Wednesday 4th October, 2017

PROFESORADO DE INGLS
LENGUA 1
PROF. NORMA DAZ
LONGMAN STUDENT GRAMMAR OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN ENGLISH

WORK ON THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BASED ON LONGMAN STUDENT GRAMMAR OF

SPOKEN AND WRITTEN ENGLISH.

CHAPTER 4

1- Provide one example of each type of noun described in the chapter (Countable/ uncountable/
proper / collective/ unit / species).

Countable: Orange.

Uncountable: Milk.

Proper: Anna.

Collective: Staff.

Unit: A strand of hair.

Species: Sort of.

2- What are determiners and semi determiners? Provide one example of each and say what kind
of determiner they are.

Determiners are words used to specify the function that a certain noun has. There is a wide range of
determiners: numeral determiners (two, three), possessive determiners (my, your), demonstrative
determiners (this, that), and others. Semi-determiners are words that have both, some adjectives and
determiners characteristics. Examples of these are: same, another, last.

3- What is the only genitive case in English? Offer an example of an elliptic genitive

The genitive case is when we add apostrophe S (s) to show possession, that something belongs to
another or a type of relationship between things.
For instance: Your cousins house.
Your fathers mother is your grandmother.

4- What is an affix? Give examples.

An affix is a bound morpheme that is joined before, after or within the word.
For example: polite impolite.
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Does the word fire fighting have any affix? Explain your answer.

Yes, it has. There is a wide range of affixations, in the case of fire - fighting a noun (fire) and a gerund
verb (fighting) are together to form the compound noun.

5- What distinctions are seen among personal pronouns? Are indefinite pronouns singular or
plural? Provide five examples contextualized in sentences (as many sentences as you need).

There are personal pronouns (we), reflexive pronouns (themselves), demonstrative pronouns (these)
and indefinite pronouns (anyone).
Indefinite pronouns are singular (a, an).

CHAPTER 5
1- Describe briefly what verb functions and classes are?
2- What classes of multi word verbs are there? Give examples.
3- Enumerate the semantic categories of lexical verbs and provide one example of each.
4- Can primary verbs be main verbs and auxiliary verbs? Give examples.

There are personal pronouns (we), reflexive pronouns (themselves), demonstrative pronouns (these)
and indefinite pronouns (anyone).
Indefinite pronouns are singular (a, an).
Examples: We are students at IFD.
The dog acts like it is hungry.
Anyone can do that.

1-Describe briefly what verb functions and classes are?

Verbs provide the focal point of the clause, we can classify them considering oppositions like Lexical verbs
vs. modal verbs.
a- Main verbs play an important role in clauses, they determine the other clause elements, whose pattern
is called valence pattern.
Auxiliary verbs, they occur before a main verb and qualify its meaning.
b- Depending on their ability to function as main verbs or auxiliary verbs the verbs can be grouped.
Lexical verbs only work as main verb (e.g. laugh, speak, drink). They often occur as multi-words units, this
is an open verbs class (new lexical verbs can be added in English Language).
Primary verbs work either as main or as auxiliary verbs, thats why they form a separate class. There are
only three, BE, HAVE and DO.

2- What classes of multi word verbs are there? Give examples.

There are four classes of multi word verbs
Phrasal verbs are verbs followed by an adverbial particle, e.g. look up, get on.
Prepositional verbs consist of a verb followed by a preposition, e.g. apply for, deal with.
Phrasal prepositional verbs contain an adverbial particle and a preposition, e.g. run out of, cut down on.
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OTHER MULTI WORD VERB CONSTRUCTIONS, a single word lexical verb followed by an adverb or
preposition with separate meaning, e.g. take into account, bear in mind.

3- Enumerate the semantic categories of lexical verbs and provide one example of each.
There are seven semantic categories of lexical verbs.
Activity verbs, refer to an action performed intentionally or not by an agent, e.g. He plays tennis and
baseball.
Communication verbs, are a subcategory of activity verbs that is related with communication activities,
e.g. I call my mum every day.
Mental verbs refer to mental states and activities, e.g. I heard the car in the street.
Causative verbs indicate that some person or thing helps to bring about a new state of affairs, e.g.:
This exam requires many hours of study to pass it.
Verbs of occurrence, report events that occur without an actor, e.g.: The children grew up in the
countryside.
Verbs of existence or relationship, report a state of existence or a logical relationship between entities,
e.g. This package contains honey.
Verbs of aspect, characterize the stage of progress of an event or activity, e.g. I started working in a big
company.

4- Can primary verbs be main verbs and auxiliary verbs? Give examples.
Primary verbs can be main verbs and auxiliary verbs
.
e.g. 1 We were in London last year. (main verb be)
The illness is searched by the scientists. (auxiliary verb be )

e.g. 2 I have a headache today. (main verb have)

Elena has discussed with her husband. (auxiliary verb have)

e.g. 3 He always does his homework. (main verb do)

Does he run marathons? (auxiliary verb do)

CHAPTER 6
1- Create one sentence and analyse its tense, aspect and voice.

I work as a waiter
Tense: Present (work).
Aspect: Unmarked or simple aspect (work).
Voice: Active (work).
Modality: Unmarked.

2- Create a negative sentence including a modal verb.

You should not take medicine unnecessarily.

3- What is the difference between a modal and a semi modal? Provide examples.
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On the other side, semi-modals are also followed by the base form of the verb, but unlike modals
they form questions and negatives with certain auxiliaries, such as, do, does, will, did, etc.
For instance: What did you do yesterday?
When it comes to the subjects she he it they take a different form in the present and the past.
Compare: I have to work every day She has to work every day.

It is important to know that modal verbs are never followed by to, that is why ought to is
considered a semi-modal one.

4- Analyse the following sentence as completely as possible taken into account the aspects seen
in this chapter:

It is essential that she apply for a visa before travelling to Russia

Is
Base form: be
Tense: present References:
Aspect: unmarked
Voice: active Verb
Modality: unmarked Subject
Negation: positive
Proper noun
Noun
Apply Preposition
Tense: present
Aspect: unmarked
Voice: active
Modality: unmarked
Negation: positive
Finite clause type: subjunctive

Travelling
Tense: present
Aspect: progressive
Voice: active
Modality: unmarked
Negation: positive
Finite clause type: subjunctive

*We had better point out the different things directly in the sentence but they usually move, that is the
reason why we used colours to differentiate*

CHAPTER 7

1- What differences and similarities can you find between adjectives and adverbs?
For a start, both, adjectives and adverbs represent lexical word classes. Adjectives and adverbs
are less common than noun and verbs, although they are usual in all registers.
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Adjectives are more common in news and academic prose; while adverbs are most common in
conversation and fiction. In the on hand, adjectives frequently modify nouns, but in the other
hand, adverbs often occur together with lexical verbs adding information to the short clauses of
conversation and fiction. Besides their different distributions, there is a great deal of variation in
the form, meaning and syntactic roles of adjectives and adverbs.

2- What is an adverbial?
An adverbial is an individual word (that is, an adverb), a phrase (an adverbial phrase), or a
clause (an adverbial clause) that can modify a verb, an adjective, or a complete sentence.

There are different classes of adverbials, which "includes manner and degree adverbs (e.g.
happily, clumsily, quickly, very), temporal adverbials (e.g. now, when, today), spatial adverbials
(here, north, up, across), attitudinal adverbials (certainly, hopefully), modal adverbials (not, no,
probably, etc.), expectation adverbials (only, even, again), and textual adverbials (firstly, finally)."
(W. McGregor, Semiotic Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1997)

3- Create one or two sentences providing one example of an attributive adjective and one
example of a predicative adjective.
She was alone the evening that the tornado happened. (Predicative adj.)

It was a long journey to Canada. (Attributive adj.)

4- What can adverbs modify? Provide examples.

One of the two major roles of the adverbs is that they serve as modifiers. In this case, they usually
modify an adjective or another adverb.

Examples: My cat is incredibly happy to have his dinner.

Violetta sings too loudly.

5- Can all adjectives and adverbs have a comparative and superlative form? Expand your
answer and offer examples.

Not all the adjectives and adverbs can have a comparative or superlative form.

No type of comparison is possible with certain adjectives and adverbs. They cannot show a
greater or lesser amount, so they can only have one form. Some of these words are perfect,
unique, dead, impossible, and infinite.

Examples:

He was the most unique singer we knew. (Incorrect)

He was a unique singer. (Correct)

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The task was done by:

Mariana Burguete

Prisila Chedid

Santiago Dominguez