CHM 431

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

TITLE : COLLOIDS CHEMISTRY

NAME : NURFADHILAH BINTI JAAFAR

ID NUMBER : 2016675256

GROUP : AS 246 3B

SUBMITION DATE : 14TH NOVEMBER 2016

LECTURERS NAME : MADAM ZARILA MOHD SHARIFF

TITLE

Colloids Chemistry

OBJECTIVES

a) To study the general properties of a ferric hydroxide sol, starch solution and some true
solutions

INTRODUCTION

A colloid is a type of mixture and was first introduced by Thomas Graham (1861) which consists
of dispersion phase and dispersion medium. There are 8 classes of colloidal system which are
made up of solids, gases and liquid. The table shown below summarize the different type of
colloids.

Sols are classified can be classified into two types which are lyophilic (liquid loving) and
lyophobic (liquid hating). The particle size of the dispersed phase typically ranges from 1nm to
1000 micrometer because of the ability to pass through the filter paper but cannot pass through
the animal or vegetable membrane. On the other hand the particles of colloids are smaller than
the particles represents in the suspension. However, cellophane membrane, restrict the
passage of dispersed colloidal particles more than they restricted the passage of dispersed of
dissolved ions or molecules. Colloids exhibit physical properties such as Tyndall effect,
electrical effect, and molecular collision effects which depend on the types of colloid
experimented.
When the concentrated iron (III) chloride solution is heated, it will undergoes hydrolysis and
gives off heat in exothermic reaction with the production of gas. The dark brown precipitate of
insoluble iron (III) hydroxide forms. The hydrolysis process is reversible

FeCl3(aq) +3H2O(l) Fe(OH)3 (s) + 3HCl(aq)

After that, iron (III) chloride was added to the beaker of hot water, then a colloidal iron(III) oxide
was formed with brown red in colour.

PROCEDURE

A. Dialysis
1. 5 test tubes were cleaned and dried and filled with 5cm3 with each of the following
solutions:
Test tube A: 5% starch solution
Test tube B: sodium chloride solution 0.1M
Test tube C: ferric hydroxide sol
Test tube D: 10% sugar solution
Test tube E: potassium chromate solution (K2CrO4)
2. The mouths of all the test tubes were wrapped with pre-soak cellophane membrane
and were fastening tightly with a thread. (Note: The cellophane membrane must be
soaked in deionised water at least 24 hour prior to your experiment).
3. The test tubes were inverted and dipped in different small beakers containing
deionised water. The test tubes were clamped and left for 1 hour. The water level in
the beakers was always made sure were lower than the level of the solutions in test
tubes.
4. 3 cm3 of the deionised water was taken from each beakers after 1 hour dialysis and
were tested with a few drops of the following reagents:
Starch solution: dilute iodine solution
Chloride solution: silver nitrate solution
Fe3+ ions solution: potassium hexacyanoferum (II) solution
Sugar solution: Fehling solution (warm the mixture to about 60oC in the water bath)
Chromate ion solution: ethanol solution (add 4-6 drops of dilute H2SO4 to the
mixture in the water bath)
 5. All the observations are recorded in the data sheet.

B. Stability of ferric hydroxide sol

1. 3 test tubes were cleaned and dried
2. All the test tubes were filled with 2 cm3 of ferric hydroxide sol and was labelled as
test tubes 1,2 and 3.
3. 2 cm3 of an electrolyte were added to each of the test tube according to the table
below:
Test tube no Type of electrolyte added
1 Sodium chloride, NaCl
2 Sodium sulphate, Na2SO4
3 Sodium phosphate, Na3PO4

4. The test tubes were shaken and left to stand for a few minutes. The observations
were recorded in the data sheet.

C. Tyndall effect
1. 100 cm3 beakers were cleaned and the beakers are labelled as A,B,C,D and E.
2. Each beaker was filled with about full with the following solutions:
Beaker A: 1% starch solution
Beaker B: 5% starch solution
Beaker C: ferric hydroxide sol
Beaker D: 10% sugar solution
Beaker E: potassium chromate solution (K2CrO4)
3. The Tyndall effect was observed of each solution by using a narrow beam of light
from a laser pointer. The observation was recorded.

CHEMICALS

5% and 1% of Starch solution, Ferric hydroxide sol, 10% sucrose solution, potassium chromate
solution, 0.1 M sodium chloride solution, 0.1 M sodium sulphate solution , 0.1 M sodium
phosphate solution, iodine solution, silver nitrate solution, potassium hexacyanoferum (II)
solution, Fehling solution, dilute sulphuric acid, deionised water
DISCUSSIONS

Colloid appears homogenous like solution, but they consist of comparatively large
particles of one substance dispersed throughout the dispersion medium. In the first part of
experiment we observed the dialysis of deionised water with a few solutions labelled as test
tube A,B,C, D, E. In test tube A contain starch solution it change from colourless and change
light brown. This is because; the starch solution cannot pass through the cellophane membrane
due to its large particle, hence left with the remaining light brown iodine solution. Deionised
water from Sodium chloride solution in test tube B was tested with silver nitrate solution change
from colourless to cloudy solution with the presence of white precipitate. On the other hand, test
tube C with ferric hydroxide sol changes the colourless deionized water to emerald green.
Sugar solutions in the test tube D change from colourless to light blue with brick red
precipitates. Also, potassium chromate solution in test tube E gives changes from bright yellow
to dull light yellow. Both solution in test tube D and E gives changes to the small particles of the
solutions. So when they are being soak in deionized water, it pass through the membrane thus,
gives reaction and colour changes.

The second part of the experiment involves the stability of ferric hydroxide sol which was
added to 3 test tubes. Test tube 1 was added with sodium chloride and it change from dark
brown to clear light brown solution. When added sodium sulphate to Test tube 2 it give colour
changes of dark brown ferric hydroxide sol to 2 layer of solution consists of clear light orange
solution on the top and orange deposits at the bottom layer. Next, sodium phosphate was added
to test tube 3 and change from brown to cloudy creamy orange solution. The deposits or
precipitate of varying quantities were formed on each test tube. These are the reactions
involved in each test tube:

Fe(OH)3+ 3NaCl ----> Fe(Cl)3+ 3NaOH

2Fe(OH)3+ 3Na2SO4 ----> Fe2(SO4)3+ 6NaOH
Fe(OH)3+ Na3PO4 ----> Fe(PO4) + 3NaOH

The charges of the ions that will attach the Fe will contribute to the quantity of the precipitate
formed. Among the electrolytes, PO4 is the most electronegative among the others and it
yielded the most prominent precipitates. SO4 comes next while Cl- has the least amount or
precipitate.
 Colloidal dispersion of one liquid in another are called emulsions. The next part of the
experiment is related to Tyndall Effect which light are scattering by colloidal dispersion. The
Tyndall effect was observed with 5 different solutions in beakers were labelled A,B, C, D and E.
1% of starch solution in beaker A shows that light can be dispersed while 5% of starch solution
in beaker B shows that more light that can be dispersed due to the higher concentration.
Even with a beam of light is focused on the dilute starch, the path of the beam is
revealed by the light scattered to the side. For solution in beaker C, D and E with ferric
hydroxide sol, sugar solution and potassium chromate respectively does not form the Tyndall
effect. It can be seen that the light beam slightly dispersed through the solutions. It is proven
that starch solution has the larger particle that cause the light beam to pass through, while the
solutions for beaker C, D and E has smaller particles which cause only a little light dispersed
through it.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the general properties of a ferric hydroxide sol, starch solution and some
true solution can be identified through the experiment conducted. In dialysis experiment on part
A, it shows that sugar solution and potassium chromate solution has the smaller particles
compared to other solutions which allowed them to pass through the cellophane membrane thus
gives the colour changes.
Stability of ferric hydroxide solution is discovered with different electrolytes. It shows that
PO4 produces higher amount of precipitate followed by SO4 and Cl- produce the least amount of
precipitate due to its low electronegative.
Lastly, from the last part of experiment and theoretically it shows that starch solution
exhibit the Tyndall effect through the dispersion of light beam while others does not exhibit the
Tyndall effect due to the smaller particles which does not allowed the dispersion of light.
QUESTIONS

1. With appropriate examples, explain the difference between true solution,

suspension and colloid.

True solutions is a homogenous mixture of two or more substance in which

substance dissolved in solvent has the particle size of less than 10-9 m or 1nm. The
solution cannot be filtered out but can be separated using the process of distillation.
Simple solution of sugar in water is an example of true solution.
A suspension is cloudy and heterogeneous and the component is greater than
1000nm which allows them to be filtered. The particles solution of suspension is big
enough to see with naked eyes. When the suspension is allowed to stand the
particles will separate out. The example of solution is the suspension of settled
muddy water.
Colloidal Solution is a heterogeneous mixture in which particle size of substance
is intermediate of true solution and suspension between 1-1000 nm. While a
suspension will separate out a colloid will not. Colloidal particles are small enough
and cannot be seen through naked eye. They easily pass through filter paper but
colloidal particles are big enough to be blocked by parchment paper or animal
membrane.

2. What are gels and their types? For different type of gels explain their
differences on dehydration and soaking properties.

Gels are classified into elastic gels and non elastic gels. The elastic gel turns to solid
mass on dehydration which can again be converted into gel by addition of water
followed by heating and cooling. The elastic gel that contact with water will absorb
water and swell. This property is known as imbibitions.
The non elastic gel turns to solid mass on dehydration but the solid mass cannot
be converted again into gel after addition of water cooling. The water is not
absorbed by the gel and the size remains when soaked into water.
 3. What kind of information can be obtained from light scattering experiment on
colloidal particles in aqueous solutions? Explain your answer.

It distinguishes between true solutions and colloids as colloidal particles scatter light.
If a beam of light such as flashlight or laser passes through the colloid, the light
scattered by the colloidal particles and the path of the light therefore can be
observed. When a beam of light passes through a true solution there is so little
scattering of the light that the path of the light cannot be seen and the small amount
of scattered light cannot be detected except by very sensitive instruments.

REFERENCES

1. Sullivan, R. (2012, June 3). Fehling Test. Retrieved November 11, 2016, from
http://chemdemos.uoregon.edu/demos/Fehling-Test
2. P. Keusch, Demonstration Experiments on Video, "Fehling's Test." University of
Regensburg, 6/3/11. http://www.uni-
regensburg.de/Fakultaeten/nat_Fak_IV/Organische_Chemie/Di...
3. Leonard, M. (2014, March 12). Colloids. Retrieved November 11, 2016, from
http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/physical-chemistry/colloids.html