Stress and Strain

(tegasan & keterikan)

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 Stress
Intensity of force acting on an
object (N/mm2)

()
=
()

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 Strain
Deformation occurred to an object
due to force (no unit).

()
=
()

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 Relationship between stress and strain
Consider the following imaginary
experiment:
A metal bar is fixed in a clamp at its top
end and has a tray, on which weights can
be put, at its bottom end. Before any
weights are put on the tray, the distance
between two punch-marks on the bar is
measured and found to be l. When
weights are put on the tray, the distance
between the punch-marks will be found
to increase, and to increase more when
more weights are applied.
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Increase of the distance
between the punch-marks is Digital Vernier Caliper

called l and the total of the

weights on the tray is called P

Weights

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 Load Stress Elongation Strain
(P) (p=P/A) l =L/L

L1 1
Initial distance between
W1 p1
two punch-marks
Rod cross
sectional
Area = A
W1+W2 p2 L2 2

Load will be
W1 +W2+W3 p3 L3 3
added
. . . .
Elongation

progressively
. . . .
. . . .
W3
W2 . . . .
W1

if we were to plot the corresponding values of l

and P, one would obtain a graph like

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 p

Material fails under

excessive strain

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 Proportional Limit
within the proportional limit, the stress is directly
proportional to strain - Hookes Law
or = k
k is called the Modulus of Elasticity E or Youngs
Modulus
= k or = E
Young Modulus of a material is fairly constant:
Esteel = 205kN/mm2
Econc = 15 - 40kN/mm2
Etimber = 10 - 16Kn/mm2

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 Elastic Limit
beyond this limit the material will no longer go back to
its original shape when the load is removed
Yield Point
The point at which the material will have an
appreciable elongation or yielding without any
increase in load.
Ultimate Strength
the maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram
(ultimate strength)
Rapture Strength
the strength of the material at rupture (the breaking
strength)
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 Working Stress, Allowable Stress
Working stress = the actual stress of a material under a
given loading

Allowable stress = The maximum safe stress that a material

can carry (limited to values not exceeding the proportional
limit)
Proportional limit is difficult to determine accurately, the
allowable stress is taken as either the yield point or
ultimate strength divided by a factor of safety.

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Relationship between stress and strain can be used to examine the
effect of load on structure, example:

Cable original length = 12000mm

Dcable=2mm
Ecable=200kN/mm2

Estimate the elongation of the cable after loading.

31.5kg
Elongation?

Before After
Loading Loading

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 4 4
= = =
2 2
4 0.315 1200
= =
= 200 2 22 200

= 2 = 0.601
= 1200
=
2 = 31.5 10

4 = 315
4 = 0.315
=
2

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