May 2006

Alternative Fuels
Presentation
CHOA
ALSTOM Today
Transport

Energy

2
 The new ALSTOM

A global leader in infrastructure

for Power Generation and Rail Transport

Power Service
N1

Power
Transport Environment
Marine
Power
N2 N1
N2 Turbo-
Systems
N1 to N3
Alstom Technologies /
Capabilities

Boilers (Utility, Industrial and HRSGs)

Environmental (Air Pollution Control)

Large Steam Turbines

Large Gas Turbines

Turbo-generators

Heat Exchange Systems

Hydro Power Plants

BOP, Electrical & Control Systems

Power Plant construction and maintenance services

Turnkey power plants
 Fossil Fuel Power Plant
NOx Control

-SCR Systems
-SCONOx

Boiler
Steam Turbine
and Generator

Substation
Systems

Pulverizer

Ash
Handling

Flue Gas Construction

Particulate
Desulfurization
Control Wet FGD
Fabric Filter
Dry FGD
Air Preheater Electrostatic
FDA
Precipitator
 May 2006

Alternative Fuels
No

$0
$2
$4
$6
$8
$10
v-9 $12
9
Ju
l-0
Ma 0
r -0
No 1
v-0
1
Ju
l-0
Ma 2
r -0
No 3
v-0
Alberta Natural Gas Price

3
Ju
l-0
$/GJ

Ma 4
NGX/AECO

r -0
No 5
v-0
5
Boiler Fuels

Coal
Coal

Waste Coals...

Gas &
Oil

Oil Refining Wastes

Sludge
and other
Industrial
Wastes

Petcoke
Biomass
FUEL OPTIONS

Coal $0.50 to $2.00 / GJ

Petcoke
Asphaltene $-0.50 to $0.50 / GJ
Residual

Natural Gas $5.50 to $15.50 / GJ

Bitumen $6.00 to $14.50 / GJ

 May 2006

BOILER & EMISSION CONTROL

TECHNOLOGY
Industrial Suspension Fired Boiler
Pulverized Coal Boiler (PC)
Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler (CFB)
Modular CFB Boilers
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

POLLUTANTS CONTROLLED
Sulfur Oxides
Nitrogen Oxides
Particulate Matter
Halides
Heavy Metals
Organic Matter
Mercury
Air Pollution Control Development

Tall Stack
Concept

1950s 1960s 1970s

DENOX
DESOX DESOX

1980s
1990-2000 End Product Recovery
and Utilization
 Emission Control Technologies

Particulate Control:

Dry Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP)

Wet Electrostatic Precipitators ( WESP)

Pulse Jet Fabric Filters (HRFF)

Reverse Air Fabric Filters (LRFF)

Venturi Scrubbers (VS)

Condensing Scrubbers (MoDo)

 Emission Control Technologies

Flue Gas Desulfurization & Acid Gases:

Wet Lime/Limestone Flue Gas Desulfurization (WFGD)

Wet Sodium FGD and Acid Gases Absorption (WSFGD)

Seawater FGD (SWFGD)

Dry Lime Flue Gas Desulfurization (DFGD)

Flash Dryer Absorber (FDA)

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

 DFGD Process Flow
Dry Recycle
Flue Gas
B
Spray
Dryer
Fabric
Filter I.D. Fan

Disposal Disposal
Water

Lime Recycle
Water Silo
Slaker
B

Storage Feed
Tank Tank
 WFGD Process Diagram

Limestone/Forced Oxidation
STACK
WATER
SPRAY TOWER
ABSORBER

ELECTROSTATIC MAKE-UP
PRECIPITATOR WATER
TO BALL
MILL TANK

TO WWTS

LIMESTONE

HYDROCLONE

AIR BELT FILTER

GYPSUM

FROM MW
TANK
BALL MILL
 Limestone/Forced Oxidation
CO2
(Carbon dioxide)

H2O
(Water)

SO2
(Sulphur dioxide)

CaCO3
(Calcium carbonate, CaSO42H2O
limestone) (Calcium sulphate,
gypsum)
O2
(Oxygen)

SO2 + CaCO3 + O2 + H2O CaSO42H2O + CO2

 Boiler / Environmental Equipment
Arrangements
Boil SCR AH FF/ESP ID FAN WFGD WESP STACK 1

Boil SCR AH FF/ESP ID FAN WFGD STACK 2

Boil SCR AH SDA-DFGD FF/ESP ID FAN STACK 3

Boil SCR AH FDA-DFGD FF/ESP ID FAN STACK 3

CFB SNCR AH FDA-DFGD FF/ESP ID FAN STACK 1

CFB AH FF/ESP ID FAN STACK 3

Typical ~NOx Typical ~SO2 Typical Typical ~SO2 ~H2SO4 Typical

Boiler Cooling PM10 Gas Flow ~ PM 2.5 Discharge

1. Max Multi-Control (NOx + SOx + H2SO4 burning high sulfur fuel)

2. NOx + SOx Control burning mid-level sulfur fuel (~2%)
3. NOx + SOx + H2SO4 burning low/mid sulfur fuel (<2%)
 May 2006

CFB BOILER PRESENTATION

 ALSTOM CFB Timeline
CFB

CFB Baima,
Baima,
Kaiyuan,
Kaiyuan,
Guayama,
Guayama, Qinhuangdao
Qinhuangdao
Red
RedHills,
Hills,
CFB Seward.
Seward.
E.
E.Kentucky
Kentucky
Sulcis 1X300 MW (RH)
Sulcis 2X300 MW (RH)
CFB Provence,
Provence, 2X300 MW (RH)
KEPCO
KEPCO 2X250 MW (RH)
Copyright 2005 ALSTOM

2X250 MW (RH)
CFB Warrior
Warrior 2X290 MW (RH)
Run 1X250 MW (RH) 1X260 MW (RH)
Run 1X340 MW (RH)
1X220 MW (RH)
Texas-
Texas-
CFB New
CFB New
Mexico
Mexico 1X210 MW (RH)
Thames
Thames
IONE
IONE
Shady
Shady
Westwood Point 2X155 MW (RH)
Westwood Point
CFB NEPCO
NEPCO
Ultra-
Ultra-
Ultra-
Systems
Systems 5X75 MW (RH)
Scott
Scott
Paper
Paper 7 Units
15-43 MW

1x 65 MW

1986 1987 1989 1990 1993 1996 2000 2004

 CFBs - Proven Technology

Cumulative Capacity (MWe

(MWe)
MWe Cumulative Number of Units
MWe Number
50000 800
700
40000
600
30000 500
400
20000 300
10000 200
100
0 0
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003

1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
Year of Order Year of Order

Over 46,000 MWe, over 700 units

 CFB Process Schematic
Fuel + Limestone + Air = Clean Power

Evaporative Surface
Limestone
Superheat or Reheat Surface
Crusher
Limestone
Refractory Surface
Day Bin
Superheat and/or Ash
Evaporative
Surfaces Reheat as an option
Gravimetric
Feeder Drum
Limestone Storage

Superheat and/or Reheat

Blower

Economizer
Cyclone
Crusher
Fuel
Day Air Out
Storage Furnace
Air
Heater

Gravimetric Air
Feeder In
Scal Pot Fabric Filter
Fuel Storage
or
Fluid
Electrostatic
Bed Heat
Precipitator
Exchanger I.D.
Fan
Secondary Air

Stack
Ash Cooler

Superheat/
Primary Prim. Sec.
Reheat and/or
Air Air
Evaporative Air
Surfaces Fan Fan

Cooling Water
External FBHE as option

To
Ash Silo

ALSTOM Power - Leadership in CFB Technology

 CFB Drivers
Clean Power

Environmentally Acceptable
SO2 removal without FGD
Removals as high as 98.5% with FDA
Inherent low NOx
low combustion temperatures and staged combustion

Fuel Flexibility
Multiple and low grade fuels

Dry Ash disposal/ Reuse by-

by-product

High Reliability
ALSTOM Power - Leadership in CFB Technology
 Experience With a Wide Range of Fuels
ALSTOM Power CFB experience includes:

Anthracite Petroleum coke

Bituminous coal - delayed and fluid

Subbituminous coal Biomass

Lignite - ranging from wood chips to olive

Brown Coal pits to paper mill sludge

A wide range of constituents

Coal wastes
- anthracite culm, anthracite silt,
Constituent High Low
bituminous gob, washery wastes
HHV Btu/lb 14000 1050 Oil shale (test unit)
HHV MJ/kg
Moisture
33
62%
2.4
3%
Sewage sludge
Ash 76% 4%
Carbon 71% 19%
Sulfur (maf) 13% 0.3%

ALSTOM Power - Leadership in CFB Technology

 CFB Emissions Trends
NOx Emissions - BACT Region 5

0.35
NOx Emissions (lb/MMBTU)

0.3
0.25
CFBs w/SNCR
CFBs
0.2
0.15
High Volatile Fuel
0.1
0.05
Low Volatile Fuel
0
1985 1995 2005
 CFB Emissions Trends SO2 Removal -
BACT Region 5

Emission Trends
100
98
SO2 R emoval (%)

96
94
92 CFB w/ FDA
90
88
86
1985 1995 2005
 FDA DFGD Process
High recirculation
No slurry handling
Dry product ~5% water TC Fabric Filter

High utilization of reagent

Fresh Lime for PC Boiler
Recirculation
No Fresh Lime for CFB

Water

Humidifier

Reagent End Product

 CFBs - High Availability
Percent of Time Boiler Available in 2004
100
90 1-39 MW coal
80
70 40-99 MW coal
% 60
50 40-99 MW
40 culm
30 40-99 MW gob
20
10 >=100 MW
coal
0
Plant size & fuel type
Source: CIBO for
Note: Culm and gob are wastes associated with the mining or processing of anthracite and bituminous coal respectively US CFBs

High availabilities with both waste fuels and coal

 CFB boiler Benefits

Multiple Waste Fuel capabilities
Co-Firing with waste wood (CO2 emissions Credit)

Low emissions (NOx, SOx )

High boiler efficiencies (90 % Petcoke)
Less Fuel burnt (Lower CO2 emissions)

Superheated steam
Capital efficiency (higher heat output/capital)
Plant efficiency (Lower CO2 emissions)

Customized steam conditions and electrical production
BP steam turbine with process extraction

Low boiler blowdown ~ 1%
Less recycle, power consumed (Lower CO2 emissions)

Dry SO2 / SO3 capture process (No water consumption)

Dry bottom/fly ash (construction applications)

CO2 capture ready
 Boiler Water Limits

Maximum Boiler Water Concentrations

Drum Boiler Water Boiler Water Boiler Water Steam Range of Total
Pressure Range of Total Range of Total Suspended Dissolved Solids
dissolved Solids Alkalinity Solids (exclusive of Silica)

psig. ppm Max. ppm ppm Max ppm Max

0 - 300 700-3500 140-700 15 0.2 1.0

301 - 450 600 3000 120 600 10 0.2 1.0

451 600 500 2500 100 500 8 0.2 1.0

601 750 200 1000 40 200 3 0.1 0.5

751 900 150 750 30 150 2 0.1 0.5

901 1000 125 625 25 125 1 0.1 0.5

1001 - 1800 100 TBD 1 0.1 34

 May 2006

CO2 Capture
 CO2 Reduction/Capture

1. Efficiencies
Boiler (combustion air, fuel, moisture, flue gas temp)
Plant (electrical, superheat)

2. Waste Wood Co-Firing

3. Oxygen-Fired CFB (combustion)

4. CO2 Frosting (back-end)

5. Advanced Chemical Looping

 Oxygen Firing to produce
concentrated CO2 stream
N2 CO2 Recycle

Air Separation O2
Boiler Condenser
Unit (ASU)
Compressor
O2, N2 Fuel H2 O
CO2-Rich Product
Air in-leakage to Gas Processing
System
CFB Steam Generator Unit INDUCED
DRAFT
FAN
INFILTRATION
AIR
Cyclone
BACKPASS Gas
HEAT CONDNESATE Cooler
EXCHANGERS
COMBUSTOR
PFWH

PARTICULATE
Front-End
External
REMOVAL
Heat
OXYGEN SYSTEM
Exchanger
HEATER
GAS
RECIRCULATION
COAL FAN
LIMESTONE Integrated
OXYGEN
AIR
ASH AIR SEAPARATION NITROGEN
COOLER FLUIDIZING UNIT
GAS
BLOWER Tail-End
The Oxy-fuel concept
 CO2 Frosting
Schematic of commercial Ammonia-based CO2 capture
system retrofited downstream of the FGD

Existing
Stack
Exisiting CO2
FGD

Flue Gas Wash

120F Chiller Lean AC

Wash
CO2
Absorber
Rich ABC
Purge Regenerator

Flue Gas 35F

Water HP
Pump HX Reboiler
Rich Slurry 2 stage
Cooling
Lean Slurry

CO2

Cooling & Cleaning of FG CO2 Absorption CO2 Regeneration

The system is expected to achieve 90% removal of CO2 and high removal of residual
SO2, HCl, HF, SO3, PM2.5.
The CO2 capture system has the following main subsystems:
1. Flue Gas Cooling.
2. CO2 absorption.
3. Pressure regeneration.
Advanced Chemical Looping