MATH2352 Differential Equations and Applications Name:

Coursework 6 ID:
Problem 1. Solve the IVP
(
x (t) = x 5y
for x(0) = 1, y(0) = 1
y (t) = x 3y

Solution: Let    
x 1 5
X= and A =
y 1 3
then the characteristic polynomial of the matrix system X = AX is
 
1 5
det(A I) = det = 2 + 2 + 2 = ( + 1)2 + 1,
1 3

so the eigenvalues are = 1 i.

For the eigenvector corresponding to = 1 + i, consider
      
v1 2i 5 v1 0
(A I) = = v1 (2 + i)v2 = 0
v2 1 2 i v2 0

Setting v1 = 2 + i and v2 = 1 gives  

2+i
v=
1
so one of the two linearly independent solutions can be written as
 
(1+i)t 2 + i
X1 (t) = e
1
 
t 2+i
= e (cos t + i sin t)
1
   
t 2 cos t sin t t cos t + 2 sin t
=e + ie
cos t sin t

Let    
2 cos t sin t cos t + 2 sin t
u(t) = et and v(t) = et
cos t sin t
then the general solution of the given system is
   
2 cos t sin t cos t + 2 sin t
X(t) = c1 u(t) + c2 v(t) = c1 et + c2 et
cos t sin t

Substituting this into the IC gives

   
2c1 + c2 1
X(0) = = c1 = 1, c2 = 1
c1 1

Therefore the solution to the IVP is

     
x(t) 2 cos t sin t cos t + 2 sin t
= et et
y(t) cos t sin t
 t 
e (cos t 3 sin t)
=
et (cos t sin t)

1
Problem 2. Find the general solution of the system
      t 
x 1 3 x e
= + t
y 3 1 y 3e

Solution: To obtain the eigenvalues, consider the characteristic polynomial

 
1
3
det(A I) = det = 2 4 = ( + 2)( 2)
3 1

so the eigenvalues are = 2.

For the eigenvector corresponding to = 2, consider
   

  
v 3 3 v1 0
(A I) 1 = = 3v1 + v2 = 0
v2 3 1 v2 0

 
1

Setting v1 = 1 and v2 = 3 gives v = , so one of the two linearly independent solutions can
3
be written as  
2t 1

X1 (t) = e
3
For the eigenvector corresponding to = 2, consider
   

  
v 1 3 v1 0
(A I) 1 = = v1 + 3v2 = 0
v2 3 3 v2 0

 
3
Setting v1 = 3 and v2 = 1 gives v = , so the second linearly independent solution is
1
 
3
X2 (t) = e2t
1

To obtain the particular solution Xp , consider

3e2t
 

e2t

= X1 X2 =
3e2t e2t

of which the inverse is  2t

3e2t

1
1
= e 2t ,
4 3e e2t
then Xp can be found by
 2t  Z  2t 2t   t 
e 2t
3e 1 e 3e e t dt
Xp = 2t 2t
2t
3e e 4 3e e 2t 3e
3t
3e2t 3et
   
1
Z
e2t et
= 2t dt
4 3e 2t
e 3e 3e3t
2t   1 3t t
3 e 3e
 
1 e2t 3e
=
4 3e2t e2t 3et + 13 e3t
et 32 et
 
= 2 et 1 t
e
3 3

Therefore the general solution to the given DE is

         2 
x(t) 1 3 2t 1 3
= X h + X p = c1 e2t + c2 e + 2 et + 1
et
y(t) 3 1 3
3