Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Overview
WK + HF = IE + KE + FD + VD + IHE Other
IE = SE + PD + CD + DMD + FC + AE + DC
Various energy terms
External Work, External Heat Flux, Internal Strain Energy, Kinetic
Energy, Frictional Dissipation, Viscous Dissipation , Internal Heating,
Energy associated with Penalties and Mass Scaling, Recoverable
Strain Energy, Plastic Dissipation, Viscoelasticity, Damage, Fluid
Cavity Energy, Artificial Hourglass Control Energy, Distortion Control,
and the Kitchen Sink!
1 1
ALLIE
2
ALLKE
ALLKE
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 1 2 3 4 5
fast for 1 1
result, DSP can
quasi-static 0.5 0.5
cleanup the rest
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 5 10 15
Displacement Displacement
Bodie Technology, Inc
Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc. Smart-Tools for Analysis
5
In Abaqus, the energy balance equation for the entire model is written as
Model B indicates that ETOTAL is constant and thus the results pass this sanity
check.
Model A Model B
Energy
ETOTAL ~ 0
entire solution
ETOTAL is
Rotation
NOT Constant
Bodie Technology, Inc
Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc. Smart-Tools for Analysis
7
Most FEA analysts look at deformed shapes, stress and strain contours,
displacements and reaction forces.
Many less FEA users frequently look at plots of energy
Very few do any additional calculations with energy quantities
ETOTAL is non-
zero, BUT constant.
It is non-zero due to
Energy large initial kinetic
energy in the
Significant problem.
plasticity ALLAE
ALLIE
ALLKE
ALLPD
ALLSE
ALLVD
ALLWK
ETOTAL
10
Additional comments
Must define sufficient static displacement B.C.s to avoid rigid body
motion.
Consider the use of Inertial Relief in certain simulations to avoid
over constraining with displacement BCs.
Understanding what is the correct static deformation mode to apply is
not too difficult in some cases & nearly impossible in other cases.
Accuracy
Remember, this is only an
Most accurate for Displacement results. approximation and the
Stress and Strain are reasonably accurate. underlying assumptions
must be valid.
Acceleration not computed in a static model.
Strain-Rate Dependence of Material Behavior is Ignored.
May be significant in plastics and polymers!
2
Cold-rolled steel
3 1 0.0
12
Solution
Drop
Assume that housing stiffness is much larger than dir.
antenna support and chip/board stiffness
Compress phone in Instron (or MTS) uniaxial tester.
Record load and cross-head displacement
Integrate to get applied work vs displacement
Stop test when work equals mgh antenna
M = mass of phone, g = 9.81m/s2, h = 2m support
Scale any static response from model, rstatic, to get dynamic response, rdyn,
by
Structure is statically
DEPTI deformed into
rdyn rstatic
SE FD expected impact
deformation mode
Bodie Technology, Inc
Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc. Smart-Tools for Analysis
14
IE
Energy
0.3
2
1
0.2
w FD
F fric
0
0.1 w u
KE 0
1 0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10
Displacement
Displacement
Bodie Technology, Inc
Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc. Smart-Tools for Analysis
16
W F du Complementary
Force, F
Work, W*
External Complementary Work
u dF
Work, W
W*
Displacement, u
Observations
w WK
Fapplied
w u
Derivatives of energy relate directly to the force balance for springs in parallel
w WK w IE w KE w FD
Fapplied ) IE ) KE ) FD
w u w u w u w u
Springs in Parallel
Force balance: Ftotal = F1 + F2 +
Displacements: 'Ltotal = 'L1 = 'L2 =
Springs in Series
Force balance: Ftotal = F1 = F2 =
Displacements: 'Ltotal = 'L1 + 'L2 +
18
Derivatives of energy relate directly to the force balance for springs in parallel
w WK w IE w KE w FD
Fapplied ) IE ) KE ) FD
w u w u w u w u
Answer YES
Via Causality and Energy
Derivatives
20
w WK w IE w KE w FD
Fapplied ) IE ) KE ) FD
w u w u w u w u
Estimating changes in a structures response from energy derivatives
Derivatives of IE how component stiffness changes affect response.
Stiffness changes including changes in material or geometry.
Derivatives of KE how kinetic energy (mass or velocity) changes
affect response.
Derivatives of FD how coefficient of friction changes affect response.
10
0
0 45 90 135 180
Peel angle (deg)
Bodie Technology, Inc
Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc. Smart-Tools for Analysis
22
Experimental data
(Kawashita, 2006)
15
Abaqus (raw)
0
0 45 90 135 180
force
displacement
FEA via Abaqus/Explicit,
Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc. Filtering via Kornucopia Bodie Technology, Inc
Smart-Tools for Analysis
24
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
Force
Force
1 1 1 1
2 interpretations.
1
0
Kinetic Force load associated with
Kinetic energy moving mass.
1
w U KE
0 2 4 6 8 10
FKE UKE kinetic energy
w u
Displacement
No filtering
u - displacement
2
w U friction
0
Displacement
Bodie Technology, Inc
Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc. Smart-Tools for Analysis
26
Filtered via
1 0.05 bi-directional lowpass
"Kinetic Force"
0 0 fc=0.005fs
1 0.05
2 0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Displacement Displacement
Force
Displacement Displacement
Bodie Technology, Inc
Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc. Smart-Tools for Analysis
27
External work
0.3
2
0.2
1
0 0.1
Kinetic energy
1 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Displacement
Displacement
With Filtering
w U friction
0.5
Filtered via
Displacement
Bodie Technology, Inc
Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc. Smart-Tools for Analysis
28
Quasi-Static Snap-Fit Via Explicit Dynamics FEA
Energy Methods, Derivatives, and DSP to Improve Analysis
Estimating Frictional Influence
Orig. Simulation, COF = 0.3
1.5
1
To+5
Force
To
0.5 To-5
0
0 2 4 6 8
Displacement
Prediction equation
Ftotal
COF new
Ftotal
COF 0.3
F fric
COF 0.3
COFnew
COF 0.3
1
To
Force
To-5 from 0.3 to 0.5
0.5 To-5 0.5 (FEA model
NOT re-run)
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
Displacement Displacement
Force
actual FEA
Validating predictions by running 0.5
To-5
actual full FEA models for all three
angle cases with COF = 0.5 0
0 2 4 6 8
Displacement
Bodie Technology, Inc
Copyright 2004 - 2012 Bodie Technology, Inc. Smart-Tools for Analysis
30
ME, E
** **Predictions from
FEA model with
COF=0.3 and
** energy derivatives
32
Conclusions
Many engineers doing FEA and/or physical testing underutilize Energy Methods
Smart-Tools for
Analyzing Noisy &
Challenging Problems
www.BodieTech.com
Analytical
Want to learn more about these Advanced
Energy Methods?
Creativity The topic is covered in greater detail
+
Perspective (including workshops) in our short course
Numerical Experimental Analyzing Noisy Data via
Filtering and DSP
34
Engineering Tools
Mathcad & Kornucopia, Abaqus nonlinear FEA, and experimental methods