You are on page 1of 61

Chapter 9: Phase Diagrams

ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
When we combine two elements...
what equilibrium state do we get?
In particular, if we specify...
--a composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and
--a temperature (T )
then...
How many phases do we get?
What is the composition of each phase?
How much of each phase do we get?

Phase A Phase B

Nickel atom
Copper atom
Chapter 9 - 1
Phase Equilibria: Solubility Limit
Introduction
Solutions solid solutions, single phase
Mixtures more than one phase Adapted from Fig. 9.1,
Callister 7e.

Sucrose/Water Phase Diagram


Solubility Limit: 100
Max concentration for Solubility

Temperature (C)
which only a single phase 80 Limit L
solution occurs. (liquid)
60 +
L
Question: What is the 40 (liquid solution S
solubility limit at 20C? i.e., syrup) (solid
20 sugar)
Answer: 65 wt% sugar.
If Co < 65 wt% sugar: syrup 0 20 40 6065 80 100
If Co > 65 wt% sugar: syrup + sugar.

Sugar
Water

Co =Composition (wt% sugar)

Pure
Pure

Chapter 9 - 2
Components and Phases
Components:
The elements or compounds which are present in the mixture
(e.g., Al and Cu)
Phases:
The physically and chemically distinct material regions
that result (e.g., and ).

Aluminum- (lighter
Copper
phase)
Alloy

(darker
phase)
Adapted from
chapter-opening
photograph,
Chapter 9,
Callister 3e.
A phase maybe defined as a homogeneous portion of a system that has
Chapter 9 - 3
uniform physical and chemical characteristics.
Effect of T & Composition (Co)
Changing T can change # of phases: path A to B.
Changing Co can change # of phases: path B to D.
B (100C,70) D (100C,90)
1 phase 2 phases
100

80 L
Temperature (C)

(liquid)
water- 60 +
sugar L S
system (liquid solution (solid
40 i.e., syrup) sugar)
20 A (20C,70)
2 phases
Adapted from 0
Fig. 9.1, 0 20 40 60 70 80 100
Callister 7e.
Co =Composition (wt% sugar)
Chapter 9 - 4
Phase Equilibrium

Equilibrium: minimum energy state for a given T, P, and composition


(i.e. equilibrium state will persist indefinitely for a fixed T, P and
composition).

Phase Equilibrium: If there is more than 1 phase present, phase


characteristics will stay constant over time.

Phase diagrams tell us about equilibrium phases as a function of T,


P and composition (here, well always keep P constant for simplicity).

Chapter 9 - 5
Unary Systems

Triple point
Chapter 9 - 6
Phase Equilibria

Simple solution system (e.g., Ni-Cu solution)

Crystal electroneg r (nm)


Structure
Ni FCC 1.9 0.1246
Cu FCC 1.8 0.1278

Both have the same crystal structure (FCC) and have


similar electronegativities and atomic radii (W. Hume
Rothery rules) suggesting high mutual solubility.
Ni and Cu are totally miscible in all proportions.

Chapter 9 - 7
Unary Systems

Single component system

Consider 2 metals:
Cu has melting T = 1085oC
Ni has melting T = 1453oC (at standard P = 1 atm)
T T

liquid

liquid
1453oC

1085oC
solid
solid

Cu Ni Chapter 9 - 8
What happens when Cu and Ni are mixed?
Binary Isomorphous Systems

2 components Complete liquid and solid solubility

Expect Tm of solution to lie in between Tm of two pure components

T T
For a pure
liquid component,
complete melting
L occurs before T
liquid
1453oC increases (sharp
phase transition).
But for
1085oC multicomponent
solid systems, there is
S
solid usually a
coexistence of L
0 100 and S.
Cu wt% Ni Ni Chapter 9 - 9
Phase Diagrams
Indicate phases as function of T, Co, and P.
For this course:
-binary systems: just 2 components.
-independent variables: T and Co (P = 1 atm is almost always used).
T(C)
Phase 1600 2 phases:
Diagram L (liquid)
1500 L (liquid)
for Cu-Ni (FCC solid solution)
system 1400 3 phase fields:
i d us L
1300 liq
u
+ us L+
L lid
1200 so
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister 7e.
(Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from Phase
1100 (FCC solid Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash
(Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park,
solution) OH (1991).
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni Chapter 9 - 10
Phase Diagrams:
# and types of phases
Rule 1: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the # and types of phases present.
T(C)
Examples: 1600
A(1100C, 60): L (liquid)
1500

B (1250C,35)
1 phase: s Cu-Ni
d u
ui phase
B(1250C, 35): 1400 liq us
li d
2 phases: L + so diagram
1300 +
L (FCC solid
1200 solution)
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister 7e.
(Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from Phase 1100 A(1100C,60)
Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash
(Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park,
OH, 1991). 1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
Chapter 9 - 11
Phase Diagrams:
composition of phases
Rule 2: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the composition of each phase. Cu-Ni
T(C) system
Examples:
TA A
Co = 35 wt% Ni tie line dus
l i q ui
At T A = 1320C: 1300 L (liquid)
L +
Only Liquid (L) B s
T lidu
CL = Co ( = 35 wt% Ni) B s o

At T D = 1190C:
1200 L+ D (solid)
Only Solid ( ) TD
C = Co ( = 35 wt% Ni)
20 3032 35 4043 50
At T B = 1250C: CLCo C wt% Ni
Both and L Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b), Callister 7e.
CL = C liquidus ( = 32 wt% Ni here) (Fig. 9.3(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams
of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
C = C solidus ( = 43 wt% Ni here) International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)
Chapter 9 - 12
Determining phase composition
in 2-phase region:
1. Draw the tie line.
2. Note where the tie line intersects
the liquidus and solidus lines (i.e.
where the tie line crosses the
phase boundaries).
3. Read off the composition at the
boundaries:
Liquid is composed of CL amount
of Ni (31.5 wt% Ni).
Solid is composed of C amount of
Ni (42.5 wt% Ni).

Chapter 9 - 13
Phase Diagrams:
weight fractions of phases
Rule 3: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the amount of each phase (given in wt%). Cu-Ni
Examples: T(C) system
Co = 35 wt% Ni TA A
tie line dus
i
At T A : Only Liquid (L) 1300 L (liquid) l i qu
+
W L = 100 wt%, W = 0 B L
id us
At T D: Only Solid ( ) TB R S s ol

W L = 0, W = 100 wt%
L + (solid)
1200 D
At T B : Both and L TD
S 43 35 20 3032 35 40 43 50
WL = = = 73 wt % CLCo C wt% Ni
R + S 43 32
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b), Callister 7e.
R (Fig. 9.3(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of
W = = 27 wt% Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
R +S International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)

Chapter 9 - 14
Lever Rule: Derivation
Since we have only 2 phases:

WL + W = 1 (1)

Conservation of mass requires that:


Amount of Ni in -phase + amount of Ni in liquid phase = total amount of Ni
or
W C + WL C L = Co (2)

From 1st condition, we have: W = 1 WL

Sub-in to (2): (1 WL )C + WL C L = Co

Solving for WL and W gives :

C Co Co C L
WL = W =
C C L C C L
Chapter 9 - 15
The Lever Rule
Tie line connects the phases in equilibrium with
each other - essentially an isotherm
T(C) How much of each phase?
tie line dus
l i qu
i Think of it as a lever (teeter-totter)
1300 L (liquid)
+ M
L ML
B us
TB id
s ol

L + (solid)
1200
R S R S
20 30C C 40 C 50
L o M S = M L R
wt% Ni Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b),
Callister 7e.

ML S C C0 R C CL
WL = = = W = = 0
M L + M R + S C CL R + S C CL
Chapter 9 - 16
Ex: Cooling in a Cu-Ni Binary
Phase diagram: T(C) L (liquid) L: 35wt%Ni
Cu-Ni system. Cu-Ni
System is: system
130 0 A
--binary L: 35 wt% Ni L+
i.e., 2 components: : 46 wt% Ni
35 B
46
Cu and Ni. 32 C 43
--isomorphous 24 D
36 L: 32 wt% Ni
i.e., complete : 43 wt% Ni
solubility of one 1200
L + E
L: 24 wt% Ni
component in
another; phase : 36 wt% Ni

field extends from (solid)
0 to 100 wt% Ni.
Consider 1100
Co = 35 wt%Ni. 20 30 35 40 50
Adapted from Fig. 9.4, Co wt% Ni
Callister 7e.
Chapter 9 - 17
Microstructures in Isomorphous Alloys
Microstructures will vary on the cooling rate (i.e. processing conditions)

1. Equilibrium Cooling: Very slow cooling to allow phase equilibrium to


be maintained during the cooling process.
a (T>1260oC): start as
homogeneous liquid solution.
b (T ~ 1260oC): liquidus line
reached. phase begins to
nucleate. C = 46 wt% Ni; CL = 35 wt% Ni
c (T= 1250oC): calculate composition
and mass fraction of each phase.
C = 43 wt% Ni; CL = 32 wt% Ni

d (T~ 1220oC): solidus line reached.


Nearly complete solidification.
C = 35 wt% Ni; CL = 24 wt% Ni

e (T<1220oC): homogeneous solid


solution with 35 wt% Ni. Chapter 9 - 18
Non-equilibrium cooling

Since diffusion rate is especially low in solids, consider case where:

Cooling rate >> diffusion rate in solid


Cooling rate << diffusion rate in liquid
(equilibrium maintained in liquids phase)

Chapter 9 - 19
Non-equilibrium cooling
a (T>1260oC): start as
homogeneous liquid solution.
b (T ~ 1260oC): liquidus line
reached. phase begins to nucleate.
C = 46 wt% Ni; CL = 35 wt% Ni
c (T= 1250oC): solids that formed at pt b
remain with same composition (46wt%) and
new solids with 42 wt% Ni form around the
existing solids (Why around them?).
d (T~ 1220oC): solidus line reached. Nearly
complete solidification.
Previously solidified regions maintain original
composition and further solidification occurs at 35
wt% Ni.

e (T<1220oC): Non-equilibrium solidification


complete (with phase segregation).

Chapter 9 - 20
Cored vs Equilibrium Phases
C changes as we solidify.
Cu-Ni case: First to solidify has C = 46 wt% Ni.
Last to solidify has C = 35 wt% Ni.
Fast rate of cooling: Slow rate of cooling:
Cored structure Equilibrium structure
Uniform C :
First to solidify:
46 wt% Ni 35 wt% Ni
Last to solidify:
< 35 wt% Ni

Cored structure can be eliminated by a homogenization


heat treatment at a temperature below the solidus point
Chapter 9 - 21
for the particular alloy composition.
Mechanical Properties: Cu-Ni System
Effect of solid solution strengthening on:
--Tensile strength (TS) --Ductility (%EL,%AR)
At RT
Tensile Strength (MPa)

60

Elongation (%EL)
%EL for pure Cu
400 50 %EL for
TS for pure Ni
pure Ni 40
300
TS for pure Cu 30
200 20
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Cu Ni Cu Ni
Composition, wt% Ni Composition, wt% Ni
Adapted from Fig. 9.6(a), Callister 7e. Adapted from Fig. 9.6(b), Callister 7e.

--Peak as a function of Co --Min. as a function of Co

Chapter 9 - 22
Binary-Eutectic Systems
has a special composition
2 components with a min. melting T.
Cu-Ag
T(C) system
Ex.: Cu-Ag system 1200
3 single phase regions L (liquid)
(L, , ) 1000
Limited solubility: L + 779C L+
T 800
: mostly Cu E 8.0 71.9 91.2
: mostly Ag 600
TE : No liquid below TE +
CE : Min. melting TE 400

composition 200
0 20 40 60 CE 80 100
Eutectic transition Co , wt% Ag
L(CE) (CE) + (CE) Adapted from Fig. 9.7,
Callister 7e.

Chapter 9 - 23
Eutectic Point

Eutectic point: Where 2 liquidus lines


meet (pt. E).
Sometimes also referred to as invariant
point.

Eutectic Reaction:
cool
L(CE) (CE) + (CE)
heat
similar to one component (pure) system
except 2 solid phases.

Eutectic Isotherm: Horizontal solidus


Cu-Ag phase diagram line at T = TE.

Single phase regions: , , L-phase


2-Phase coexistence regions: +, +L and +L
Chapter 9 - 24
EX: Pb-Sn Eutectic System (1)
For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 150C, find...
--the phases present: + Pb-Sn
--compositions of phases: T(C) system
CO = 40 wt% Sn
C = 11 wt% Sn 300
L (liquid)
C = 99 wt% Sn
--the relative amount L+
200 183C L+
of each phase: 18.3 61.9 97.8
S C - CO 150
W =
R+S
=
C - C
R S
100
+
99 - 40 59
= = = 67 wt%
99 - 11 88
C - C 0 11 20 40 60 80 99100
W = R = O C Co C
R+S C - C C, wt% Sn
Adapted from Fig. 9.8,
40 - 11 29 Callister 7e.
= = = 33 wt%
99 - 11 88 Chapter 9 - 25
EX: Pb-Sn Eutectic System (2)
For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 200C, find...
--the phases present: + L Pb-Sn
--compositions of phases: T(C) system
CO = 40 wt% Sn
C = 17 wt% Sn 300
L (liquid)
CL = 46 wt% Sn L+
--the relative amount 220
200 R S L+
of each phase: 183C
CL - CO 46 - 40
W = = 100
CL - C 46 - 17 +
6
= = 21 wt%
29 100
0 17 20 40 46 60 80
C Co CL
CO - C 23 C, wt% Sn
WL = = = 79 wt% Adapted from Fig. 9.8,
CL - C 29 Callister 7e.

Chapter 9 - 26
Microstructures
in Eutectic Systems: I
Adapted from Fig. 9.11,
Co < 2 wt% Sn T(C) L: Co wt% Sn Callister 7e.
400
L

300 L
1. One component rich
composition. L+
a: start with homogeneous liquid. 200

b: -phase solids with liquid. : Co wt% Sn
(Pb-Sn
TE
Compositions and mass fractions System)
can be found via tie lines and lever 100
rule. +
c: -phase solid solution only.

Net result: polycrystalline solid. 0 10 20 30


Co C , wt% Sn
o
2
Cooling at this composition is similar (room T solubility limit)
to binary isomorphous systems.
Chapter 9 - 27
Microstructures
in Eutectic Systems: II Adapted from Fig. 9.12,
Callister 7e.

2 wt% Sn < Co < 18.3 wt% Sn


L: Co wt% Sn
T(C)
400
L
2. One-component rich but cooling to + L
300
coexistence.
d: homogeneous liquid. L+
: Co wt% Sn
e: + L phase (same as previous but at
different compositions and mass fractions). 200
TE
f: all -phase solid solution.
g: + phase (passing through solvus line
leads to exceeding solubility limit and 100
phase precipitates out). + Pb-Sn
Net result: polycrystalline -solid with fine system
crystals.
0 10 20 30
2 Co Co , wt% Sn
(sol. limit at T room ) 18.3
(sol. limit at TE)
Chapter 9 - 28
Microstructures
in Eutectic Systems: III
Co = CE
Result: Eutectic microstructure (lamellar structure)
--alternating layers (lamellae) of and crystals.
Micrograph of Pb-Sn
T(C) eutectic
L: Co wt% Sn microstructure
300 L
Pb-Sn
system
L+
200 183C L+
TE

100 160 m
+ : 97.8 wt% Sn
Adapted from Fig. 9.14, Callister 7e.
: 18.3 wt%Sn

0 20 40 60 80 100
18.3 CE 97.8
Adapted from Fig. 9.13, 61.9 C, wt% Sn Chapter 9 - 29
Callister 7e.

Lamellar Eutectic Structure

Sn

Pb rich
L
Sn rich
Pb
Adapted from Figs. 9.14 & 9.15, Callister
7e.
In order to achieve large Lamellar structure forms because
homogeneous regions, long relatively short diffusion lengths
Chapter 9 - 30
diffusion lengths are required. are required.
Microstructures
in Eutectic Systems: IV
18.3 wt% Sn < Co < 61.9 wt% Sn
Result: crystals and a eutectic microstructure
L: Co wt% Sn
Just above TE :
T(C) L
L
C = 18.3 wt% Sn
300 CL = 61.9 wt% Sn
L
Pb-Sn S
L+ W = = 50 wt%
system R+S
200
R S L+ WL = (1- W) = 50 wt%
TE S
R
Just below TE :
100 + C = 18.3 wt% Sn
primary C = 97.8 wt% Sn
eutectic
eutectic W= S = 73 wt%
0 20 40 60 80 100 R+S
18.3 61.9 97.8 W = 27 wt%
Adapted from Fig. 9.16,
Callister 7e. Co, wt% Sn Chapter 9 - 31
Hypoeutectic & Hypereutectic
(Pb-Sn Microconstituent: an
System) 300 element of a
L microstructure with
Adapted from Fig. 9.8, T(C)
Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.8 L + identifiable and
adapted from Binary Phase
200 L+
Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 3,
TE characteristic structure (at
T.B. Massalski (Editor-in- + pt. m there are 2
Chief), ASM International, 100
Materials Park, OH, 1990.)
microconstituents: primary
and eutectic structures)
0 20 40 60 80 100 Co, wt% Sn
eutectic
hypoeutectic: Co = 50 wt% Sn 61.9 hypereutectic: (illustration only)
(Figs. 9.14 and 9.17
from Metals
Handbook, 9th ed., eutectic: Co = 61.9 wt% Sn
Vol. 9,

Metallography and
Microstructures,
American Society for
Metals, Materials
Park, OH, 1985.)
175 m 160 m
Adapted from eutectic micro-constituent Adapted from Fig. 9.17,
Fig. 9.17, Callister 7e. Adapted from Fig. 9.14, Callister 7e. (Illustration
Callister 7e. only)
Chapter 9 - 32
Intermediate phases

Intermediate solid solutions (intermediate phases): Solid solutions that do


not extend to pure components in the phase diagram.
Cu-Zn

Terminal solid
solutions: and .

Intermediate solid
solutions: , , and .

Tie lines and lever rule can


be used to determine
compositions and wt% of
phases.
e.g. at 800oC with 70 wt%
Zn
CL = 78 wt% Zn
C = 67 wt% Zn

Chapter 9 - 33
Intermetallic Compounds

Adapted from
Fig. 9.20, Callister 7e.

Mg2Pb

Note: intermetallic compound forms a discrete line - not an


area - because stoichiometry (i.e. composition) is Chapter
exact. 9 - 34
Eutectoid & Peritectic
Eutectic - liquid in equilibrium with two solids
L cool +
heat

Eutectoid - solid phase in equation with two solid


phases
intermetallic compound
S2 S1+S3 - cementite
cool + Fe3C (727C)
heat

Peritectic - liquid + solid 1  solid 2 (Fig 9.21)


S1 + L S2
cool
+ L heat (1493C)

Chapter 9 - 35
Eutectoid & Peritectic
Peritectic transition + L
Cu-Zn Phase diagram

Adapted from
Fig. 9.21, Callister 7e.
Eutectoid transition +
Chapter 9 - 36
Congruent phase transformation

Congruent transformation: no change in composition upon phase


transformation. (for example: allotropic transformation)
Incongruent transformation: phase transformation where at least one of the
phases go through composition change. (for example: isomorphous, eutectic and
eutectoid system)

Chapter 9 - 37
Ceramic phase diagrams

Al2O3-Cr2O3 MgO-Al2O3

Chapter 9 - 38
Gibbs Phase Rule
A criterion for the number of phases that will coexist within a system at equilibrium
Number of non-
Number of compositional variables
phases present P+F=C+N (Temperature & Pressure)

Degree of freedom (externally controllable Number of


parameters: i.e. T, P, and C) components

e.g. Cu-Ag phase diagram

Cu and Ag are the only components


-> C = 2

Temperature is the only non-compositional variable


here (i.e. fixed pressure).
-> N = 1 (but in general N = 2)

When 2 phases are present


-> P = 2 which leads to F = C+N-P = 2+1-2 = 1

When only 1 phase is present.


-> P = 1 which leads to F = 2

What does this mean? Why should you care?


Chapter 9 - 39
Gibbs Phase Rule
In the previous example of Cu-Ag phase diagram, when F = 1, only one
parameter (T or C) needs to be specified to completely define the system.

e.g. (for +L region)


If T is specified to be 1000oC,
compositions are already determined
(C and CL).

Or

If composition of the a phase is


specified to be C then both T and CL
are already determined.

The nature of the phases is important,


not the relative phase amounts.
C CL
Chapter 9 - 40
Gibbs Phase Rule
When F = 2, both T and C have to be specified to completely define the
state of the system.

e.g.(for region)
If T is specified to be 800oC, C can be
any where between 0 to ~8 wt% Ag)

Or

If composition of the a phase is


specified to be C = 3 wt%, then T and
can be any where between ~600 to
1100oC.

C
Chapter 9 - 41
Gibbs Phase Rule

Where in the CuAg diagram, is there a 0 degree of freedom?


(i.e. T, P, and C are all fixed)---eutectic isotherm

F=3-P=0

Chapter 9 - 42
Concept Check
Question: For a ternary system, three
components are present; temperature is also
a variable. What is the maximum number of
phases that may be present for a ternary
system, assuming that pressure is held
constant?

Chapter 9 - 43
Iron-Carbon Systemstructural material

Ferrite Magnets

TVR Tuscan Speed 6, high-performance sports The world's first bridge made of iron
car with an austempered ductile iron crankshaft. in 1779. The entire structure is
made of cast iron. (near Broseley,
Chapter 9 - 44
UK)
Iron-Carbon System
Steel bridges

Millau Viaduct in France, the


The Akashi Kaikyo bridge, a 3-span 2- highest bridge in the world.
hinged truss-stiffened suspension bridge.
completed in 1998. It connects Kobe with
Awaji Island. It is the world's longest
Golden Gate Bridge
suspension bridge, with a span between
the towers of 1.9 km.
Chapter 9 - 45
Iron-Carbon System

Iron-carbon (Fe-C) system is one of the most


important binary systems due to the versatile uses of
the iron-based structural alloys.
This phase diagram is so important in understanding
the equilibrium structure, and in the design of heat
treatment process of iron alloys.
The most important part of the phase diagram is the
region below6.7 w% carbon. All practical iron-carbon
alloys contain C below 6.7 w%. This part is of the
phase diagram is thus the most analyzed part of the
iron carbon phase diagram.

Chapter 9 - 46
Iron-Carbon System

Typical metal (e.g. Cu) Iron


T(oC)
T

Liquid
Liquid
1538
Ferrite (BCC)
Tm 1394

Austenite (FCC)
Solid 912
Ferrite (BCC)

Chapter 9 - 47
Iron-Carbon System
Iron-Iron Carbide Diagram

Chapter 9 - 48
Remarks on Fe-C system
C is an interstitial element in Fe matrix.

C has limited solid solubility in the alpha BCC phase (narrow region close to
pure iron). Max solid solubility of C in alpha iron is 0.022 w% at 727 C.

Alpha iron an be made magnetic below 768C.

Austenite phase is not stable below at 727 C. Max solid solubility of C into
austenite is 2.14 w% at 1147C, much larger that that in alpha phase.

Austenite is a non-magnetic phase, and heat treatment of Fe-C alloys


involving austenite is so important.

Cementite phase (intermetallic, Fe3C) forms over a large region of the Fe-C
phase diagram, but it is a metastable phase (heating above 650 C for years
decomposes this phase into alpha iron and graphite). Cementite is very hard
and brittle.

ferrite is stable only at relatively high T, it is of no technological importance


and is not discussed further.

Chapter 9 - 49
Ferrite (90x) Austenite (x325)
Relatively soft
Density: 7.88g/cm3 Chapter 9 - 50
Classification Scheme of Ferrous Alloys

Iron
Pure ion contains less than 0.008wt% C
Steel
0.008-2.14 wt% C, in practice,<1.0 wt% C

Cast Iron
2.14-6.70 wt% C, in practice, <4.5 wt% C

Chapter 9 - 51
Iron-Carbon (Fe-C) Phase Diagram
Eutectoid cooling: cool
(0.76 wt% C) (0.022 wt% C)
T(C) heat + Fe3C (6.7 wt% C)
2 important
1600
points
-Eutectic (A): 1400 L
L + Fe3C +L
1200 1148C
A L+Fe3C
-Eutectoid (B): (austenite)

Fe3C (cementite)
R S
+ Fe3C 1000
+ +Fe3C
800
B 727C = Teutectoid

R S
600
+Fe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe) 0.76 4.30 Co, wt% C
120 m
C eutectoid

Result: Pearlite = Fe3C (cementite-hard)


alternating layers of (ferrite-soft)
and Fe3C phases
(Adapted from Fig. 9.27, Callister 7e.) Adapted from Fig. 9.24,Callister 7e.
Chapter 9 - 52
Pearlite

colonies
Pearl-microscope picture

(X500)
Mechanically, pearlite has properties intermediate between the
Chapter 9 - 53
soft, ductile ferrite and the hard, brittle cementite.
Hypoeutectoid Steel
T(C)
1600

1400 L
(Fe-C
+L
1200 1148C L+Fe3C System)

Fe3C (cementite)
(austenite)
1000
Adapted from Figs. 9.24
+ Fe3C and 9.29,Callister 7e.
(Fig. 9.24 adapted from
800 r s 727C Binary Alloy Phase
RS Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol.
1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-
w =s/(r +s) 600
w =(1- w )
+ Fe3C Chief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH,
1990.)
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe) Co , wt% C
0.76

C0
pearlite
w pearlite = w
Hypoeutectoid
w =S/(R+S) 100 m
steel
w Fe3C =(1-w )
pearlite proeutectoid ferrite
Adapted from Fig. 9.30,Callister 7e. Chapter 9 - 54
Hypereutectoid Steel
T(C)
1600

1400 L (Fe-C
+L System)
1200

1148C L+Fe3C

Fe3C (cementite)
(austenite)
1000 Adapted from Figs. 9.24
+Fe3C and 9.32,Callister 7e.
Fe3C (Fig. 9.24 adapted from
800 r s Binary Alloy Phase
Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol.
R S 1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-
600
w Fe3C =r/(r +s) +Fe3C Chief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH,
w =(1-w Fe3C ) 1990.)
400
0 1 Co 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.76

(Fe)
pearlite Co , wt%C
w pearlite = w
w =S/(R+S)
w Fe3C =(1-w ) 60 mHypereutectoid
steel
pearlite proeutectoid Fe3C
Adapted from Fig. 9.33,Callister 7e. Chapter 9 - 55
Example: Phase Equilibria
For a 99.6 wt% Fe-0.40 wt% C at a temperature
just below the eutectoid, determine the
following
a) composition of Fe3C and ferrite ()
b) the amount of carbide (cementite) in grams
that forms per 100 g of steel
c) the amount of pearlite and proeutectoid
ferrite ()

Chapter 9 - 56
Chapter 9 Phase Equilibria
Solution: a) composition of Fe3C and ferrite ()
b) the amount of carbide CO = 0.40 wt% C
(cementite) in grams that C = 0.022 wt% C
forms per 100 g of steel CFe C = 6.70 wt% C
3
1600

Fe3C Co C 1400 L
= x100 T(C)
Fe3C + CFe3C C +L

Fe3C (cementite)
1200 1148C L+Fe3C
(austenite)
0.4 0.022
= x 100 = 5.7g 1000
6.7 0.022 + Fe3C
800 727C
R S
Fe3C = 5.7 g 600 + Fe3C
= 94.3 g 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
C CO Co , wt% C CFe
3C

Chapter 9 - 57
Chapter 9 Phase Equilibria
c. the amount of pearlite and proeutectoid ferrite ()
note: amount of pearlite = amount of just above TE
Co = 0.40 wt% C
C = 0.022 wt% C 1600
Cpearlite = C = 0.76 wt% C
1400 L
T(C)
Co C +L

Fe3C (cementite)
= x 100 = 51.2 g 1200 1148C L+Fe3C
+ C C (austenite)
1000
+ Fe3C
800 727C
RS
pearlite = 51.2 g 600 + Fe3C
proeutectoid = 48.8 g 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
C C C Co , wt% C
O

Chapter 9 - 58
Effect of alloying elements on Fe-C
phase diagram

Chapter 9 - 59
Alloying Steel with More Elements

Teutectoid changes: Ceutectoid changes:

C eutectoid (wt%C)
Ti
T Eutectoid (C)

Si
Mo W Ni
Cr
Cr Si
Mn
Mn W
Ti Mo
Ni

wt. % of alloying elements wt. % of alloying elements


Adapted from Fig. 9.34,Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.34 Adapted from Fig. 9.35,Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.35
from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying
Elements in Steel, American Society for Metals, Elements in Steel, American Society for Metals,
1939, p. 127.) 1939, p. 127.)

Chapter 9 - 60
Summary

Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:


--the number and types of phases,
--the wt% of each phase,
--and the composition of each phase
for a given T and composition of the system.
Alloying to produce a solid solution usually
--increases the tensile strength (TS)
--decreases the ductility.
Binary eutectics and binary eutectoids allow for
a range of microstructures.

Chapter 9 - 61

You might also like