Lab# 7

Wind Tunnel

Introduction

An airfoil is given on which we perform test in wind tunnel. During the air flow, there is a pressure
difference created on the wing section.

Four forces affect things that fly:

1. Weight is the force of gravity. It acts in a downward directiontoward the center of the Earth.
2. Lift is the force that acts at a right angle to the direction of motion through the air. Lift is created
by differences in air pressure.
3. Thrust is the force that propels a flying machine in the direction of motion. Engines produce
thrust.
4. Drag is the force that acts opposite to the direction of motion. Drag is caused by friction and
differences in air pressure.

An airfoil is able to generate lift because of an overall pressure difference between the top of the airfoil
and bottom of the airfoil as air flows past the surfaces. According to Bernoullis theorem, if the fluid flows
horizontally so that no change in gravitational potential energy occurs, then a decrease in fluid pressure
is associated with an increase in fluid velocity. If the fluid is flowing through a horizontal pipe of varying
cross-sectional area, for example, the fluid speeds up in constricted areas so that the pressure the fluid
exerts is least where the cross section is smallest. This phenomenon is sometimes called the Venturi effect,
after the Italian scientist G.B. Venturi (17461822), who first noted the effects of constricted channels on
fluid flow. One of the most dramatic everyday examples of Bernoulli's principle can be found in the
airplane, which stays aloft due to pressure differences on the surface of its wing.

Likewise, the cambered upper surface of an airfoil creates a "constriction" in the overall flow field, forcing
air up and over the cambered surface, thereby increasing the flow velocity across the upper surface with
a corresponding decrease in pressure. The lower surface of an airfoil is typically less cambered than the
upper surface, ensuring the airflow velocity over the upper surface is greater than the lower surface with
higher pressure under the airfoil than on the upper surface. This pressure difference creates lift. The more
lift made, the more prominent the incited drag which must be overwhelmed by pushed. Distinctive airfoil
cross-areas likewise create diverse measures of lift. Only two forces affect a spacecraft in space, A
spacecraft has weight, even in orbit, and uses thrust to reach space and to maneuver. But lift and drag
both created by movement through airare absent in the near vacuum of space.

The coefficient of lift is a tentatively inferred parameter for a specific airfoil cross-area which decides the
measure of lift the airfoil can produce for a given arrangement of conditions. Lift must be produced up to
a specific approach to the approaching wind current. In the event that the edge is excessively incredible,
the wind current ends up noticeably isolates, the wing slows down and never again creates lift. This lifting
power can likewise be utilized to decide the coefficient of lift for a specific airfoil. On the off chance that
the weight profile of an airfoil inside a given wind stream speed field can be resolved, the lifting power
can figured to help decide appropriateness of the airfoil for an airfoil outline.
References

1. http://howthingsfly.si.edu/forces-flight/four-forces
2. http://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/Real-Life-Chemistry-Vol-3-Physics-Vol-1/Bernoulli-s-
Principle.html
3. https://www.britannica.com/science/Bernoullis-theorem
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil