THERMAL SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION

AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT

ASSIGNMENT I
NEWTON-RAPHSON

By: Riska Ayu (23116308)

Lecturer : Dr. Willy Adriansyah

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Bandung Institute of Technology
2017
The simulation will be given for a non-regenerative gas-turbine cycle. This cycle consist
of compressor, combustor, and turbine whose performance characteristics are known.
The turbine-compressor combination operates at 120 r/s. the objective of simulation is
to determine the power output at the shaft, Es kW, if 8000 kW of energy is added at the
combustor by burning fuel. The turbine draws air and rejects the turbine exhaust to
atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa. The entering air temperature is 250C. Certain
simplifications will be introduced in the solution, but it is understood that the simulation
method can be extended to more refined calculations. The simplifications are.

Assumptions:
1. Perfect gas properties throughout the cycle and a cp constant at 1.03 kJ/(kg K)
2. Neglect the mass added in the form of fuel in combustor so that the mass rate of flow
w is constant throughout the cycle.
3. Neglect the pressure drop in the combustor so that p2=p3 and the high pressure in the
system can be designated simply as p.
4. Neglect heat transfer to the environment.
Step A
Develop the equation based on the curve of axial flow compressor performance and gas
turbine performance (Least-Square Regression)
1. Assume we only know the curve and put the data on the table

Table Data from figure 6-12 (a)

No x y
1 6 459.52
2 7 452.73
3 8 437.88
4 9 414.97
5 10 384
6 11 344.97
7 12 297.88
8 13 242.73
9 14 179.52
10 15 108.25
Total 105 3322.45
Mean 10.5 332.245

2. Calculate the function using Least-Square Regression for polynomial

There are some method, but this report using matrix formula. Then the formula are :

() = 0 + 1 + 2 2 .(1)

2 0
3 ] [ ] = [ ]
[ 2 1 (2)
4 2 2
2 3
3. Based on the equation, calculate all values that we need for the formula

No x y x.y y2 x2 x2 . y x3 x4
1 6 459.52 2757.12 211158.6 36 16542.72 216 1296
2 7 452.73 3169.11 204964.5 49 22183.77 343 2401
3 8 437.88 3503.04 191738.9 64 28024.32 512 4096
4 9 414.97 3734.73 172200.1 81 33612.57 729 6561
5 10 384 3840 147456 100 38400 1000 10000
6 11 344.97 3794.67 119004.3 121 41741.37 1331 14641
7 12 297.88 3574.56 88732.49 144 42894.72 1728 20736
8 13 242.73 3155.49 58917.85 169 41021.37 2197 28561
9 14 179.52 2513.28 32227.43 196 35185.92 2744 38416
10 15 108.25 1623.75 11718.06 225 24356.25 3375 50625
105 3322.45 31665.75 1238118 1185 323963 14175 177333

4. Remember the matrix operation

[A] . [X] = [B]
[X] = [A]-1 [B]

So, the equation become

1
2 613932 121506 5610
1
[]1 = [ 2 3 ] = (123396 24765 1155)
17820
2 3 4 5768 1169 55

3322.45
[] = [31665.75]
323963

548.194
[A]1 [B] = [ 3.27992 ]
2.10944

5. So, the function of the curve is

() = 548.19 + 3.28 2.11 2
If, y = p (pressure) and x = w (flow rate) than the function is
= 548.19 + 3.28 2.11 2 (a)
6. The differences between true value and predictive value is describe in the table

No x y y(x) Error
1 6 459.52 491.47 31.95

2 7 452.73 467.253 14.523

3 8 437.88 438.818 0.938

4 9 414.97 406.165 -8.805

5 10 384 369.294 -14.706

6 11 344.97 328.205 -16.765

7 12 297.88 282.898 -14.982

8 13 242.73 233.373 -9.357

9 14 179.52 179.63 0.11

10 15 108.25 121.669 13.419

105 3322.45 3318.775 -3.675

7. Using the same way to develop the equation of compressor performance (figure 6-
12b). The result is

= 1020 0.383 + 0.005132 (b)

= 548.19 + 3.28 2.11 2 (a)

Where :
p = discharge pressure of compressor, kPa
w = mass rate of flow, kg/s
Ec = power required by compressor, kW

And also the equations can be developed for the curves in fig 6-13 below.
 = 8.5019 + 0.02332 + 0.48 104 2 0.02644 + 0.1849 104 2 +
0.000121 0.2736 106 2 0.1137 106 2 + 0.2124 109 2 2 (c)

= 1727.5 + 10.06 + 0.0330332 7.4709 + 0.003919 2 + 0.050921

0.8525 104 2 0.2356 104 2 + 0.4473 107 2 2 .. (d)
Where, t = entering temperature = t3, 0C
Et = power delivered by turbine, kW

The equation from energy balances are :

Compressor : = (2 25). (e)

Combustor : 8000 = (3 2 ). (f)
Turbine power : = + . (g)
Step B
Solve by the Newton-Raphson method (iteration)
Trial value was found using equation below

Then we can do the iteration using

Flow rate (w) : equation (c)
Pressure (p) : equation (a)
Power required by compressor (Ec) : equation (b)
Combustor inlet temperature (t2) : equation (e)
Power required by turbine (Es) : equation (g)
Entering temperature (t3) : equation (f)
Power delivered by turbine (Et) : equation (d)
Error : xn-xn-1
No w p Ec t2 Es t3 Et Error
1 10 350 1500 170 1500 900 3000 0
2 10.51684 384 1514.375 140.3846 1589.624 1074 3103.999 103.9992
3 9.803585 364.8341 1629.3773 135.7656 2274.954 1033.505 3904.331 800.3317
4 9.698905 390.719 1563.0916 152.8478 2006.926 1090.509 3570.018 -334.313
5 9.834201 394.173 1653.5074 148.9705 2377.394 1099.58 4030.901 460.8835
6 9.849286 389.6922 1666.0918 154.3373 2432.4 1087.892 4098.492 67.59111
7 9.82965 389.1835 1649.7896 155.122 2361.367 1086.609 4011.157 -87.3352
8 9.827381 389.8453 1647.9518 154.1062 2353.48 1088.28 4001.432 -9.72474
9 9.830331 389.9216 1650.3433 153.9922 2363.748 1088.474 4014.091 12.65925
10 9.83067 389.8224 1650.6193 154.1406 2364.935 1088.222 4015.554 1.463051
11 9.830229 389.811 1650.2605 154.1577 2363.392 1088.193 4013.652 -1.9022
12 9.830179 389.8258 1650.2193 154.1355 2363.214 1088.231 4013.434 -0.21855
13 9.830245 389.8275 1650.2729 154.1329 2363.445 1088.235 4013.718 0.284196
14 9.830252 389.8253 1650.2791 154.1362 2363.472 1088.229 4013.751 0.03268
15 9.830242 389.825 1650.271 154.1366 2363.437 1088.229 4013.708 -0.0425
The final error is

w 9.830242 f1 -0.000331406
p 389.825 f2 0.000921714
Ec 1650.271 f3 1.133E-06
t2 154.1366 f4 0.004886055
Es 2363.437 f5 342.7435587
t3 1088.229 f6 -1457.822698
Et 4013.708 f7 0

The conclution is the shaft power delivered by this system is 2363.4 kW.