CLASSICAL INSTRUCTION,

O/ESAR'S

3! INVASION OF BRITAIN
FROM THE COMMENTARI!

LATIN AND ENGLISH, INTERLINEAB

ON MR. LOCKE'S PLAN : *

THE ORIGINAL TEXT;

THIRD EDITION.
HARVARD COLLEGE
r
p
I
 June, 1831.
LOCKE'S
SYSTEM OF CLASSICAL INSTRUCTION,
RESTORING THE METHOD OF TEACHING FORMERLY PRACTISED IN
m public &ti)ooU.

THE FIRST COURSE CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING

INTERLINEAR TRANSLATIONS;
WITH
The Original Text, in which the Quantity of the Doubtful Vowels is
denoted ; Critical and Explanatory Notes, &c . &c.
Each Volume 2s. 6d.

LATIN. GREEK.
). Phsdrus's Fables of Msop. 2d Edit. 1. Lucian's Dialogues. Selections.
2. Ovid's METAMORPHOSES, Book I. 2. The Odes of Anacrbon. 2d Edit.
3. Virgil's ,T\kih, Book I. 4th Edit. 3. Homer's Iliad, Book I. 3d Edit.
4. Parsing Lessons to Virgil. 3d Edit. 4. Parsing Lessons to Homer. 2d Edit*
5. C.-ks a it's Invasion of Britain. 3d Ed. 5. Xenophon's Memorabilia, Bk 1.24Ed.
6. Tacitus*s Life of Agricola, Part I. 6. Herodotus's Histories. Selections.
ITALIAN. FRENCH.
Stories from Italian Writers, Al- Sismondi: The Battles of Crbssy and
FIERI, BaRETTI, CASTIGLIONE, &C. Poictiers.
hebrew bible. GREEK TESTAMENT.
The Book of Genesis in English He The Triglott Testament, Interlinear;
brew, accompanied by an Interlinear consisting of the Original Greek from the
Translation, substantially the same as the text of Griesbach, the Latin of Montanus,
Authorised English Version, Philological and the English ofthe AuthorisedVersion
Notes, and a Grammatical Introduction. accommodated to the Greek Idiom, with
By William Greenfield, M.R.A.I. 2d Edi Notes. 8vo. Part I. ; price 4s. 6d., contain
tion, corrected. 8vo. Price 8. or with the ing the Gospel of St Matthew I. to XVI.
OriginalTextin Hebrew Characters, \0s.6d. is, 6d. Just Published.
ALSO TO ACCOMPANY THE LATIN AND GREBK SERIES.
THE LONDON LATIN GRAMMAR, 2. 6d. cloth. Fifth Edition.
THE LONDON GREEK GRAMMAR, 3. 6<L cloth. Second Edition.
The Examples of Syntax in these Grammars are takenfrom the above books
of Virgil and Ceesar, Homer and Xenophon.
The Connection of the several Parts, as well as the general Principle and
Authority of the whole Series, is exhibited at large in
AN ESSAY, EXPLANATORY OF THE SYSTEM.
Price 2s. 6rf. Boards.
14 We do amiss to spend seven or eight years in scraping together so
much miserable Latin and Greek as may be learned otherwise easily and
delightfully in one year."Milton.
PRINTED FOR JOHN TAYLOR, 30, UPPER GOWER STREET.
 METHOD OF STUDY.

The Course of Study to be pursued in the use of these Books, is

fully developed in the Preface to each volume : but the principal
directions there detailed may be thus briefly presented at one view.
1. Let the student of the Latin language commence with the
Fables op Ph^drus ; and by the aid of the Interlinear Translation
and Notes, make himself thoroughly master of the sense of each
Fable in the single Latin text ;so thoroughly, as to be able, not
only to render the original, word for word, into English sentences,
but also, when examined without the Book, to give the English
for each Latin word, and again the Latin for each English, un
assisted by the connexion of the story.
2. Having acquired from Phsdrus a considerable number of
common Latin words, without attempting their grammatical
analysis, let him proceed, in exactly the same manner, with the
First Book of Ovid's Metamorphoses, which will make a large
addition to hi3 vocabulary in words of less common use. The
reading of this Book should be accompanied with the study of the
Accidence, as given in the London Latin Grammar. Taking small
portions at a time, as, for instance, the first declension of the Nouns
with the first lesson of Ovid, the student should remark what words
in the lesson appear to correspond in form to any of those cases,
and so on, till the distinction of the Parts of Speech is clearly
understood, and the Tables of Declension are learned by heart.
3. The regular inflections of the language being thus acquired
from the examples in the Grammar,let him take up the First
Book of Virgil's ^Lneid, and after construing the Latin text, as
in Phaedrus and Ovid, according to the Interlinear Translation,
let him learn to analyse each sentence from the supplementary
volume of PAnsiNG Lessons'; which will enable him, not only to
 METHOD OK STUDY.

assign every word in each lesson to its proper part of speech, tut to
give a full description of its peculiar modification, if inflected from
its simple form. In this stage of his course he will derive great
benefit from frequently altering the signs and forms of nouns and
verbs in the Single English Version, so as to require the use of
different cases, tenses, &c. of the same Latin wordan exercise
which will give him complete power over the Inflections of the
language.
4. Let him now proceed with Cesar's Invasion of Britain,
and accompany each reading with a small portion of the Latin
Syntax in the same manner as he accompanied Ovid with the
Accidence of the Grammar. This will gradually render him
familiar with the Construction of the language. The style of the
Commentaries is remarkably easy of construction, and therefore
peculiarly adapted for this exercise ; which is further facilitated by
the rules of Syntax, in the London Latin Grammar, being princi
pally exemplified from this Part of Caesar, and the Book of Virgil's
^Eneid already analysed. After finishing Cassar, he should recur
to the Virgil, which he before used only as a praxis of inflection,
and make himself master of the construction by the rules of Syntax,
and also of the scanning of each line, by the rules of Prosody.
5. In reading the Life of Aoricola by Tacitus, he should
endeavour to combine in each lesson the exercises of inflection and
construction which hitherto he has taken separately; describing
single words according to their several declensions, and compound
phrases according to their several dependencies.

In learning the Greek language, precisely the same method may

be followed in the correspondent Parts of the Series.
1. Lucian's Dialogues furnish a copious Vocabulary as the
elementary volume.
 METHOD OF STUDY.

2. Anacreon's Odes present a variety of simple sentences, from

which to distinguish the Parts of Speech, as given in the London
Greek Grammar.
3. Homer's Iliad, accompanied by the supplementary volume of
Parsing Lessons, involves a complete praxis in the Inflections of
the language.
4. Xenophon's Memorabilia give an introduction to Syntax,
which will be further familiarized by recurring to the Iliad.
5. Herodotus's Histories supply an interesting subject-matter,
on which to practise in combination the various exercises separately
performed in the previous volumes.

After thus going through the Latin or Greek Series, the Student
is strongly recommended to recur to the earlier volumes, in the
same order as before, and to exercise the whole of his grammatical
knowledge in each of those Parts, as well as in the last, using the
Interlinear Translation as little as possible, and giving more atten
tion to the Notes than in his first reading.
By the completion of this Elementary Course, he will not only be
perfectly competent to enter on the reading of other Classic Authors,
without the aid of a translation, but will be prepared with a valuable
store of words and phrases for Greek and Latin Composition. The
practice of writing in each language according to these models,
will ensure a critical acquaintance with their peculiar delicacies :
and although, in commencing a new Author, the young learner
must require some assistance from judicious commentators, yet, as
far as the Language is concerned, he may rest assured he is already
in possession of its leading properties and powers.
 CESAR'S

INVASION OF BRITAIN,

FROM THE COMMENTARIES.

 London :
Printed by Littlewood and Co.
Old Bailey.
 CESAR'S

INVASION OF BRITAIN

FROM HIS OWN COMMENTARIES.

WITH A LITERAL

INTERLINEAR TRANSLATION,

QN

THE PLAN RECOMMENDED BY MR. LOCKE:

ILLUSTRATED WITH NOTES.

THIRD EDITION.

LONDON :
PRINTED FOR JOHN TAYLOR,
30, Upper Gower Street.

1830.
4-f 7.3.<T*.V
 PREFACE.

It is presumed that no apology is necessary for

the selection which has here been made from
Cjesar's Commentaries the present extract
appearing to include the most appropriate portion
of this Classic for an English translation. The
claims of the original narrative to our particular
attention are so manifold and urgent, that they
need only be asserted to be allowed : and it would
be worse than superfluous to enforce their validity
in this place with a lengthened commendation.
[f this record contained only an isolated account
of the aboriginal Britons, unconnected with all sub
sequent information, and " as one green spot on
memory's waste," gave a passing relief to the eye
of the explorer ; it would surely be an interesting
relic to every one reasonably curious respecting the
history of his own ancestors, or the distant origin
of a mighty people. But when we consider that
this same account connects our island with the
greatest empire that ever spread over the earth,
whose historic page, recording the changes of the
world for long before and after, is still open to our
a 3
vi PREFACE.

view that this era is the starting point, whence

our own history has since proceeded in continuous
series, the first bright link that connects the for
tunes of ancient and modern Europe, no terms
can be too strong to extol the value of such a
document, and to recommend it to the attentive
perusal of every British student.
But the interest involved in these Commenta
ries is not confined to one particular country ; it
is diffused over every clime where " Caesar's
spirit" is not all a strangerover every region of
the general world, where the sacred monuments of
genius can find interpretation in the grateful devo
tion of one kindred soul. The interest involved in
Caesar's Commentaries must at least extend to all
not utterly ignorant of the leading events in Roman
history,to all with whom the name and fame of
the most accomplished hero of antiquity is not en
tirely unsyllabled.
The important public employments in which
Julius Caesar was early engaged, would almost
seem to have precluded opportunity of sustained
application to literary pursuits; and the most
trifling productions from the pen of the first Master
of the Roman empire, would have been justly
cherished as an invaluable present to posterity.
But this unrivalled warrior did find leisure for
the happy cultivation of the arts of peace, and was
intimately versed in all the elegant learning of his
age : this same enterprising spirit " came and saw
and conquered" the obstacles to abstract science
and practical refinement; and the trophies of these
glorious victories are standing at this day.
 PREFACE. vii

The value of Caesar's literary productions does

not rest on remote associations : their intrinsic
merits are of so imposing a character, as to have
rendered the author sufficiently illustrious without
any external or adventitious recommendation. His
purity and elegance of thought and language place
his name in the very first rank of classical autho
rity. The man of refined taste may sometimes
write carelessly, but he never can write incor
rectly : the slightest approach to vulgarity of style
would awaken his sensitive spirit to guarded fas
tidiousness. Caesar's style was " not only pure,
but unsuspected of adultery ;" and hence we have
the racy effusions of felicitous negligence, instead
of the spiritless product of calculating circumspec
tion. The very circumstances under which these
memoirs were composed, must give them an addi
tional interest with the intelligent reader; and
more than supersede any trivial exception which
might be taken to the finish of their execution.
Caesar is said to have entered them in a note-book
in his travelling carriage, merely as materials for
a regular history to be drawn up more at leisure :
indeed some of his contemporaries appear to have
proposed adapting this valuable matter to their
own form of narration ; but, as Cicero himself de
clared, the style of the original is so gracefully
negligent, that no one of elegant taste would ven
ture to embellish its simplicity.
It may be useful, however, to observe some cha
racteristics of these Commentaries, which suffi
ciently confirm the account of their hasty compo
sition. It will frequently be found that the same
viii PREFACE.

word is many times repeated in successive sen

tences, sometimes where a slight variation of
meaning would seem to give fair scope for variety
of expression ; and that the same construction is
continued through a multitude of clauses, as, for
instance, in reiteration of the ablative case abso
lute, which, however, is in some measure attribu
table to the deficiency of participles in the Latin
language. This peculiarity of style is a striking
proof that the subject-matter was originally set
down in detached sentences, with almost exclu
sive regard to the substance of the record ; as we
naturally find the same forms of speech, first re
curring for the expression of a new idea, which
have lately been employed on a similar topic. It
is true these sentences are now presented in con
nected order : Cassar would of course take care to
give the composition sufficient consistency to be
perfectly perspicuous to the general reader, before
committing it to public scrutiny ; but it might not
be difficult to adduce many passages where this
appears to have been the full extent of his endea
vour. Thus successive sentences seem sometimes
to be merely strung together with conjunctive par
ticlesas if a whole page of the note-book had
been thrown into the form of a chapter without
any compromise of expression. After all, we can
scarcely regret that even Caesar himself did not
proceed to a more elaborate performance. If there
is an appearance of negligence in his style, it is the
negligence of surpassing genius, which disregards
the artifice adopted to support more moderate pre
tensions. The nakedness of a mighty mind is one
 PREFACE. iz

of the most interesting objects which a sensible

observer can contemplate ; and like beauty seen in
dishabille, it so fascinates by exposure of its natu
ral charms, that we would not exchange it for the
richest apparel of imperial state.

We must now descend from consideration of the

absolute merits of this famous classic, to exposi
tion of the particular relation which the present
volume bears to the general object of our humble
undertaking ; humble, indeed, in the means which
it employs, but not in the end which it proposes
to give an easier admission and a quicker relish
for the high intellectual entertainment, to which
the classical student has not hitherto been fairly
invited.
One of the principal recommendations of Ca;sar's
Commentaries, as an elementary manual for the
acquirement of the Latin language, is perspicuity
of grammatical construction. His almost unpa
ralleled simplicity of style renders this work pe
culiarly eligible for the present Part of our Series.
We have, in the Companion to the first Book of
Virgil's iEneid, furnished the young learner with
a full exercise in Latin inflections; which we feel
assured is a sufficient example of the process of
parsing, in an early stage of a course of classical
reading. The student who is perfectly familiar
with the declensions and conjugations of all the
words in that book, will be at no loss to analyse
the Latin phrases presented in this volume. The
first difficulty which the tiro encounters in the
analysis of a sentence, arises from his not per
X PREFACE.

ceiving the part of speech to which each word is

to be referred ; and this imperfect perception, from
the very little assistance usually given him to de
termine the signification of the sentence. But
with the aid of our Interlinear Translation, which
conveys the sense of the Latin original in the same
form of speech, this difficulty is wholly supersed
ed ; and it only remains to compare the several
inflections with the models which are given in our
Latin Grammar. Considering the practice of such
reference to have now become familiar, if not en
tirely superfluous, we have in this Part been less
scrupulous in observing some of the accidental
restrictions of grammar, in the comparison of the
two languages. Thus, where the idiom is strik
ingly different, we have occasionally englished a
Latin substantive in the plural instead of the sin
gular, or vice versa ; the forms of the Latin being
so regular and definite, that the cases and numbers
can never be confounded, except by one totally
ignorant of the elements of the language. The
student, once fairly initiated in the leading cha
racteristics of pure latinity, can rely in great mea
sure on his own resources for the interpretation of
a passage never before seen. Some words, of
course, may occur in a new author, which he has
not met with in another ; but on such occasion, a
good Latin lexicon will resolve his difficulty.
We would not depreciate the value of such
auxiliaries in a foreign tongue, any more than
we would question the convenience of referring to
a dictionary for the meaning of an uncommon
word in reading any English author. We would
 PREFACE. xi

protest against the tedious and disgusting method

of first learning a language from an alphabetical
vocabulary : we would protest against any method
of classical instruction, which deprives the learner
of those obvious facilities, which have ever been
allowed, as most natural and reasonable, in every
other department of a liberal education.
The more remote idioms of the Latin language
we have endeavoured to familiarize through the
medium of English Notes, which are subjoined to
our Interlineary pages. Wherever there occurs any
peculiarity of diction, or apparent anomaly of con
struction, (which is not very frequent in our author),
we have taken care to illustrate the obscurity of
the text by minute annotation. Fuller notes have
sometimes been added, with a view to explain the
customs to which reference is made, or the terms
in which these allusions are conveyed : and it has
been our object to introduce as much collateral in
formation, as seemed sufficiently germane to the
original subject, not to distract the attention by ob
trusion of irrelevant matter.
The late Mr. Gifford, speaking of the Notes
which he has made to his translation of Juvenal,
premises the following remark : " The informa
tion insinuated into the mind by miscellaneous
collections of this nature, is much greater than is
usually imagined ; and I have been frequently en
couraged to proceed, by recollecting the benefits
which I formerly derived from casual notices scat
tered over the margin, or dropped at the bottom of
a page." This observation coincides so closely
with our own sentiments, that we could almost
Xll PREFACE.

wish we had been capable of impressing it as

forcibly without the aid of a quotation.
The Notes which are added to the earlier Parts
of our Series, are of far more limited pretension,
than those whose insertion is thus justified by this
eminent critic : but we shall hereafter claim a wider
range of illustration. We are desirous that the
student should be gradually accustomed to examine
independently the meaning of his author ; and it
is never too early to encourage a habit of curious
investigation and original remark. Our own un
pretending observations are chiefly de :gned to
lead him to a similar appropriation of his subject.
This practice of notation not only furnishes mate
rials for future argument, but identifies the pre
sent interests of the reader and the writer and
makes the author a conversable companion rather
than a dictatorial master. In a word, it tends to
form the taste, and to direct the researches of the
student : and what is of far more importance to him
who should not want " discourse of reason," it in
volves the true end of all science and all learning
the rational exercise of his own judgment.
 C^ESAR'S

INVASIOJST OF BRITAIN.

FROM THE FOURTH AND FIFTH BOOKS OF

HIS OWN COMMENTARIES.

[Book IV.]
[C. XX.]Exigua parte aestatis reliqua,
[Chap. 20.] A-small part of-the-summer remaining,
Caesaretsi in his locis hiemes sunt maturae,
Caesar although in these places the-winters are earjy,
qu6d omnis Gallia vergit ad Septentriones
because all Gaul inclines to the-North
tamen contendit proficisci in Britanniam ; qu6d
yet resolves to-proceed into Britain ; because
intelligebat * fere omnibus Gallicis bellis auxilia
he-understood that almost in-all the-Gallic wars succours
subministrata inde nostris hostibus : et,
had been supplied thence to-our enemics : and,

* Qubd omnibusferc Gallicis bellis, Sfc. Csesar naturally assigns

a specious motive for this invasion ; but it is probable, if this
plea had not offered, his ambition would have made him acquiesce
in a less ostensible pretext. Suetonius says that his chief object
was the pearls of Britain, in which, however, he was disappointed.
The year of the invasion was the fifly-fifth before the Christian
era.
2 CiESAR's INVASION OF BRITAIN.

si tempus anni ad gerendum bellum deficeret,

if the-time of-year for carrying-on war should-fail,
tamen arbitrabatur fore magno usui sibi,
yet he-judged that it would-be of-great use to-him,
si mod6 adisset insulam, perspex-
if only he-should-have-approached the-island, should-have-tho-
isset genus hominum, cognovisset*
roughly-discovered the-race of-men, should-have-leamt its
loca, portus, aditus ; fere omnia quae erant
situation, ports, approaches ; almost all which things were
incognita Gallis. Enim neque quisquam, praeter
unknown to-the-Gauls. For neither does- any-one, besides
mercatores, adit illo temere : neque est quic-
merchants, -go thither unadvisedly ; nor is any-
quam notum iis ipsis, praeter mari-
thing known to-those merchants themselves, besides the-
timam oram, atque eas regiones quae sunt
sea coast, and those regions which are
contra Galliam. Itaque, mercatoribus con-
over-against Gaul. Thcrcfore, merchants having-
vocatis ad se undique, poterat re-
been-called-together to him from-every-quarter, he-was-able to-

* Si modo cognovisset. It should be observed that the verb

cognosco refers to the acquirement, not to the possession, of know-
ledge : wherefore present knowledge is expressed by a past tense,
as cognitus, " bcing known."
The power of the tense cognovisset is sometimes represented by
the name of " pluperfect future," as denoting a future action, past
with respect to some other future action still more remote from
the present time ; thus corresponding, in an indirect or historical
sentence, totheper/ect/uture in the same sentenceput in a dramatic
form.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 3

perlre neque quanta esset* magnitudo msulee,

find-out neither how-great was the-magnitude of-the-island,
neque quae aut quantae nationes incolerent, neque
noi what or how-great nations inhabited it, nor
quem usum belli haberent, aut quibus institu-
what custom of-war they-had, or what forms-of-govern-
tis uterentur, neque qui portus essent idonei
ment they-used, nor what ports were proper
multitudini largiorum navium.
for-a-multitude of-the-larger vessels.
[XXI.]Ad cognoscenda haec prius-quam
[21.] To ascertain these things before
faceret periculum, praemittit cum longa
he-should-make the-attempt, he-sends-forwaid with a-long
navi Caium Volusenum, arbitratus esse ido-
vessel Caius Volusenus, having-judged him to-be a-proper
neum. Huic mandat, ut, omnibus rebus ex-
person. To-him he-gives-order, that, all things having-
ploratis, revertatur ad se + quam-primum.
been-explored, he-should-return to him as-early-as-possible.
Ipse proficiscitur cum omnibus copiis in Mo-
He-himself proceeds with all Ais-forces to the-Mo-

* Quanta esset. The subjunctive mood is used after quis, quan-

tus, and other indefinites sometimes employed interrogatively ; al-
though the direct question would have been in the indicative qua
aut quant(E nationes incolunt 1 &c
r The English language is less clear in distinguishing between
two persons, each of whom might equally be called " himself;" as
in this very phrase, " to come to himself again :" whereas the
Latin furnishes two forms of expression, ipsum and se. Of these
the latter always refers to the subject of the independent verb ; as
(Caesar) mandat ut ad se revertatur : and again below imperat
(ut) adeat, seque venturum nuntiet.
4 c:sak's invasion of britain.

rinos, qudd inde erat brevissinms trajectus

rini, because thence was the-shortest passage
in Britanniam. Huc jubet naves con-
into Britain. Hither he-commands that vessels come-
venlre ex finitimis regionibus undique, et
together from the-neighbouring regions on-all-sides, and
classem quam fecerat superiore restate ad
the-fleet which he-kad-formed in-the-preceding summer for
Veneticum bellum. Interim, ejus consilio cog-
the-Venetic war. Meantime, his design having-been
nito, et perlato per mercatSres ad Britannos,
learnt, and carried-over by merchants to the-Britons,
legati veniunt ad eum a compluribus
ambassadors come to him from very-many
civitatibus ejus insulae, qui * polliceantur dare
states of-that island, who should-promise to-give
obsides, atque obtemperare imperio Romani
hostages, and to-be-obedient to-the-empire of-the-Roman
populi. Quibus audltis, pollicitus
people. Which proposals having-been-heard, having-promised
liberaliter, hortatus-que ut permanerent in ea
them liberally, and-exhorted that they-would-remain in that
sententia, remlsit eos domum ; et mittit una
sentiment, he-sent- them -back home ; and he-sends together
cum his, Comium, quem ipse, Atrebatibus
with these, Comius, whom he-himself, the- Atrebates
superatis, constituerat regem ibl, et cujus
having-been-overcome, had-appointed king there, both whose

* Qui polliceantur expressing thejinai cause of their coming the

English form " in order to promise" might best convey the sense.
So likewise, ii the next chapter, excusarent, " in order to excuse,"
&c.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 5
i
virtutem et consilium probabat, et quem
valour and prudence he-approved, and whom
arbitrabatur fidelem sibi, cujus-que auctoritas
he-judged faithful to-himself, and-whose authority
habebatur magna in his regionibus. Huic
was-accounted great in these regions. Him
imperat adeat quas civitates possit, hor-
he-commands that he-go-to what states he-may, and-
tetur-que * ut sequantur f fidem Romani
exhort them that they-follow the-faith of-the-Roman
populi, nunciet-que se venturum eo
people, and-tell them that- himself -would-come thither
celeriter. Volusenus, regionibus perspectis
speedily. Volusenus, the regions having-been-examined
quantum facultatisj potuit dari ei
with as much of-ability as-could be-granted to-him

* Horteturque. It should be noted that the enclitical conjunc-

tion, que, which has not here been separated from the copulated
word, always throws the accent on the syllable immediately pre-
ceding it (if ending with a consonant or long vowel), in preference
to any other long syllable whatever : as horteturque.
t Ut populi Romanijidem sequantur, " That they should follow
the faith," &c. This was a vague expression used by the Romans,
to disguise the real nature of the allegiance they required to be ac-
knowledged by their new allies. The terms, however prima facie
conciliating, were virtually equivalent to an exaction of obedience
with tribute ; and convertible, without much qualication, into the
bondjide form above imperio Populi Romani obtemperare.
$ Quantum facultatis. When a substantive signifying part
is understood with an adjective, the substantive which actually
follows is put in the genitive case, and the adjective in the neuter
gender, without regard to the gender or number of the sub-
stantive expressed. Thus again, next chapter quidquid navium
Imtgarum.
6 cjesar's invasion of bkitain.

qui auderet non egredi navi ac committere

who daied not disembark from-/iis-ship and intrust
se barbaris, revertitur ad Caesarem quinto
himself to-the-barbarians, returns to Csesar on-the-fifth
die, renuntiat-que quae perspexisset ibi.
day, and-relates what he-bad-discovered there.
[XXII.] Dum Caesar moratur in his locis
[22.] Whilst Caesar is-delaying in these places
causa parandarum navium, legati venerunt
for-the-sake of-preparing vessels, ambassadors came
ad eum ex magna parte Morinorum, qui excusa-
to him from a-great part of-the-Morini, who should-
rent se de consilio superioris temporis;
excuse themselves concerning the-design of-a-former time ;
qu6d barbari homines, et imperiti nostrae con-
because being rude men, and unskilled-in our cus-
suetudinis, fecerant bellum Romano populo;
tom, they-had-made war with-the-Roman people;
pollicerentur-que se facturos ea
and-should-promise that-they would-do hereafter those things
quae imperasset.* Caesar arbitratus hoc
which he-should-have-commanded. Cssar having-judged this
accidisse opportune satls sibi, qu6d neque
to-have-happened favourably enough for-him, because neither
volebat relinquere hostem post tergum, neque
was-he-willing to-leave an-enemy behind his back, nor
habebat facultatem gerendi belli propter
had-he the-opportunity of-carrying-on war on-account-of

* Seque ea qua imperasset. The instance of the pluperfect

future is more clear when contrasted with the simple pluperfect
(called more properly the perfect indicative past), asjusserat, ch. 30.
where ihe command had been already given.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 7

tempus anni, neque judicabat has occupa-

the-time of-year, nor did-he-judge that these occupa-
tiones tantularum rerum anteponendas
tions about so-very-small things were to-be-preferred
sibi Britanniae, imperat his magnum numerum
by-him to-Britain, exacts from-them a-great number
obsidum. Quibus adductis, recepit eos
of-hostages. Which having-been-brought to him, he-received them
in fidem. Circiter octoginta navibus oneraiiis
into allegiance. About eighty vessels of-burthen
coactis contractis-que, quod existi-
having-been-collected and-drawn-together, which he-con-
mabat esse satls ad transportandas duas
sidered to-be enough for transporting two
legiones ; distribuit quaestori, legatis, prae-
legions; he-distributed to-the-questor, lieutenants, and-pre-
fectis-que* quicquid habebat praterea. longarum
fects whatever he-had besides of-long
navium. Hilc accedebant octodecim naves one-
vessels. To-this number were-added eighteen vessels of-
rariae, quae tenebantur octof millia-^passuum ex eo
burthen, which were-detained eight thousand-paces from that

* Quastori, legatis, prafectisque. The quastorship was the step

first taken in the scale of honours in the state, and gave immediate
admission into the senate. The duty of the military quaestor was,
to attend the governor of a province, and superintend whatever was
connected with the provisions of the army, and revenues of that
province.
The titles legatus and praifectus were more general terms : the
former including any delegated or representative person the latter
any superintendent or constituted authority whether in a civil or
military capacity.
t Millia passuum octo.Equivalentto " eight miles :" theRoman
8 CJESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN.

loco vento, quo minus-possent pervenlre

place by-the-wind, so-that they-were-not-able to-arrive
in eundem portum. Has distribuit equitibus:
at the-same poit. These he-distributed to-the-horse :
dedit reliquum exercitum Quinto Titurio Sablno,
he-gave the-remaining army to-Quintus Titurius Sabinus,
et Lucio Aurunculeio Cottae, legatis, deducendum
and Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta, his heutenants, to-be-led-away
in Menapios, atque in eos pagos Morinorum*
against the-Menapii, and against those districts of-the-Morini
ab quibus legati non-venerant ad eum.
from which ambassadors had-not-come to him.
Jussit Publium Sulpitium Rufum tenere portum
He-ordered Publius Sulpitius Eufus to-keep the-port
cum eo praesidio quod arbitrabatur esse satis.
with that guard which he-judged to-be sufficient.
[XXIII.]His rebus constitutis, nactus
[23.] These things being-settled, having-obtained
idoneam tempestatem ad navigandum, solvit
proper weather for sailing, he-loosed t
ferti tertia. vigilia ; J j*issit-que equites progredi
almost at-the-third watch ; and-he-ordered the-horse to-proceed
mile was about the length of our own : it contained " a thousand
paces," or five thousand feet, each pace (passus) being equal to five
leet, as including a double step.
* Pagos Morinorum. All Gaul was divided into different can-
tons or departments, generally at variance with each other : indeed
the spirit of dissension was still more distinctly distributed, as
Caesar speaks of " factions in almost every single house."Book vi.
ch. 10.
t Solvit " loosed his ships," that is, " weighed anchor," or
" unmoored."
J Tertid fere vigilid. The Romans divided the night into four
equal watches, the first beginning at sunset, the last ending at sun
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 9

in ulteriorem portum,* et conscendere naves,

to the-more-distant port, and to-get-on-board the-ships,
et sequi se : ab quibus cum id administratum-esset
and follow him : by whom when that had-been-managed
paullo tardius, ipse circiter quarta hora
a-little too-slowly, he-himself about the-fourth hour
diei attigit Britanniam cum primis navibus,
of-the-day reached Britain with the-first ships,
atque ibi conspexit armatas copias hostium
and there beheld armed forces of-the-enemy
expositas in omnibus collibus. Cujus loci ha;c
posted on all the-hills. Of-which place this
erat natura: mare continebatur ade6 angustis
was the-nature : the-sea was-confined so by-close
montibus, ut telum posset adjici ex superioribus
mountains, that a-dart might be-hurled from the-higher
locis in littus. Arbitratus hunc nequaquam
places upon the-shore. Having-judged this by-no-means
idoneum locum ad egrediendum, expectavit in-
a-proper place for disembarking, he-waited at-
anchorisf ad nonam horam.J dum reliquae naves
anchor to the-ninth hour, until the-remaining vessels
rise. Hence, the time when Cajsar weighed anchor would be about
midnight. The passage appears to have been near ten hours in
duration, as the day did not commence lill after the fourth watch,
and Caesar reached the island hord quartd.
* In ulteriorem portum. This refers to the vessels which were
mentioned as being wind-bound, so as not to make the same port
with tbe rest. The weather seems to have continued still unfavour-
able, as they did not reach Britain till after the first engagement.
t Literally, " on anchors:" most technical terms require some
accommodation to the idiom of a different language, and perhaps
none more forcibly than English sea phrascs.
t This would correspond to our three o'clock in the afternoon.
B 5
10 CJESAR's INVASION OF BRITAIN.

convenlrent eo. Interim legatis tribunis-que

should-assemble thither. Mean-time the-Ueutenants and-tribunes
militum convocatis, ostendit et
of-the-soldiers having-been-called-together, he-shewed them both
quae cognovisset ex Voluseno, et quae vellet
what he-had-learnt from Volusenus, and what he-wished
fieri ; monuit-que omnes res adminis-
to-be-done ; and-admonished that all things should-be-
trarentur ab iis ad nutum et ad tempus (ut
attended-to by them to a-nod and to time (as
ratio militaris rei, maxime ut maritimae res
the-course of-military business, above-all as maritime affairs
postularent, ut quae haberent celerem
required, as being those which had a-rapid
atque instabilem motum.) His dimissis,
and restless motion.) These being-dismissed,
nactus et ventum et sestum secundum uno
having-obtained both wind and tide favourable at-one
tempore, signo dato et anchoris sublatis,
time, the-signal being-given and the-anchors raised,
progressus circiter septem millia-passuum ab
having-proceeded about seven miles from
eo loco, constituit naves aperto ac plano
that place, he-statjoned his ships near an-open and level
littore.
shore.
[XXIV.]At barbari, consilio Roman5rum
[24.] But the-barbarians, the-design of-the-Komans
cognito, (equitatu praemisso, et
having-been-learnt, (cavalry having-been-sent-before, and-also
essedariis, quo genere consueverunt
chariot-men, which kind of combatants they-were-accusiomed
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 11

plerumque uti in prceliis,) subsecuti re-

mostly to-use in battles,) having-closely-followed with-
liquis copiis, prohibebant nostros egredi
t/ie/r-remaining forces, forbade our-men to-disembark
navibus. Erat summa difiicultas, ob has
from-the-ships. There-was the-utmost difficulty, for these
causas, quod naves propter magnitudinem
causes, that the-ships on-account-of their largeness
poterant non constitui, nisi in alto ; autem
could not be-stationed, except in deep water ; yet
erat militibus, oppressis magno et gravi
it-was for-the-soldiers, oppressed with-the-great and heavy
onere armorum,* ignotis locis, impedltis
burthen of-arms, in-unknown places, with-encumoered
manibus,f simul et desiliendum de navibus, et
hands, at-once both to-leap-down from the-ships, and
consistendum in fluctibus, et pugnandum cum
to-stand-close in the-waves, and to-fight with
hostibus : quum illi, aut ex arido, aut pro-
the-enemy : whereas they [the foe], either from dry land, or having-

* Magno et gravi onere armorum.The arms of the Roman

legionaries, offensive and defensive, were a sword and two pikes ;
an oblong shield, a helmet, breastplate, and greaves. Besides these,
each soldier, on a march, usually carried provisions and utensils to
the weight of sixty pounds.
t Impeditus is derived from the simple word pedes, feet, being
originally applied to persons tied by the legs ; but it was afterwards
extended to designate any sort of hindrance, and so far lost its original
meaning, that there seemed no impropriety in the expression impeditis
manihus. We find exactly the same transition from specific to general
meaning in our own word/etter, derived hoxafeet, but applied to all
parts of the body.
12 CESAR's INVASION OF BRITAIN.

gressi paullulum in aquam, xpedlti omnibus

advanced a-very-little into the-water, unencumbered in-all
membris, conjicerent tela audact&r locis
their limbs, were-hurling darts daringly from-places
notissimis, et incitarent equos insuefactos.
perfectly-known, and were-urging-on horses inured
Quibus rebus nostri perterriti,
to the senrice. By-which things our men having-been-dismayed,
atque omnlno imperiti hujus generis pugnae,
and beiag altogether unskilled-in this kind of fighting,
omnes utebantur non eadem alacritate ac studio
all used not the-same energy and zeal
quo consueverant uti in terrestribus prceliis.
which they-were-accustomed to-use in land battles.
[XXV.] Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit,
[25.] Which when Caesar observed,
jussit longas naves,* quarum et species
he-ordered the-long vessels, of-which both the-appearance
erat inusitatior barbaris, et motus expedi-
was more-unusual to-the-barbarians, and the-motion more-unen-
tior ad usum, removeri paullulum ab navibus
cumbered for use, to-be-removed a-very-little from the-vessels
onerariis, et incitari remis, et constitui
of-burthen, and to-be-impelled by-oars, and to-be-stationed
ad apertum latus hostium, atque hostes
at the-open flank of-the-enemy, and the-enemy
propelli ac submovcri fundis,f sagittis,
to-be-driven-on and dislodged by-slings, arrows.

* Naves hngas. The lang ships were the ships of war, adapted
for swift course : the ships of burden were the sailing vessels of
rounder form, not impelled by oars on ordinary occasions.
t Fundis, tormentis, sagittis.Bows and slings were the arms
 FSOM THE COMMENTARIES. 13

tormentis; res quae fuit magno usui nos-

aroalists ; a-measure which was of-great use to-our
tris. Nam barbari permoti et figurS. na-
men. For the-barbarians confounded both by-the-shape of-the-
vium, et motu remorum, et inusitato genere
vessels, and the-motion of-the-oars, and the-unusual kind
tormentorum, constiterunt, ac retulerunt-pedem*
of-engines, stopped, and drew-back
modo paullum. Ac, nostris militibus cunctan-
though only a-little. And, our soldiers delay-
tibus maxime propter altitudinem maris,
ing chiefly on-account-of the-depth of-the-sea,
qui ferebat aquilam decimae legionis, contes-
he who bore the-eagle of-the-tenth legion, having-
tatus Deos ut ea res evenlret feliciter
attested the-Gods that that purpose might-result fortunately
legioni, inquit, " Desilite, milites, nisi vul-
for-the-Iegion, said, " Leap-down, soldiers, unless ye-
tis prodere aquilam hostibus : ego cert& praesti-
wish to-betray the-eagle to-the-enemy : I certainly shall-have-
tero meum officium Reipublicae atque Impera-
performed my duty to-the-Republic and to-my-Ge-
tori." Quum dixisset hoc magna voce, projecit se
neral." When he-had-said this with-a-loud voice, he-threw himself
ex navi, atque ccepit ferre aquilam in hostes.
from the-vessel, and began to-bear the-eagle against the-enemy.
Tum nostri cohortati inter ' se,
Then our men having-exhorted-together amongst themselves,
of the velltes, ov light-armed troops ; tormenta is the general term
for engines, including the different species of catapults, arcubalists,
and scorpions.
* Retulerunt pedem literally, " they carried-back the-foot,"
meaning that they stepped buck ; without reference to infantry.
14 CESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN.

ne tantum dedecus admitteretur,* desiluerunt

lest so-great a-disgrace should-be incurred, leaped-down
universi ex navi : alii item, quum conspexis-
all-together frorn the-vessel : others also, when they-had-
sent hos, ex proximis navibus, subsecuti,
beheld these, from the-nearest vessels, having-closely-followed,
appropinquarunt hostibus.
approached the-enemy.
[XXVI.] Pugnatum-est acriter ab utnsque.
[26.] It-was-fought sharply by both sides.
Tamen nostri, qudd poterant neque servare
Yet our men, because they-were-able neither to-keep
ordines, neque insistere firmiter, neque sub-
tkeir ranks, nor to-stand-up firmly, nor to-follow-
sequi signa, atque alius ex aliaf navi
closely the-standards, and because any-one from any ship
aggregabat se quibuscunque signis occur-
was-associating himself with-whatever standards he-might-
reret, perturbabantur magnopere. Verd hostes,
meet, were-confused exceedingly. Indeed the-enemy,
omnibus vadis notis, ubi conspex-
all the-shallows being-known to them, where they-had-
erant ex litore aliquos singulares egredientes
beheld from the-shore any individuals disembarking
ex navi, equis incitatis adoriebantur
from a-ship, with-horses urged to speed set-upon

* Ne tantum dedecus admitteretur.The loss of a silver eagle,

which was the standard of each legion, was considered most dis-
graceful to the whole army, and was never risked except on most
critical occasions.
t The Latin here expresses the confusion of different crews
alius ex alia, " other froru other."
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 15

impedltos ; plures circumsistebant paucos ;

them encumbered ; many surrounded few ;
alii conjiciebant tela ab aperto latere in
others hurled darts from the-open flank upon
universos. Quod quum Caesar animadver-
our men all-together. Whieh when Caesar had-ob-
tisset, jussit scaphas longarum navium
served, he-ordered the-skiffs of-the-long vessels
compleri militibus, item speculatoria navigia,*
to-be-filled with-soldiers, s-also the-espial barks,
et submittebat subsidia iis quos conspex-
and substituted succours for-those whom he-had-
erat laborantes.-f- Nostri, simul atque consti-
beheld distressed. Our men, as-soon as they-
terunt in aiido, omnibus suis conse-
stood-together on dry land, all their companions having-
cutis, fecerunt impetum in hostes, atque
reached them, made an-attack on the-enemy, and
dederunt eos in fugam,J neque potuerunt prosequi
put them to flight, nor were-they-able to-pursue
Iongius, quod equites non-potuerant tenere
farther, because the-horsc had-not-been-able to-hold
cursum atque capere insulam. Hoc unum de-
their course and to-gain the-island. This one thing was-
fuit Caesari ad pristinam fortunam.
wanting to-Csesar compared-to his ancient fortune.

* Speculatoria navigia. Of these vessels of observation, the

sails, as well as the sailors' dresses, were usually of an aznre
colour, to escape the notice of the enemy.
t Properly " labouring :" the Latin verb laboro having sometimes
a passive signification.
\ Dederunt in fugam more closcly translated, " gave them to
flight."
 16 CSAR'.S 1NVASI0N OF BRITAIN.

[XXVII.] Hostes superati prcelio,

[27.] The-enemy having-been-overcome in-battle,
simul atque receperunt se ex fuga, statim
as-soon as they-recovered themselves from flight, forthwith
miserunt legatos ad Csesarem de pace ; pol-
sent ambassadors to Caesar concerning peace ; they-
liciti-sunt sese daturos-[esse] obsides,
promised that they-themselves hereufter would-give hostages,
facturos-que quae imperasset.
and-would-do the things which he-should-have-commanded.
Una cum his legatis venit Comius Atrebas,
Together with these ambassadors came Comius the-Atrebatian,
quem demonstraveram supra, praemissutn a
whom I-had-pointed-out above os having-been-sent-forward by
Caesare in Britanniam. Hunc eofressum ex
Csesar into Britain. Him having-disembarked from
navi, illi comprehenderant atque conjecerant in
the-vessel, they had-seized and had-thrown into
vincula, cum preferret mandata imperatoris ad
chains, when he-was-conveying the-mandates of-the-general to
eos : tum prcelio facto, remiserunt,
them : then however battle having-been-made, they-sent-/iim-back,
et in petenda. pace, contulerunt culpam ejus
and in suing-for peace, laid the-blame of-that
rei in multitudinem, et petiverunt propter
measure upon the multitade, and entreated on-account-of
imprudentiam, ut ignosceretur.* Ca^sar
their thoughtlessness, that no-notice-might-be-taken. Caesar

* Ut ignosceretur (sc. si&i).As it is only in verbs transitive

that the object of the verb in the active form can become the subject
of the same verb in the passive ; the oassive of verbs neuter is ele
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 17

questus, quod, cum petissent pacem ab

having-complained, that, when they-had-sued-for peace from
se ultro, legatis missis in conti-
him of-their-own-accord, ambassadors being-sent to the-con-
nentem, intulissent bellum sine causa,
tinent, they-had-brought-upon him war without cause,
dixit ignoscere imprudentiae ; imperavit-que
said that he pardoned the-thoughtlessness ; and-he-demanded
obsides ; quorum dederunt illi partem statim ;
hostages ; of-whom they-gave to-him a-part forthwith ;
partem arcessitam ex longinquioribus locis
a-part summoned from more-distant places
dixerunt sese daturos paucis diebus. Interea
they-said that-they would-give in-a-few days. Meantime
jusserunt suos remigrare in agros ;
they-commanded their-own men to-travel-back to tfteir-fields ;
principes-que conven6re undique, et commen-
and-the-princes came-together on-all-sides, and commen-
darunt se suas-que civitates Caesari.
mended themselves and-their states to-Caesar.
[XXVIII.] Pace firmata his rebus,
[28.] Peace having-been-confirmed by-these things,
quartam diem post-quam ventum-est* in Bri-
the-fourth day after they-came into Bri-

gantly used impersonally with an oblique case. The same form is

sometimes used without such necessity, when the subject of the
action is any way indejinite. The literal negative signification of
the verb is here retained ; but it may often be rendered in the
positive sense of " to pardon," as below.
* Literally " after the fourth day that they came :" The
verb may be rendered Ventum est [ab illis], it was come by
them ; i. e. " they came :" or impersonally, " arrival was made,"
like demonstratum est, overleaf.
18 CiESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN.

tanniam, octodecim naves de quibus demon-

tain, the-eighteen vessels concerning which remark-
stratum-est supra, quae sustulerant equites,
was-made above, which had-carried the-horse,
solverunt ex superiori portu leni vento.
loosed from the-uppe port with-a-gentle wind.
Quae cum appropinquarent Britanniae, et videren-
Which when they-were-approaehing Britain, and were-
tur ex castris, tanta tempestas subito coorta-est,
seen from the-camp, so-great a-tempest suddenly arose,
ut nulla earum posset tenere cursum, sed aliaj
that no-one of-them could hold iti course, but some
referrentur eodem unde profectae-erant ;
were-carried-back to-tho-same-place whence they-had-come-forth ;
aliae dejiciebantur ad inferiorem partem insulae,*
others were-cast-down to the-lower part of-the-island,
quae est propius solis occasum, cum magno periculo
which is nearer the-sun's setting, with great peril
sui : quae tamen, anchoris jactis, quum
of-themselves : which vessels however, anchors having-been-cast, since
complerentur fluctibus, necessari5 petierunt con-
.hey-were-being-filled with-waves, necessarily sought the.
tinentem, provectae in altum adver-
continent, having-been-carried-out on-to the-deep by-the-unfavour-
sa nocte.
able night
[XXIX.]Eadem nocte evenit, ut luna
[29.] The-same night it-happened, that the-moon

* Ad inferiorem partem insulie. Thus the vessels were driven

towards the coast of Cornwall, which also in more modern times
has been proverbial as dangerous for ships distressed.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 19

esset plena, qui dies consuevit efficere maximos

was full, which day is-accustomed to-cause the-greatest
maritimos-Bestus* inoceano; id-que eratincognitum
tides in the-ocean ; and-that was unknown
nostris. Ita, uno tempore et aestus complebat
to-our men. Thus, at-one time both the-tide was-filling
longas naves, (quibus Caesar curaverat trans-
the-long vessels, (in-which Caesar had-provided for-trans-
portandum exercitum, quas-que subduxerat in
porting his army, and-which he-had-drawn-up on
aridum), et tempestas afflictabat onerarias
dry ground), and the-weather was-shattering tAose of-burthen
quae deligatae-erant ad anchoras : neque daba-
which had-been-fastened to anchors : nor was-there
tur nostris facultas aut administrandi aut
given to-our men the-ability either of-attending-to or
auxiliandi. Compluribus navibus frac-
of-assisting them. Very-many vessels having-been
tis, cum reliquae essent inutiles, funibus,
wrecked. since the-remainder were useless, their cables,

* Maritimos-cestus literally " maritime swells ;" applied to the

boiling or swelling of the sea at flow of the tide. The Latin word
" aastus" is so common a term, that it is necessary to qualify it with
an adjective for this appropriation.
The tides, being caused by the joint attraction of the sun and
moon, must necessarily be greatest when these forces act in the
same straight line; which happens at the new and full moon
that is, when the sun and moon are either in conjunction or op-
position. Consequently there are two spring tides in the ocean
every month ; but as the tides are not perceptible in the Mediter-
ranean, which was called by the Romans " nostrum mare," Caesar
had not been accustomed to observe this phenomenon ; though
the causes of tides in general were not wholly unknown to the
ancients.
20 CJESAK's INVASION OF BRITAIN.

anchoris, reliquis-que armamentis amissis,*

anchors, and-remaining equipments having-been-lost,
facta-est, id quod erat necesse accidere,
there-was-created, that which was necessary to-happen,
magna perturbatio totlus exercitus : enim
a-great dismay of-the-whole army : for
neque erant aliae naves, quibus possent re-
neither were-there other vessels, in-which they-could be-
portari, et omnia deerant qua; essent usui
carried-back, and all things were-wanting which would-be of-use
ad reficiendas naves ; et frumentum in hiemem
for repairing ships ; also corn for the-winter
non provlsum-erat in his locis, qu6d constabat
had- not -been-provided in these places, because it-was-agreed
omnibus oportere hiemare in Gallia.
by-all that they-ought to-winter in Gaul.
[XXX.]Quibus rebus cognitis, principes
[30.] Which things having-bcen-learnt, the-princes
Britanniae, qui, post prcelium, convenerant ad fa-
of-Britain, who, after the-battle, had-come-together to per-
cienda ea quse Ca;sar jusserat, collocuti
form those things which Caesar had-ordered, having-conferred

* Amissis. Sometimes the translation of this passive participle

by the expression " having been," conveys an ambiguous sense.
The Romans not having a passive participle present, or a variely of
vast participles, are obliged to use this form very frequeutly, re-
fening to the very instant of the act, without specifying whether
or not its consequences still continue. Thus, here, the reference is
toade to the veiy moment of thc Ioss, which is certainly past, though
the loss itself still continues. As again, Book v. ch. 11.
This defect in the Latin language is supplied in the Greek by the
variety of its participles.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 21

inter se, quum intelligerent equites, et

among themselves, when they-understood horsemen, and
naves, et frumentum deesse Romanis, et
vessels, and corn to-be-wanting to-the-Romans, and
cognoscerent paucitatem militum ex exi-
when they-learnt the-scantiness of-the-soldiery from the-
guitate castrorum, (quae erant etiam angustiora
smallness of-the-camp, (which was even more-confined
hoc, quod Caesar transportaverat legiones
for-this reason, that Caesar had-transported his legions
sine impedimentis,* duxerunt optimum
without baggage, they-inferred that the-best thing
factu esse, rebellione facta, prohibere
to-be-done vvas, a-renewal of-war having-been-made, to-debar
nostros frumento commeatu-q ue, et producere
our men from-corn and-provision, and to-protract
rem in heimem, quod, iis superatis
the-affair till winter, because, these having-been-overcome
aut interclusis reditu, confidebant neminem
or precluded from-return, - they-trusted that no-one
postea transiturum in Britanniam causa infe-
afterwards would-cross mto Britain for-the-sake of-
rendi belli. Itaque conjuratione facta
bringing-in war. Therefore a-confederacy having-been-made
rursum, cceperunt paullatim discedere ex cas-
again, they-began by-little-and-little to-depart from the-
tiis, ac deducere suos clam ex agris.
camp, and to-draw-back their-own men privately from the-fields.

Properly " hindrances ;" which term applies correctly to the

baggage of an army.
22 C;ESAR'S 1NVASI0N OF BRITAIN.

[XXXI.] At Caesar, etsi nondum cognoverat

[31.] But Cassar, although not-yet had-he-ascertained
eorum consilia, tamen suspicabatur id fore
their designs, yet suspected that that would-be
quod accidit, et ex eventu suarum navium,
which really happened, both frora the-mishap of-his-own vessels,
et ex eo, qu6d intermiserant dare obsides.
and from this, that they-had-ceased to-give hostages.
Itaque comparabat subsidia ad omnes casus:
Therefore he-prepared aids against all mischances :
nam et conferebat frumentum ex agris in
for he- both -brought-together corn from the-fields into
castra quotidie, et utebatur materia. et aere ea-
the-camp daily, and used the-timber and brass of-
rum quae afflictae-erant gravissim^, ad reficien-
those which had-been-damaged most-severely, for repair-
das reliquas naves, et jubebat quae
ing the-remaining vessels, and ordered materials which
erant usui ad eas res, comportari ex conti-
were of-use for these things, to-be-carried-hither from the-conti-
nenti. Itaque, cum id administraretur sum-
nent. Therefore, since that was-attended-to with-the-
mo studio a militibus, effecit ut,
utmost diligence by the-soldiers, he-brought-it-about that,
duodecim navibus amissis, posset reli-
twelve ships having-been-lost, it-was-possible for-
quis navigari * commode.
the-remainder to-sail conveniently.

* The construction is "it was possible to be sailed by the re-

mainder."
 FROM THE COMMENTAHIBS. 23

[XXXII.]Dum haec geruntur, una

[32.] Whilst these things are-being-carried-on, one
legione,* quae appellabatur septima, mis-
legion, which was-called the-seventh, having-been-
Sci. ex consuetudine frumentatum, neque
sent according-to custom to-forage, nor
ulla suspicione belli interposita ad id
any suspicion of-war having-been-occasioned up to that
tempus, quum pars hominum remaneret
time, since part of-the-men [the Britons] was-staying
in agris, pars etiam ventitaret in castra ; ii,
in the-fields, part also was-often-coming into the-camp ; those,
qui erant in statione pro portis castrorum,
who were on station before the-gates of-the-camp,
renuntiarunt Cresari, majorem pulverem quam
announced to-Caesar, that a-greater dust than
consuetudo ferret videri in ea. parte, in
custom warranted was-seen in that part, towards
quam partem legio fecisset iter. Caesar
which part the-legion had-made its way. Csesar
suspicatus id quod erat, aliquid
having-suspected that which was the case, that something
novi consilii initum a barbaris, jus-
of-new design was entercd-into by the-barbarians, or-

* Und legione. The number of soldiers in a legion varied at

different times of the Republic, but the average might be about five
thonsand. With these were originally joined three hundred horse
(as in Book v. ch. 9.) ; two legions, with their horse, constituting
a consular army. But this proportion of horse to foot was not in-
variably observed in later times, of which an instance will be found
in Book v. ch. 8.
24 ca:sAR's invasion of britain.

sit cohortes quae erant * in stationibus pro-

dered that the-cohorts which were on station should-
ficisci secum in eam partem, duas ex
advance with him toward that part, that two of
reliquis succedere in stationem, reliquas
the-remainder sbould-succeed to their station, that the-rest
armari et consequi sese- confestlm. Quum
should-be-armed and follow-after himself hastily. When
processisset paullS longius a. castris, anim-
he-had-proceeded a-little further from the-camp, he-
advertit suos premi ab hostibus,
perceived that his-own men were-pressed by the-enemy,
atque aegre sustinere, et tela conjici
and ill sustained theattach, and that darts were-being-thrown
ex omnibus partibus, legione conferta. Nam
from all parts, the-legion being-crowded. For
quod, omni frumento demesso ex reliquis
because, all the-com having-been-reaped from the-remaining
partibus, una pars erat reliqua; hostes, sus-
parts, one part was left; the-enemy, having-
picati nostros venturos-esse huc, deli-
suspected that our men would-come hither, had-lain-
tuerant in sylvis noctu : tum subito
hid in the-woods by-night : then suddenly

* Cohortes qua in stationihus erant.Ten cohorts, or battalions,

constituted one Roman legion ; though the several cohorts con-
tained unequal numbers of soldiers, the first being the most nume-
rous. Hence Ca^sar, in Book v. ch. 15. specifies the particular
cohort, to shew the number of the force engaged.
The guards, slationed before the gates of the camp, were relieved
every three hours
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 25

adorti dispersos, occupatos in meten-

having-risen-upon tfowe-dispersed, engaged in reap-
do, armis depositis, paucis interfectis,
ing, their arms having-been-laid-down,a-fev. having-been-killed,
perturbaverant reliquos incertis ordinibus, si-
they-had-disordered the-remainder in-uncertain ranks, at-the-
mul circumdederant equitatu atque es-
same-time they-had-surrounded them with-cavalry and with-
sedis.
chariots.
[XXXIII.] Hoc est genus pugnae ex
[33.] This is the-kind of-fight from
essedis : primo perequitant per omnes partes,
chariots : first they-ride-about through all parts,
et conjiciunt tela; atque plerumque perturbant
and hurl darts ; and mostly disorder
ordines ipso terrore equorum et strepitu
the-ranks by-very terror of-the-horses and by-the-rattle
rotarum ; et, quum insinuaverint se inter
of-the-wheels ; and, when they-have-insinuated themselves among
turmas* equitum, desiliunt ex essedisf et
the-troops of-horse, they-leap-down from the-chariots and
prceliantur pedibus. Aurlgae interim excedunt
combat on-foot. The-charioteers meantime withdraw

* Turmas equitum.The cavalry of the Roman legion was di-

vided into ten troops, called turma, and was generally posted on
the wings, whence each entire body was called ala ; a name which
was also applied, for the same reason, to the forces of the allies, the
Roman legions occupying the centre.
t Ex essedis. It is remarkable that Casar, in this description
of the mode of fighting with chariots, takes no notice of the scythes
with which the sides of these chariots were armed.
C
26 cesar's invasion of beitain.

paulilm e prcelio, atque ita collocant se, ut si

a-little from the-battle, and so dispose themselves, that if
illi , premantur a multitudine hostium,
they (thejtghters) should-be-pressed by a-multitude of-enemies.
habeant expedltum receptum ad suos.
they-may-have a-ready retreat to their-own men.
Ita in prceliis praestant mobilitatem equitum,
Thus in battles they-present the-moveableness of-horse,
stabilitatem peditum ; ac efficiunt tantum
the-firmness of-ioot ; and they-accomplish so-much
quotidiano usu et exercitatione, ut in decllvi ac
by-daily use and exercise, that in downhill and
precipiti loco consueverint sustinere equos
precipitous ground they-are-accustomed to-hold-up t/ieir-horses
incitatos, et moderari ac flectere brevl, et
urged to spced, and to-manage and turn-tAem short, and
percurrere per temonem, et insistere in jugo,
to-run along the-pole, and to-stand upon the-yoke,
et inde recipere se citissime in currus.
and thence to-betake themselves most-swiftly into tkeir chariots.
[XXXIV.]Quibus rebus,* (nostris pertur-
[34.] To-which affairs, (our men being-
batis novitate pugnae,) Caesar tulit
disordered by-the-newness of-the-kind-of-combat,) Caesar brought
auxihum tempore opportunissimo : namque ejus
assistance at-a-time most-opportune : for at- his
adventu hostes constiterunt, nostri receperunt
-approach the-enemy stopped, our men recovered
se ex terrore. Quo facto, arbitratus
themselves from terror. Which being-done, having-considered

* Referring to chap. 32 the whole of chap. 33 being considered

a parenthesis.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 27

tempus esse alienum ad lacessendum hostem et

the-time to-be adverse to provoking the-enemy and
committendum prcelium, continuit se suo
to-joining battlc, he-kept himself in-his-own
loco : et, brevi tempore intermisso, reduxit
place : and, a-short time having-been-interposed, he-led-back
legiones in castra. Dum haec geruntur,
the-legions into the-camp. Whilst these things are-carrying-on,
discesserunt, omnibus nostris occupatis
they-departed, all our men having-been-seized-upon
qui erant reliqui ln agris. Tempestates secutae-
who were remaining in the-fields. Tempests fol-
sunt, compliires continuos dies, quse et continerent*
Iowed, for-very-many successive days, which both kept
nostros in castris, et prohiberent hostem a
our men in camp, and restrained the-enemy from
pugna. Interim barbari demiserunt nuntios
fight. Meantime the-barbarians dispatched messengers
in omnes partes, praedicaverunt-que suis
to all parts, and-proclaimed to-their-own people
paucitatem nostrorum militum ; et demonstra-
the-scantiness of-our soldiery ; and pointed-
verunt quanta facultas daretur faciendae praedae,
out how-great opportunity was-granted of-making a-booty,
atque liberandi sui in perpetuum, si expu-
and of-freeing themselves for a-perpetuity, if they-
lissent Romanos castris. His
should-have-driven-out the-Bomans from-t/ieir-camp. By-these

* Qua et continerent,' &c. meaning " such tempests as both to

keep and to restrain," &c.Continebant and prohibebant, would
only indicate the fact, vAereas the use of the subjunctive mood con-
nects the cause with the effect.
c 2
28 c*sar's invasion of britain.

rebus, magna multitudine peditatus equitatus-

things, a-great multitude of-infantry and-of-ca-
que coacta celeriter, venerunt ad
valry having-been-urged-together speedily, they-came to
castra.
the-camp.
[XXXV.]Caesar, etsi videbat idem
[35.] Csesar, although he-saw that the-same thing
fore quod acciderat superioribus diebus ; ut,
would-be which had-happened on-former days ; that,
si hostes pulsi-essent. effugerent periculum
if the-enemy should-have-been-repulsed, they-would-escape danger
celeritate ; tamen nactus circiter triginta equites
by-tAeir-speed ; yet having-found about thirty horse
quos Comius Atrebas, de quo dictum-est
whom Comius the-Atrebatian, of whom mention-was-made
ante, transportaverat secum, constituit legiones
before, had-carried-over with-him, he-formed his-legions
in acie pro castris. Prcelio commisso, hostes
in array before the-camp. Battle having-been-joined, the-enemy
potuerunt non diutius ferre impetum nostrorum
could not longer sustain the-onset of-our
militum, ac verterunt terga : quos secuti
soldiers, and turned their backs : whom our men having-followed
tanto spatio quantum potuerunt efficere cursu
as-great a-space as they-were-able to-accomplish by-ranning
et viribus, occiderunt complures ex iis : deinde,
and strength they-killed very-many of them: then,
omnibus aedificiis adflictis incensis-que
all buildings having-been-beaten-down and-fired
longe late-que, receperunt se in castra.
far and-wide, they-betook themselves into the-camp.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 29

[XXXVI.]Eodem die legati venerunt, missi

[36.] On-the-same day ambassadors came, sent
ab hostibus ad Caesarem de pace. His
from the-enemy to Caesar concerning peace. To-these
Coesar duplicavit numerum obsidum, quem impe-
Caesar doubled the-number of-hostages, which he-had-
raverat antea, jussit-que eos adduci in
commanded before, and-ordered them to-be-brought-to him on-to
continentem, quod die aequinoctii* propinqua,
the-oontinent, because with-the-day of-the-equinox near,
navibus infirmis, existimabat navigationem non
his-ships being unsound, he-thought his sailing ought not
subjiciendam hiemi. Ipse nactus
to-be-exposed to-the-winter He-himself having-met-with
idoneam tempestatem, paull6 post mediam noctem,
proper weather, a-little after mid night,
solvit naves, quse pervenerunt omnes incolumes
loosed his vessels, which arrived all safe
ad continentem : ex his, duae onerariae potuerunt
at the-continent : of these, two of-burthen could
non capere eosdem portus quos reliquae, sed
not gain the-same ports which the-rest did, but
delatae-sunt paullo infra.
were-carried-down a-little lowei .
[XXXVII.]Ex quibus navibus, quum circiter
[37.] From which vessels, when about
ter centum milites essent expositi, atque con-
three hundred soldiers had-been put-forth, and were-
* Propinqud die equinoctii.Caesar appears to have been afraid
of " stormy weather," which is usual about the times of the equinox:
unless this expression is merely intended to designate the beginning
of the winter season.
30 cksar's invasion of britain.

tenderent in castra, Morini, quos Caesar pro-

bending towards the-camp, the-Morini, whom Cassar pro-
ficiscens in Britanniam reliquerat pacatos, adducti
ceeding into Britain had-left peaceable, led-on
spe praedae, circumsteterunt primo non ita
by-hope of-booty, surrounded Ihem at-first with-not so
magno* numero suorum, ac jusserunt po-
great a-number of-their-own men, and ordered them to-lay-
nere arma, si nollent sese interfici.
down their arms, if they-did-not-wish themselves to-be-slain.
Quum illi, orbe facto defenderent sese,
When they, a-circle having-been-formed, were-defending themselves,
circiter sex millia hominum celeriter convenerunt
about six thousand men speedily came-together
ad clamorem. Qua re nunciata, Caesar
at the-shout. Which circumstance being-announced, Cssar
misit omnem equitatum ex castris, auxilior
sent all the-cavalry from the-camp, os aid
suis. Interim nostri milites sustinuerunt
to-his-own men. Meantime our soldiers susiained
impetum hostium, atque pugnaverunt fortissime
the-onset of-the-enemy, and fbught most-bravely
amplius quatuor horis, et, paucis vulneribus
more than-four hours, and, few wounds
acceptis, occiderunt complures ex
having-been-received by themselves, they-killed very-many of

* Nm ita magno.Not meaning to compare the number of the

Morini with that of his own men : but as we say " not so very
great," without reference to any particular standard.
t Auxilio suis. A double dative case is often found after a verb,
when the action has two objects, though with a different relation ;
as here, " he sent the horse for an assistance to his own men."
This dative may generally be resolved into the preposition pro with
the ablative case.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 31

iis. Ver6 postea-quam noster equitatus venit

them [theMorini]. But after-that our cavalry came
in conspectum, hostes, armis abjectis,
into sight, the-enemy, tftetr-arms having-been-cast-away,
verterunt terga, magnus-que numerus eorum
turned their backs, and-a-great number of-them
occisus-est.
was-slain.
[XXXVIII.]Caesar postero die misit Titum
[30.] Caesar next day sent Titus
Labienum legatum, cum iis legionibus quas
Labienus his lieutenant, with those legions which
reduxerat ex Britannia, in Morinos, qui
he-had-brought-back from Britain, against these Morini, who
fecerant rebellionem. Qui, quum propter sic-
had-made a-renewal-of-war. Who, since on-account-of the-
citates paludum,* haberent non quo re-
dryness of-the-marshes, they-had not any place whither they-
ciperent se (quo perfugio usi-fuerant su-
might-betake themselves (which refuge they-had-used in-
periore anno,) fere omnes venerunt in potestatem
the-former year,) almost all came into the-power
Labieni. At Quintius Titurius et Lucius Cotta
of-Labienus. But Quintius Titurius and Lucius Cotta
legati, qui duxerant legiones in fines
the-lieutenants, who had-led the-legions into the-confines

* Siccitates paludum. The Gauls and Britons would often, m

their retreats, secure themselves amidst the bogs ; not by plunging
up to their chins in water, as some affirm, but, like the Iiish at the
present day, by following secret paths through the morass, which
no stianger could discover.
32 CjESAR's INVASION OF BRITAIN.

Menapiorum, (omnibus eorum agris vastatis,

of-the-Menapii, (all their lands having-been-wasted,
frumentis succlsis, aedificiis-que incensis), qu6d
their corn cut-down, and-rVietr-buildings burnt), because
Menapii abdiderant se omnes in * densis-
the-Menapii had-withdrawn themselves all into the-
simas silvas, receperunt se ad Csesarem.
thickest woods, retook themselves to Caesar.
Caesar constituit hiberna f omnium legionum in
Ca:sar stationed the-winter quarters of-all the-legions among
Belsris. E6 duae civitates omnino miserunt
the-Belgians. Thither two states in-all sent
obsides ex Britannia, reliquae neglexerunt. His
hostages from Britain, the-rest neglected-it. These
rebus gestis, supplicatio J viginti dierum
things having-been-carried-on, a-thanksgiving of-twenty days
decreta-est a Senatu, ex literis Cssaris.
was-decreed by the-Senate, owing-to the-letters of-Caesar.

* In silvas. The preposition in joined with the accusative case

signifies motion. Hence abdiderant se, " they had withdrawn them-
selves into the woods," refers to the action of concealing themselves.
t Hibema " wintercamp :" the word castra being understood.
% Supplicatio here rendered *' thanksgiving," is a general term
including the idea of a prayer, or atonement, to deprecate a reverse
of fortune : as occasionally " a supplication" was also decreed in
times of public distress.

END OF THE FOURTH BOOK.

 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 33

[BOOK V.]*
[The intermediate narrative (from the conclusion of the Fourth Book
to chap. 8. of the Fifth) relates to Caesar's movements on the
continent during the winter unconnected with the subject of the
present extract.]

[C. VIII.]His rebus gestis, Labieno

[C. 8.] These things having-been-done, Labienus
relicto in continente cum tribus legionibus et
being-left on the-continent with three legions and
duobus millibus equitum, ut tueretur portus
two thousand horse, that he-might-defend the-ports
et provideret rei-frumentariae, cognosceret-que
and provide for-store-of-corn, and-might-learn
quae gererentur.f et caperet consilium pro
what things were-carrying-on, and might-take counsel according-to
tempore et pro re ; ipse cum
time and according-to circumstance ; (Caesar) himself with
quinque legionibus, et pari numero equitum
five legions, and an-equal number of-horse to that

* Caesar's pretext for returning to Britain, was the almost uni-

versal neglect of the Britons to send to the continent the hostages,
promised to be given the preceding year.
t Q.tuz gererentur.Here the word gererentur, though in the same
subjunctive form as the other verbs in the sentence, has a diflerent
reference ; only implying a doubtful or indefinite case, as " what-
ever things were being done." The subjunctive mood when express-
ing power, as in the case of the verbs tueretur cuperet, is called
the potential.
c 5
34 cjesah's invasion of britain.

quem reliquerat in continente, solvit naves ad

which he-had-left on the-continent, loosed his ships at
occasum solis ; et provectus leni
set of-sun ; and having-been-carried-forward by-a-gentle
Africo,* vento intermisso circiterf media
south-west breeze, the-wind being-intermitted about mid
nocte, non-tenuit cursum : et delatus longius
night he-did-not-hold his course : also being-carried too-far
aestu, luce orta, conspexit Britanniam
by-the-tide, light having-arisen, he-beheld Britain
relictam sub sinistra. Tum rursus, secutus J
forsaken on the-left hand. Then again, having-followed
commutationem aestus, contendit remis ut ca-
the-change of-tide, hc-pressed with-oars that he-
peret eam partem insulas qua. cognoverat
might-gain that part of-the-island on-which he-had-learnt
aestate superiore egressum esse optimum. In
the-summer before that the-landing was best. In

* Africo The Romans named winds from different countries,

considering their situation with respect to Italy. Hence the south-
west was called " Afric," as blowing from about Carthage, the part
of Africa earliest familiar to the Romans.
t Circiter is here used adverbially ; otherwise it would govem an
accusative case.
J Secutus. The convenienee of the dcponent participle consists
in its expressing a perfect state with an active signification, for which
verbs of active form scarcely furnish an equivalent, having only the
participle present imperfect, which is seldom used. The defect how-
ever is supplied by a change of case, or by circumlocution : hence the
requent use of the ablative absolute of the passive perfect participle,
as intermisso (line 5) ; and of such a form as quum convenissent
(next page) : which only mean, with regard to the stale of the action,
the same as secutus in the nominative.
 FEOM THE COMMENTARIES. 35

qua re virtus militum fuit admodum

which measure the-merit of-the-soldiers was very-much
laudanda,* qui, vectoriis, gravibus-que navigiis,
to-be-praised, who, in-the-transports, and-heavy boats,
labore remigandi non intermisso, adaequave-
the-labour of-rowing not having-been-intermitted equal-
runt cursum longarum navium. Accessum-est
led the-course of-the-long vessels. Approach-was-made
ad Britanniam omnibus navigiis fere meridiano
to Britain by-all the-vessels about noon
tempore ; neque visus-est hostis in eo loco.
time; nor was-there-seen an-enemy in that r>lace.
Sed ut Caesar comperit ex captivis postea,, quum
But as Caesar found from the-prisoners afterwards, when
maguae manus convenissent eb, perterritaa
great bands had-come-together thither, being-terrified
multitudine navium, quae cum annot!nis,t
by-the-multitude of-vessels, which with those built-last-year,
privatis-que quas quisque fecerat causa
and-with-the-private barks which cach had-made for-the-sake
sui commodi, visae-erant una amplius
of-his-own convenience, had-appeared together more
octingentis, discesserant timore a litore ac
than-eight-hundred, they-had-departd in-fear from the-shore and
abdiderant se in superiora loca.
had-withdrawa themselves on-to the-higher grounds.

* Laudanda " praiseworthy :" this form is usually called the

future participle passive, but is seldom used to express mere fu-
turiiy ; generally implying rather obiigaiion or worthiness.
t Annotinis " one year old," from annus, a year; unless we
read annonariis " victuallers.'
36 CKSAR's INVASION GF BRITAIN.

[IX.]Exercitu exposito, ac idoneo

[9.] The-army having-been-set on shore, and a-proper
loco capto castris, ubi Casar cognovit ex
place taken for-the-camp, when Caesar learnt from
captTvis in quo loco copi hostium conse-
the-captives in what place the-forces of-the-enemy had-
dissent,* decem cohortibus et trecentis equitibusf
pitched, ten cohorts and three-hundred horse
relictis ad mare, qui essent preesidio navi-
having-been-left at the-sea, who might-be a-guard to-the-
bus, de tertia. vigilia contendit ad hostes,
ships, at the-third watch he-bends towards the-enemy,
veritus navibus eo minus quod relinquebat
fearing-for his vessels so-much the-less because he-was-leaving
deligatas ad anchoras in molli atque aperto
them bound-down to anchors on a-smooth and open
litore ; et praefecit praesidio navibus Quintum
shore ; and he-appointed-over the-guard for-the-vessels Quintius
Atrium. Ipse, progressus noctu circiter
Atrius. He-himself, having-proceeded by-night about
duodecim milha-passuum, conspicatus-est copias
twelve miles, descried the-forces
hostium. Illi progressi essedis atque
of-the-enemy. They having-proceeded with-chariots and
equitatu ad flumen, cceperunt ex superiore loco
cavalry to the-river, began from the-higher ground

* Consedissent. The subjunctive mood is used in dependent

clauses, any way referring to a question : in this instance with re-
ference to the previous doubt, as if Csesar had before asked directly
" In what place have they pitched V
t That is, one whole legion, horse and foot.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 37

prohibere nostros, et committere prcelium, Re-

to-check our men, and to-join battle. Being-re-
pulsi ab equitatu, abdiderunt se in silvas,
pulsed by our cavalry, they-withdrew themselves into the-woods,
nacti, egregie* munitum et natiira. et opere,
having-reached, excellently fortified both by-nature and by-art,
locum quem praeparaverant jam ante causa,
a-place which they-had-prepared already before because,
ut videbatur, domestici belli : nam omnes in-
as it-appeared, of-a-domestic war : for all en-
troitus praeclusi-erant crebris arboribus succisis.
trances had-been-closed by-numerous trees cut-dowu.
Ipsi rari propugnabant ex sil-
They-themselves few in number defended it from the-
vis, piohibebant-que nostros ingredi intra mu-
woods, and-hindered our men from-entering within the-
nitiones. At milites septimae legionis, testudinef
fortifications. Yet the-soldiers of-the-seventh legion, a-tortoise
facta, et aggere J adjecto ad munitiones,
having-been-formed, and a-mound applied to the-fortifications,

* Egregie. An adverb derived from e, out of, and grex gregis,

a flock : as if " in a select and uncommon manner." Thc epithet
egregius was probably first applied to victims selected for sacrifice as
the best of the flock.
t Testudine. The soldiers joined their shields in the form of a
tortoise-shell : under cover of which they approached the walls or
other fortifications of any hold, unmolested by the defending party.
t Aggere. The agger was a mount composed ofearth and wood,
which was often raised to the full height of the wall attacked, and
was gradually advanced, by increase of breadth, towards the city or
fortress besieged.
38 CESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN.

ceperunt locum, expulerunt-que eos ex silvis,

took the-place, and-drove-out those men from the-woods,
paucis vulneribus acceptis. Sed Caesar vetuit
a-few wounds having-been-received. But Csesar forbade
persequi longius eos fugientes, et quod igno-
to-follow-up too-far -fhose fleeing, both because he-was-
rabat naturam loci et quod, magna parte
ignorant-of the-nature of-the-place, and because, a-great part
diei consumpta, volebat tempus relinqui
of-the-day having-been-spent, he-wished time to-be-left
munitioni * castrorum.
for-the-fortification of-the-camp.
[X.]Mane postridie ejus diei, misit milites
[10.] Early the-day-after that day, he-sent foot soldiers
equites-que in expeditionem tripartlto, ut per-
and-horse on an-expedition in-three-divisions, that they-
sequerentur eos qui fugerant. Iis progressis
might-follow-up those who had-fled. They having-advanced
aliquantum itineris, quum jam extremi essent in
some-portion of-t/ieir-journey, when already the-last were in
prospectu, equites venerunt a Quinto Atrio ad
sight, horsemen came from Quintus Atrius to
CaDsarem, qui nuntiarent, nocte superiori,
Cacsar, who should-announce, that, the-night before,
maxima. tempestate cobrta, prope omnes naves
a-very-great tempest having-arisen, nearly all the-vessels
esse-afflictas atque ejectas in litore, quod neque
had-bcen-shattered and cast-out on the-shore, because neither

* Munitioni castrorum. The Romans, even on a march, never

passed a night without pitching a square camp, and fortifying it with
a rampart and ditch.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 39

anchorae funes-que subsisterent, neque possent *

their anchors and-cables stayed them, nor could
nautae guberuatores-que pati vim tempestatis.
the-sailors and-masters enduie the-force of-the-tempest.
Itaque ex eo concursu navium, magnum
Thus from that running-together of-the-ships, great
incommodum acceptum-esse.
damage had-been-received.
[XI.]His rebus cognitis, Csesar jubet le-
[11.] These things being-known, Caesar orders the-
giones equitatum-que revocari, atque desistere
legions and-the-cavalry to-be-recalled, and to-desist
itinere. Ipse revertitur ad naves : perspicit
from-the-journey. He-himself returns to the-vessels : he-perceives
coram fere eadem quse cognoverat ex
in-person almost the-same things which he-had-learnt from
nuntiis literis-que, sic ut,f circiter quadraginta
messengers and-letters, so that, about foity
navibus amissis, reliqua) tamen viderentur posse
vessels having-been-lost, the-rest however would-seem to-be-able
refici magno negotio. Deligit itaque fabros
to-be-repaired by-great exertion. He-chooses therefore artificers
ex legionibus, et jubet alios accerslri ex con-
from the-legions, and orders others to-be-fetched from the-

* Subsisterent neque possent pati. When from the form of the

sentence, independent of its matter, the subjunctive mood is required,
(as in this example,) the potential is expressed by the verb possum
with the infinitive mood.
t Sic ut tamen has a restrictive force, here implying " so far at
least that about forty were lost, but the rest seemed reparable," &c.
40 cs:sar's invasion of britain.

tinenti : scribit Labieno, ut instituat quam

continent : he-writes to-Labienus, that he-should-build as
plurimas naves posset, iis legionibus quse
many vessels as he-couhl, by-means-o/"-those legions which
sunt apud eum. Ipse, etsi erat res multae
are with him. He-himself, although it-was a-matter of-much
operae ac laboris, tamen statuit esse commodis-
labour and trouble, yet determined it to-be most-advanta-
simum omnes naves subduci et
geous that all the-vessels should-be-drawn-up on shore and
conjungi cum castris una munitione. In his rebus
be-joined with the-camp by-one fortification. In these measures
consiimit circiter decem dies, ne quidem nocturnis
he-spends about tcn days, not even the-night
temporibus intermissis ad laborem militum.
times having-been-Ieft to ease the-Iabour of-the-soldiers.
Navibus subductis castris-que egregie mu-
The-vessels having-been-drawn-up and-the-camp excellently for-
nltis, relinquit easdem copias quas ante, prae-
tified, he-leaves the-same forces which he left before, as a-
sidio navibus : ipse proficiscitur eodem undh
guard to-the-ships : himself proceeds to the-same-jj(ace whence
redierat. Cum venisset eo, majores copiae
he-had-returned. When he-had-come thither, greater forces
Britann5rum convenerant ad eum locum undique.
of-the-Britons had-assembled at that place from-all-parts.
Summa * imperii administrandi-que belli per-
The-chief command and-management of-the-war was-
missa-est communi consilio Cassivellauno, cujus
entrasted by-common deliberation to-Cassivellaunus, whose

* Literally " the summit of command and of managing the war.

 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 41

fines flumen quod appellatur Tamesis dividit a

confines the-river which is-called Thames divides from
maritimis civitatibus, circiter octoginta millia-pas-
the-maritime states, about eighty miles
suum a, mari. Superiori tempore, continentia
from the-sea. In-former time, continual
bella intercesserant* huic cum reliquis civitatibus;
wars had-happened to-him with the-other states;
sed nostro adventu, Britanni, permoti, praefece-
but on-our arrival, the-Britons, being-agitated, had-made-
rant-hunc toti bello imperio-que.f
this-man-chief-of the-whole war and-command.
[XII.]Interior pars Britanniae incolitur ab
[21.] The-interior part of-Britain is-inhabited by
iis, quos dicuntj proditum memoria. natos
those, who they-say it-is-handed-down by-memory were born
in insula ipsa : maritima pars ab iis, qui
in the-island itself: the-maritime part by those, who
transierant ex Belgio causa. prsedae ac in-
had-crossed-over from Belgium for-the-sake of-booty and of-
ferendi belli : ferh omnes qui appellantur iis
bringing-in war : almost all which are-called by-those

* Intercesserant. This compound word is only used to imply

that what happened was between two parties.
t Bello imperiaque. More closely " they had made him pre-
fect to the war and command," i. e. the command in general,
including that of the war ; or by a common figure Hendiadys, (iv Sia
Svoiv), simply, " the whole command of the war," imperium
being a military term.
i The construction is quos dicunt proditum esse natos esse
" whom they say it is recorded to have been born."
42 cesar's INVASION OF BRITAIN.

nominibus civitatum, ex quibus civitatibus

names of-states, from which states
orti pervenerunt e6 ; et, bello illato,
having-sprung they-came-over thither ; and, war being-brought-in,
remanserunt ibi, atque cceperunt colere agros.
they-remained there, and began to-cultivate the-lands.
Multitudo hominum est infinita, aedificia-que,
The-multitude f-men is infinite, and-tta>-habitations,
fere consimilia Gallicis, creberrima : numerus
generally resembling Galliccmes, orevery-numerous: the-number
pecoris magnus : utuntur pro nummo aut aere,
of-tAetr-cattle ts great : they-use for money either brass,
aut ferreis taleis* examinatis ad certum pondus.
or iron billets proved to a-certain weight.
Album plumbum nascitur ibi in mediterraneis
White lead is-produced there in the-midland
regionibus ; in maritimis, ferrum, sed copia
countries ; in the-maritime, iron, but the-supply
ejus est exigua ; utuntur importatof aere. Est
of-it is small ; they-use imported brass. There-is
materia cujusque generis, ut in Gallia, praeter
timber of-every kind, as in Gaul, except

* Taleis. Talea is properly a billet of wood, but here means any

piece of metal. It would be difficult to ascertain what was the pre-
cise shape of these talea : but it is probable that they were not more
artificial than the tallies of more modern date ; and that they re-
sembled them in this respect also that each size was a pledge or
token for some particular article, rather than a common measure for
all kinds of property.
t JEre utuntur importato. The word <ts, which is usually trans-
lated " brass," is, like the Greek xdkxos, more properly rendered by
the simple metal " copper."
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 43

fagum et abietem. Putant non fas gustare

the-beech and the-fir. They-think it not right to-taste
leporem et gallinam et anserem. Tamen haec
the-hare and the-pullet and the-goose. Yet these
alunt causa. animi voluptatis-que. Loca
they-breed for-the-sake of-whim and-of-pleasure. The-climales
sunt temperatiora* quam in Gallia, frigoribus
are more-temperate than in Gaul, the-frosts
remissioribus.
6emg-milder.
[XIII.]Insula natura triquetra: cu-
[13.] The-island is in-tts-natural-form triangular : of-
jus unum latus est contra Galliamj hujus
which one side is over-against Gaul ; of-this
lateris alter angulus, qui est ad Cantium, quo
side one angle, which is at Kent, whither
naves ex Galli&. fere appelluntur, spectat ad
vessels from Gaul commonly are-directed, looks to
orientem solem, inferior ad meridiem : hoc
the-rising sun the-lower one to the-south : this
latus tenet circiter quingenta millia-passuum.
side contains about five-hundred miles.
Alterum+ vergit ad Hispaniam, et occidentem
Another side inclines toward Spain, and the-setting

* Temperatiora from tempero, to moderate. An original dis-

tinction in the/orm of adjectives and participles is the variation of
the termination of the adjective, or epithet, when used comparatively.
Many participles, however, having become epithets, as in this
instance, admit the same variation as the genuine adjective.
t Alterum. Alter is generally used to distinguish two objects ;
but here it means the second of three sides : unless we suppose the
idea of a triangle still preserved, with two legs and a base, the Land's
End being the vertex. With this base, here assumed northward,
Caesar was little acquainted.
 44 CjESAR's 1NVASI0N OF BKITAIN.

solem ; ex qua parte est Hibernia, minor dimidio,

sun ; off which part is Ireland, less bvhalf,
ut existimatur, quam Britannia ; sed transmissus
as it-is-thought, than Britain; but the-passage
est pari spatio atque ex Gallia in Britanniam.
is of-equal distance as from Gaul into Britain.
Medio in hoc cursu* est insula quae appellatur
Midway in this course is an-island which is-called
Mona. Praeterea, complures minores insulae ex-
Mona. Besides, veiy-many smaller islands are-
istimantur objectae, de quibus insulis nonnulli
thought tobe opposite, of which islands some
scripserunt triginta continuos dies sub bruma
bave-written that for-thirty successive days during winter
esse noctem. Nos reperiebamus nihil de ec
there-is night. We discovered nothing of that
percunctationibus,t nisi videbamus certis men-
by-cmr-inquiries, except that we-saw from-sure measure-
surisj ex aqua noctes esse breviores quam in
ments by water that the-nights are shorter than on

* In h6c medio cursu literally, " in this middle course ;" which,
though the usual form in Latin, scarcely defines in English the
situation of the Isle of Man.
t Percunctatio originally, " dwelling on the question doubt-
ingly," from cunctor, to linger.
t Mensuris ex aqui. The Romans measured time by water-
glasses, something like our own hour-glasses, with water, instead
of sand, dropping through tbe fine tube. Caesar passed only the sum-
mer months in Britain, whose latitude being greater than that of
Italy, of course the nights were then shorter than at home. The above
description would apply more closely to the Feroe Islands.
Even in the time of Tacitus, the Komans continued to confound
Britain with islands much fuither northward.See his Life of Agri-
cola, ch. zii.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 45

continente. Longitudo hujus lateris, ut opinio* il-

the-continent. The-length of-this side, as the-opinion of-
lorum fert, est septingenta millium-passuum.
those writers inclines, is seven-hundred miles.
Est tertium contra septentrionem, cui parti
There-is a-third towards the-north, to-which part
nulla terra est objecta, sed angulus ejus lateris
no land is opposed, but an-angle of-that side
spectat maxime ad Germaniam : huic existimatur
looks chiefly to Germany : to-this it-is-thought
esse octingenta millia-passuum in longitiidinem.
there-are eight-hundred miles in length.
Ita omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centena
Thus a!l the-island is in circuit twenty-times one-hundred
millia-passuum.
miles.
[XIV.] Ex omnibus his, longe humanissimi
[14.] Of all these, by-far the-most-civilized
sunt qui incolunt Cantium, quae regio est
are those who inhabit Kent, which country is
omnis maritima, neque differunt multum a. Gal-
all maritime, nor do-they-diflcr much from Gal-
lica consuetudine.f Plerlque interiores non-
lic custom Most iif-the-inland inhabilants do-

* Ut opiniofert a single phrase equivalent to our homely ex-

pression, " as opinion goes." Fert, (from/ero, to bear) when used
absolutely, generally signifies tendency, or inctinathn; as via fert,
the road leads ; fert animus, my mind inclines, or prompts.
t Neque multiim differunt a Gallica consuetudine. This simi-
larity to Gallic manners in the Kentish men was naturally pioduced
by the early intercourse which must have subsisted between people

46 cksar's invasion of britain.

serunt frumenta, sed vivunt lacte et carne, sunt-

not-sow corn, but live on-milk and flesh, and-
que vestlti pellibus. Omnes Britanni vero
are clothed with-skins. All the-Britons however
inficiunt* se vitro, quod efficit caeruleum
stain themselves with-woad, which makes an-azure
colorem: atque hoc sunt horribiliore adspectu
colour : and by-this they-arc of-a-more-horrible aspect
in pugna. : sunt capillo promisso/j- atque omni
in battle: they-wear the-hair long, and every
parte corporis rasa, praeter caput et supenus
part of-the-body shaved, except the-head and. the-upper
labrum. Deni duodeni-que habent % uxores
lip. Parties of ten and-twelve have wives

separated by a channel only twenty miles in breadth ; even without

taking for granted the probable conjecture that this part of Britain
was originally colonized from Gaul. At any rate it is satisfactory
to history to know that this resemblance existed in the time of
Caesar ; as we are hereby authorised to apply to our islanders
Caesar's subsequent account of " the Customs of the Gauls," which
will therefore be appended to the " Invasion of Britain."
* Vitro inficiunt. The plant which we call " woad," was named
vitrum by the Rotnans, as forming a dye of a dark glassy hue,
vitrum being the Latin term for glass : So also glas, in the British
language, signifies dark blue or green.
t Literally, " they are with hair permitted (to grow) in length,"
SC porro misso.
i Uxores habent communes. How far this part of Caesars
statement is correct, we have now few means of ascertaining : but
considering the very equivocal appearance still presented by the po-
pulation of the lowcr order in some parts of England, and in more
of Ireland we may reasonably doubt whether our author had
not been misled, by observing a multitude of families crowded to
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 47

communes inter se, et maxime fratres cum

in common among themselves, and mostly brothers with
fratribus, et parentes cum liberis. Sed si qui
brothers, and parents with children. But if any
sunt nati ex his, habentur liberi eorum a
are born of these, they-are-accounted the-chiidren of-those by
quibus quffique virgines primum ductae-
whom each of the women when virgins first were-
sunt.
married.
[XV.] Equites essedarii-que hostium con-
[15.] The-horse and-chariotmen of-the-enemy en-
flixerunt prcelio acriter cum nostro equitatu ln
gaged in-combat sharply with our cavalry on
itinere ; tamen ita, ut nostri fuerint superiores
the-journey; yet so, that our men were superior
omnibus partibus, atque compulerint eos in sil-
in-all parts, and drove them into the-
vas colles-que : sed, compluribus interfectis,
woods and-hills : but, very-many having-been-killed,
amiserunt nonnullos ex suis, inseciiti
they-lost some of their-own men, from having-pursued
cupidius. At illi, spatio intermisso, ejecerunt
too-eagerly. Yet they, a-space of time having-intervened, threw
se subit6 ex silvis, nostris imprudentibus
themselves suddenly from the-woods, our men being-unaware
atque occupatis in munitlone castrorum : impetu-
an occupied in the-fortification of-the-camp : and-an-

gether m the same dwelling. The very circumstance admitted, as to

nearest relatives priricipally forming these communities, would tend
to justify the more favourable interpretation.
48 CKSAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN.

que facto in eos qui collocati-erant in sta-

attack having-been-made on those who had-been-placed on sta-
tione pro castris, pugnaverunt acriter : duabus-que
tion before the-camp, they-fought sharply : and-two
cohortibus, (atque his primis duarum legionum)
cohorts, (and these the-first of-two legions)
missis subsidio a Caesare, quum hae constitissent
having-been-sent in-aid by Caisar, when these had-stopped
perexiguo ospatio loci intermisso inter se ;
witb-a-very-small space of-ground left between them ;
nostris perterritis novo genere pugnae, proru-
our men being-terrified by-the-new kind of-battle, the enemy burst-
perunt audacissime per medios, receperunt-que
forward most-boldly through the-midst, and-retook
se inde incolumes. Eo die Quintus
ttiemselves thence unharmed. On-that day Quintus
Laberius Durus tribunus militum interficitur:
Laberius Durus a-tribune of-the-soldiers is-slain
illi repelluntur, pluribus cohortibus sub-
they (tfte enemy) are-driven-back, morc cohorts having-
missis.
been-sent-in-aid.
[XVI.]In toto hoc genere pugnae, quum
[16]. In the-whole-of this kind of-battle, since
dimicaretur sub oculis omnium ac pro castris,
it-was-contested under the-eyes of-all and before the-camp,
intellectum-est, nostros propter gravitatem
it-was-understood, that-our men on-account-of the-weightiness
armorum, (qu6d neque possent insequi cedentes,
of-tftetr-arms, (because neither could-they follow those giving-way
neque auderent discedere ab signig,) esse minus
nor dared-they depart from the-standards,) were less
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 49

aptos ad hostem hujus generis : autem equites

fit fbr an-enemy of-this kind : moreover that-the-horse
dimicare cum magno periculo, propterea qu6d
contested with great danger, on-the-account that
illi plerumque cederent, etiam consulto, et
they (the enemy) oft-times would-give-way, even designedly, and
quum removissent nostros paullulum ab legioni-
when they-had-removed our horse a-very-little from the-le-
bus, desillrent ex essedis, et contenderent
gions, would-leap-down from their chariots, and would-contend
pedibus dispari prcelio. Autem ratio equestris
on-foot in-unequal combat. Moreover the-mode of-equestrian
prcelii inferebat periculum par atque idem
combat brought a-danger equal and of-the-same-Wnd
et cedentibus et insequentibus. Huc acce-
both on-tAse-giving-way and those pursuing. To-this it-was-
debat, ut nunquam prceliarentur conferti,
added, that the enemy never combated close-in-order,
sed rari, magnis-quetintervallis ; haberent-que
but few together, and-at-great intervals; and-tAat-they-had
stationes dispositas, atque alii deinceps exciperent
stations set-about, and others in-turn took-the-place-of
alios, integri-que et recentes succederent defa-
others, and-sound and fresh succeeded to-tnose-
tigatis.
wearied-out
[XVII.]Postero die, hostes constiterunt pro^
[17.] Next day, the-enemy stopped at-a-
cul a castris in collibus, rari-que cceperunt
distance from the-camp on the-hills, and-few-togetfter began
ostendere se, et lentius quam pridie
to-shew themselves, and more-slackly than the-day-before
D
50 C2SAR's 1NVASION OF BRITAIN.

lacessere nostros equites prcelio. Sed meridie,

to-provoke our horsemen to-combat. But at-mid-day,
quum Caesar misisset tres legiones atque omnem
when Caesar had-sent three legions and all
equitatum cum Caio Trebonio legato, causa.
the-cavalry with Caius Trebonius lieutenant, for-the-sake
pabulandi, repente advolaverunt ex omnibus
of-foraging, suddenly they-flew-on from all
partibus ad pabulatores, sic utl non-
parts at the-foragers, in-such-a-manner that they-did-not-
absisterent ab signis legionibus-que. Nostri,
hold-off from the-standards and-the-legions. Our men,
impetu facto acriter in eos, repulerunt, neque
by-an-attack being-made fiereely upon them, repulsed them, nor
fecerunt finem insequendi, quoad equites, con-
did-they-make an-end of-pursuing, until the-horse, being-
fisi subsidio quum viderent legiones post se,
confident-of support since they-saw the-legions behind them,
egerunt hostes praecipites ; magno-que numero
drove the-enemy headlong ; and-a-great number
eorum interfecto, dederunt facultatem neque
of-them having-been-slain, they-gave tkem the-opportunity neither
colligendi sui, neque consistendi, aut desiliendi
of-collecting themselves, nor ; of-halting, or of-leaping-down
ex essedis. Ex hac fug& protinus auxilia
from their chariots. From this flight immediately the-succours
quae convenerant undique discesserunt : neque
which had-come-together from-all-parts, departed: nor
post id tempus hostes unquam contenderunt
after that time did- the-enemy ever -contend
nobiscum summis copiis.
with-us with-full forces.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 51

[XVIII.] Cassar, eorum consilio cognito,

[18.] Csesar, their design having-been-learat,
duxit exercitum in tines Cassivellauni, ad
led his army into the-confines of-Cassivellaunus, io
flumen Tamesin ; quod flumen potest translri
the-river Thames ; which river can be-crossed
pedibus uno loco omnind, et hoc aegre. Quum
on-foot in-one place only, and in-this with-diificulty. When
venisset e6, animadvertit magnas copias hos-
he-had-come thither, he-perceived large forces of-the
tium esse instructas ad alteram ripam fluminis.
enemy to-be formed on the-other bank of-the-river.
Ripa autem munlta-erat acutis sudibus prae-
The-bank moreover had-been-fortified with-sharp stakes fixed-
fixis ; sudes-que ejusdem generis defixae sub aqua
forward ; and-stakes of-the-same kind fixed-down under water
tegebantur flumine. Iis rebus cognitis a
were-covered by-the-river. Those things having-been-learnt from
captrvis perfugis-que, Caesar, equitatu praBmisso,
prisoners and-deserters, Ceesar, the-cavalry being-sent-before,
jussit legiones subsequi confestim. Sed milites
ordeied the-legions to-follow them immediately. But the-soldiers
ierunt ea celeritate atque impetu, quum exsta-
went with-such swiftness and impetuosity, though they-stood-
rent capite solo ex aqua, ut hostes possent
forth with-the-head alone out-of water, that the-enemy could
non sustinere impetum* legionum atque equitum,
not sustain the-attack of-the-legions and horse,

* Ut hostesimpetum, &c.Polyaenus relates that Csesar was in-

debted, for the facility of this passage, to his use of an elephant,
carrying a tower filled with bowmen and slingers ; which so terrified
D 2
 52 cjesar's invasion of beitain.

dimitterent-que ripas, ac mandarent se

and-so-gave-up the-banks, and committed themselves
fugae.
to-flight.
[XIX.] Cassivellaunus, ut demonstravimus
[19.] Cassivellaunus, as we-have-shewn
supra, omni spe contentionis deposita,
above, all hope of-the-contest having-been-laid-aside,
amplioribus copiis dimissis, circiter quatuor
his principal forces being-dismissed, about four
millibus essedariorum relictis, servabat nostra
thousand chariotmen being-left with him, observed our
itinera, paullulum-que excedebat ex via, impe-
marches, and-a-little he-retired from the-road, and-in-
dltis-que atque silvestribus locis occultabat sese,
entangled and woody places hid himself,
atque compellebat pecora atque homines ex agris
and drove-together the-cattle and men from the-fields
in silvas, iis regionibus quibus cognoverat
into the-woods, in-those quarters in-which he-had-learn'
nos facturos iter : et quum noster
that-we were about-to-make our march : and when our
equitatus effunderet se liberius in agros
cavalry poured themselves too freely into the-fields
causa vastandi praedandi-que, emittebat
for-the-sake of-devastating and-gaining-booly, he-sent-out
essedarios ex silvis, omnibus viis semitis-que
his chariotmen from the-woods, all the-roads and-paths

the natives, by its novel and striking appearance, that they fled in
consternation without offering resistance.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 53

notis, et confligebat cum iis, cum magno

being-known to him, and engaged with them, with great
periculo nostrorum equitum: atque hoc metu
peril to-our horse : and by-this terror
prohibebat vagari latiils. Relinquebatur, ut
forbade them to-stray more-widely. It-remained, that
Caesar neque pateretur discedi* longiils ab
Csesar neither could-suffer-tfiem to-depart too-far from
agmine legionum; et tantum noceretur
the-body of-the-legions ; and only so-much harm-could-be-done
hostibus in vastandis agris faciendis-que incen-
to-the-enemy in devastating their fields and-making conflagra-
diis, quantum legionarii milites poterant eflicere
tions, as the-legionary soldiers were-able to-effect
labore atque itinere.
by-toil and marching.
[XX.] Interim Trinobantes, prope firmis-
[20.] Meanwhile the-Trinobantes, nearly the-
sima civitas earum regionum, ex qua ado-
strongest state of-those countries, from which the-
lescens Mandubratius, seciitus fidem Caesaris,
youth Mandubratius, having-adopted the-alliance of-Csesar.
venerat ad eum in continentem Galliam, (cujus
had-come to him on-to the-continent of-Gaul, (whose
pater Imanuentius obtinuerat regnum in ea
father Imanuentius had-obtained the-kingdom in that
civitate, erat-que interfectus a. Cassivellauno,
state, and-had-been killed by Cassivellaunus,

* The construction is " suffer it to be departed," or " departure

to be made by them."
54 CESAB.'S INVASION OF BEITAIN.

ipse vitaverat mortem fuga)' mittunt

whilst he-himself had-avoided death by-8ight) send
legatos ad Caesarem, pollicentur-que dedi-
ambassadors to Caesar, and-promise that-they-will-
turos sese ei et facturos imperata : petunt
surrender themselves to-him and perform his injunctions : they-request
ut defendat Mandubratium ab injuria Cas-
that he-would-defend Mandubratius from the-injustice of-Cas-
sivellauni, atque mittat in civitatem, qui
sivellaunus, and would-send him into their state, that-he
praesit, obtineat-que imperium. Cassar imperat
may-be-over them, and-obtain the-empire. Csesar demands
his quadraginta obsides, frumentum-que exer-
from-these forty hostages, and-corn for-the-
citui ; mittit-que Mandubratium ad eos. Illi fece-
army ; and-he-sends Mandubratius to them. They per-
runt imperata celeriter ; miserunt obsides ad
formed his injunctions quickly; they-sent the-hostages "to
numerum, frumentum-que.
the-number appointed, and-the-corn.
[XXI.] Trinobantibus defensis, atque
[21.] The-Trinobantes having-been-defended, and
prohibitis ab omni injuria militum, Cenimagni,
protected from every injustice of-the-soldiery, the-Cenimagni,
Segontiaci, Ancalltes, Bibroci, Cassi, dediderunt
Segontiaci, Ancalltes, Bibroci, and Cassi, gave-up
sese Caesari, legationibus missis. Ab his
themselves to-Cssar, by-embassies dispatched. From these
cognoscit, abesse non longe ex loco oppidum
he-learns, that-there-is-distant not far from the-spot the-town
Cassivellauni, munltum silvis paludibus-que, qu6
of-Cassivellaunus, fortified by-woods and-marshes, where
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 55

satis magnus numerus hominum pecoris-que con-

a-sufficiently large number of-men and-cattle hath-
venerit. Britanni autem vocant oppidum, quo
assembled. The-Britons indeed call that a-town, where
consueverunt convenire causa. vitandae incur-
they-have-been-used to-assemble for-the-sake of-avoiding an-incur-
sionis hostium, quum munierunt impedltas
sion of-enemies, when they-have-fortified the-entangled
silvas vallo atque fossa. E6 proficiscitur cum
woods with-a-rampart and ditch. Thither he-proceeds with
legionibus : reperit locum egregie munitum natiira
the-legions : he-finds the-place excellently fortified by-nature
atque opere : tamen contendit oppugnare hunc ex
and by-art : yet he-resolves to-assault it from
duabus partibus. Hostes morati paullisper, non..
two sides. The-enemy having-stayed a-little-while, did-
tulerunt impetum nostrorum militum, ejecerunt-
not-sustain the-attack of-our soldiers, but-threw-
que sese ex alia parte oppidi. Magnus nume-
out themselves from another part of-the-town. A-great num-
rus pecoris repertus ibl, raulti-que comprehensi..
ber of-cattle vias found there, and-many men were-
sunt atque interfecti in fuga.
taken and slain in the-flight.
[XXII.]Dum haec geruntur in his
[22.] While these things are-carrying-on in these
locis, Cassivellaunus mittit nuntios ad Cantium,
places, Cassivellaunus sends messengers into Kent,
quod demonstravimus supra esse ad mare,
which We-shewed above to-be near to the-sea,
quibus regionibus quatuor reges praeerant,
over-which parts four kings bore-sway,
56 CiESAR's INVASION OF BRITAIN.

Cingetorix, Carailius, Taximagulus, Segonax ;

Cingetorix, Carnilius, Taximagulus, and Segonax ;
atque imperat his, ut, omnibus copiis
and he-enjoins these, that, all their forces
coactis, adoriantur atque oppugnent
having-been-collected, they-should-attack and assault
de improvlso navalia castra. Quum hi
on the-sudden our naval camp. When these
venissent ad castra, nostri, eruptione facta,
had-come to the-camp, our men, a-sally having-been-made,
multis e5rum interfectis, etiam Cingetorige
many of-them (the assailants) being-slain, also Cingetorix
nobili duce capto, reduxerunt suos incolumes.
a-noble leader being-taken, brought-back their-own soldiers safe.
Hoc prcelio nuntiato, Cassivellaunus, tot
This battle being-announced, Cassivellaunus, so-many
detrimentis acceptis, finibus vastatis,
losses having-been-received, his confines devasted, himself
etiam maxime permotus defectione civitatum,
also very-greatly disturbed by-the-revolt of-the-states,
mittit legatos ad Caesarem per Comium Atre-
sends ambassadors to Caesar by Comius the-
batem de deditione. Caesar, quiim sta-
Atrebatian concerning a-surrender. Cssar, since he-had-
tuisset agere hiemem in continente propter
determined to-pass the-winter on the-continent on-account-of
repentlnos motus Galliae, neque multum
the-sudden commotions * in-GauI, nor did- much
33Statis superesset, atque intelligeret id posse
of-the-summer -remain, and he-perceived that it might
facile extrahi, imperat obsides; et constituit
easily be-spun-out, enjoins hostages; and appoints
 FROM THE COMMENTABIES. 57

quid vectigalis* Britannia penderet Romano

what portion of-tribute Britain should-pay to-the-Roman
populo in-singulos annos. Interdicit atque im-
people every year. He-charges and en-
perat Cassivellauno ne-noceat Mandubratio
joins on-Cassivellaunus that-he-should-not-injuie Mandubratius
neu Trinobantibus.
nor the-Trinobantes.
[XXIII.] Obsidibus acceptis, redii-
[23.] Hostages having-been-received, he-leads-
cit exercitum ad mare ; naves invenit refectas.
back hii army to the-sea ; the-ships he-finds repaired.
His deductis, constituit, et qu6d habebat
These being-launched, he-determines, both because he-had
magnum numerum captivorum, et nonnullae naves
a-great number of-prisoners, and some ships
deperierant tempestate, reportare exercitum
had-foundered by-the-storm, to-carry-back his army
duobus commeatibus. Ac accipit sic, ut ex
by-two passages. And it-happened so, that out-of
tanto numero navium, tot navigationibus,
so-great a-number of-vessels, and so many voyages,

* Quid vectigalis penderet.This tribute was not regularly paid

to the Romans, till the final conquest of the island by Agricola,
A. D. 86. ; but computed from this time, when it was first imposed,
Britain remained tributary to Rome for about 480 years. At the
end of which space, in the reign of the emperor Valentinian the
Third, A. D. 426, the Romans being engaged with their own bar-
barous invaders from the north, finally abandoned the island they
had civilized ; and the inhabitants, deprived of their protection and
example, gradually relapsed, during the middle ages, almost into
their pristine barbarism.
D 5
58 cesah's invasion of britain.

neque hoc neque anno superiore ulla navis

neither in-this nor the-year before any vessel
omnino, quae portaret milites, desideraretur : at
at-all, which carried soldiers, was-missing : jet
ex lis, quae remitterentur ad eum ex con-
out-of those, which were-sent-back to him from the-
tinente inanes, et prioris commeatus,
continent empty, both tthose of-the-former passage,
militibus expositis, et quas postea
the-soldiers having-been-sent-on-shore, and those which afterwards
Labienus curaverat faciendas numero sex-
Labienus had-taken-care should-be-made to-the-number of-
aginta, perpaucae caperent locum, fere
sixty, very-few attained the-iimding-place, almost
omnes reliquae rejicerentur. Quas quum Caesar
all the-rest were-thrown-back. Which when Csesar
expectasset aliquandiu frastr^., ne exclude-
had-waited-for some-time in-vain, lest he-should-be-
retur navigatione tempore anni, qu6d aequi-
precluded from-sailing by-the-time of-year, because the-
noctium suberat, collocavit milites angus-
equinox was-near, he-stowed-together the-soldiers mare-
tius necessari6 : ac consecutus summam tran-
closely of-necessity : and having-met-with most-complete fair-
quillitatem, secunda, vigilia inlta quum
weather, the-second watch being-entered-upon when
solvisset, attigit terram primS. luce, perduxit-
he-had loosed, he-reached land with-the-first light, and-brought-
que omnes naves incolumes
over all the-ships unharmed.
 59

CUSTOMS OF THE GAULS.

[From Book VI.]

[The following exposition of the Customs of the Gauls, religious

and political, though not necessarily connected with Cfflsar's
Invasion of Britain, may be thought an appropriate Appendix :
as the whole account here given of the Gauls is intended, with a
little qualification, to apply to the aboriginal Britons. Disci-
plina in Britanniu. reperta, atque ind in Galliam translata esse
existimatur. C. xii.]

[C. XII. In omni Gallia, eorum hominum

[C. 12.] In all Gaul, of-those persons
qui sunt aliquo numero atque honore, sunt duo
who are in-any account and honour, there-are two
genera. (Nam plebs, quse audet nihil per se,
classes. (For the-commonalty which dares nothing of itself,
et adhibetur nulli consilio, habetur pene loco
and is-admitted to-no council, is-held almost in-the-rank
serv5rum. Plerlque, quum premuntur aut aere..
of-slaves. MoU-of-them, when they-are-oppressed either with-
alieno,* aut magnitudine tributorum, aut injuria
debt, or greatness of-tributes, or injury

Ms-alienummeans literally, " money belonging to another."

60 CUSTOMS OF THE GAULS.

potentiorum, dicant sese in servitutem

from-the-more-powerful, devote themselves in servitude
nobilibus. In hos sunt* omnia eadem jura,
to-the-nobles. Over these they-have all the-same rights,
quae dominis in servos.) Sed de his duobus
which masters have over slaves.) But of these two
generibus, alterum est Druidum, alterum Equi-
classes, the-one consists of-the-Druids, the-other of-the-
tum. Illi intersunt divlnis rebus,
Knights. The-former are-concerned-with divine matters,
procurant publica ac privata sacrificia, interpre-
superintend public and private sacrifices, inter-
tantur religiones. Ad hos magnus numerus
pret religious-rites. To these a-great number
adolescentium concurrit causa discipllnae, ii-que
of-youths resorts for-the-sake of-study,t and-they
sunt magno honore apud eos. Nam de fere
are in-great honour with them. For concerning almost
omnibus publicis privatis-que controversiis con-
all public and-private controversies they-
stituunt; et si quod facinus admissum-est, si
determine ; and if any erime has-been-committed, lf
caedes facta, si est controversia de haereditate,
murder done, ifthere-is dispute concerning inheritance,
de finibus, ildem decernunt; con-
concerning boundaries-of-iomd, the-same make-decree ; they-

* Sunt (nobilibus) " there are to the nobles, [i. e. the nobles
have] all the same rights, which there are to masters over slaves."
t The word " study" is here used as more familiar : but " disci-
pline" might be allowed in its second intention, as we say, *' the
doctrine and discipline of the Church of Englam1."
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 61

stituunt prcemia pcenas-que. Si quis aut privatus

determine rewards and-penalties. If any either private
aut publicus non-steterit eorum decreto, inter-
or public-man shall-not-have-abided-by their decree, they-inter-
dlcunt sacrificiis. Haec est gravissima pcena
dict him from-sacrifices. This is the-heaviest penalty
apud eos. Ii quibus ita est-interdictum* ha-
with them. Those who thus are-interdicted are-
bentur numero impiorum ac sceleratorum :
considered in-the-number of-impious and polluted-persons ;
iis omnes decedunt, defugiunt eorutn aditum
from-them ztt-peopU withdraw, and shrink-from their approach
sermonem-que, ne accipiant quid incommodi
and-converse, lest they-should-receive any damage
ex contagione : neque jus redditur iis petentibus,
from contagion : nor is- law -rendered to-them suing,
neque ullus honor communicatur. Autem om-
nor is- any honour -thrown-open-to-tftem, But over-
nibus his Druidibus unus praeest, qui habet sum-
all these Druids one presides, who holds the-
mam auctoritatem inter eos. Hoc mortuo, si
chief authority among them. He being-dead, if
quis ex reliquis excellit dignitate, succedit. At
any of the-rest is-preeminent in-worthiness, he-succeeds. But
si sunt plures pares, adlegitur suffragio Dru-
if there-are several equal, one is-elected by-suffrage of-the-
idum : nonnunquam contendunt etiam armis de
Druids : sometimes they-contend even with-arms for
principatu. Ii, certo tempore anni, in finibus
the-primacy. They, at-a-certain time of-the-year, in the-territory

* li quibus ita est interdictum.The construction is, " those to

vhom interdict has thus been made."
62 CUSTOMS OF THE GAULS.

Carnutum, quae regio habetur media totlus

of-the-Camutes, which district is-considered the-middle of-all
Galliae, considunt in consecrato loco. Hiic
Gaul, sit-together in a-consecrated place. Hither
omnes undique, qui habent controversias, con-
all-persons from-around, who have disputes, as-
veniunt, parent-que eorum judiciis decretis-que.
semble, and-obey their judgments and-decrees.
Disciplina existimatur reperta-esse in Britannia,
The-discipline is-thought to-have-been-found in Britain,
atque inde translata in Galliam. Et nunc qui
and thence transferred into Gaul. And even-now those who
volunt cognoscere eam rem diligentius, plerum-
wish to-gain-knowledge-of that subject more-diligently, gene-
que proficiscuntur ill6, causa discendi.
rally proceed thither, for-the-sake of-learning.
[XIII].Druides consueverunt abesse a
[13.] The-Druids are-accustomed to-be-absent from
bello ; neque pendunt tribiita una cum reliquis :
war ; nor do-they-pay tribute together with the-rest :
habent vacationem militiae, immunitatem-
they-have exemption from-military-service, and-dispen-
que omnium rerum. Excitati tantis prcemiis,
sation from-all business. Excited by-so-great privileges,
multi et sua sponte conveniunt in disci-
many both of-their-own accord come-together for the-disci-
pllnam, et mittuntur a propinquis parenti-
pline, and are-sent by their relatives and-
bus-que. Ibi dicuntur ediscere magnum
parents. There they-are-said to-learn-by-heart a-great
numerum versuum. Nonnulli itaque permanent
number of-verses. Some therefore continue
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 63

in discipllna vicenos annos. Neque existimant

in the-discipline twenty years. Nor do-they-consider it
esse fas mandare ea litteris, quum
to-be lawful to-commit those-things to-writing, although
fere in reliquis rationibus publicis privatis-
commonly in other accounts public and-pri-
que utantur litteris.* Id videntur mihi
vate they-use written-characters. That rule they-seem to-me
instituisse de duabus causis : qu6d velint neque
to-have-ordained for two causes : that they-wish neither
discipllnam efferri in vulgus ; neque
that-the-discipline should-be-published to the-vulgar; nor
eos qui discunt, confIsos litteris, minus
that-those who learn, relying upon-letters, should- less
studere memoriae. Qu6d fere accidit plerisque,
-cultivate the-memory. Since commonly it-happens to-most-nien,
ut, prasidio litterarum, remittant diligentiam
that, with-the-aid of-letters, they-relax diligence
ac memoriam in perdiscendo. In primis
and memory in learning-thoroughly. In the-first-place
volunt persuadere hoc, animas non interire,
they-wish to-inculcato this, that-souls do- not perish,
sed translre ab aliis ad alios post mortem:
but transmigrate from each to others after death :
atque hoc putant maxime excitari ad virtii-
and hereby they-think men chiefly to-be-excited to vir-

* Gracis literis.The word " Gracis" is admitted in most edi-

tions, but its claim to authenticity is very questionable. Whether
the Druids used Greek characters in writing, is a point not easily de-
termined ; as they might have derived them from the Greek colony
of Massilia : but it is pretty clear they were not acquainted with the
Greek language, as Caesar wrote despatches in Greek, when fearful
of their falling into the hands of the Gauls.
64 CUSTOMS OF THE GAULS.

tem, metu mortis neglecto. Multa praeterea

tue, the-fear of-death being-disregarded. Much besides
disputant, et transdunt juventuti, de sideribus,
they-discourse, and deliver to-youth, ou the-stars,
atque e5rum motu, de magnitudine mundi ac
and their motion, on the-magnitude of-the-world and
terrarum, de naturS. rerum, de vi ac
earth, on the-nature of-things, on the-influence and
potestate immortalium Deorum.
power of-the-immortal Gods.
[XIV.]Alterum genus est Equitum. Ii,
[14.] The-other class is rAot of-the-Knights. They,
quum est usus, atque aliquod bellum incidit,
when there-is occasion, and any war has-befallen,
(quod ante Caesaris adventum solebat accidere
(which befbre Csesar's arrival used to-happen
fere quotannis, aut uti ipsi inferrent inju-
almost yearly, either that themselves might-offer inju-
rias, aut propulsarent illatas,) versantur omnes
ries, or might-repel them when-offered,) aie-engaged all
in bello: atque ut quisque eorum amplis-
in war : and according-as each of-them is most-
simus ex genere copiis-que, ita habet circurn
dignified by birth aud-fortune, so has-he around
se plurimos ambactos* clientes-que. Hanc unam
him most servants and-retainers. This only
gratiam potentiam-que noverunt.
patronage and-power do-they-recognize.

* Ambactos-These ambaeti appcar to have been hired servants

very different from slaves ; as voluntarily letting out their labour and
attendance at a stated price.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 65

[XV.]Omnis natio Gallorum est admo-

[15.] AU the-nation of-the-Gauls is to-a-great-
dum dedita religionibus. Atque ob eam
degree devoted to-superstitions. And for that
causam, qui sunt affecti gravioribus morbis,
cause, they who are afflicted with-severe diseases,
qui-que versantur in prceliis periculis-que, aut
and-who are-engaged in battles and-dangers, either
immolant* homines pro' victimis, aut vovent
immolate human-bcings for victims, or vow
immolaturos se, utuntur-que Druidibus
that-they-will-immolate themselves, and-they-use the-Druids
administris ad ea sacrificia : qu6d arbitrantur
us ministers for those sacrifices : because they-think tlm.
nisi vita hominis reddatur pro vita hominis,
unless the-life of-man be-repaid for \ the-life of-man,
numenf immortalium Deorum non-posse aliter
the-will of-the-immortal Gods cannot otherwise
placari: publice-que habent sacrificia ejusdem
be-appeased: publicly-also they-have sacrifices of-the-same
generis instituta. Alii habent simulacra immani
kind ordained. Others have images of-vast
magnitudine, membra quorum contexta viminibus
magnitude, the-limbs of-which composed of-osier-twigs

* Immolant. This word (derived from moio) refers to the

Roman ceremony of sprinkling meal with salt on the head of the
victim, before the fatal blow was dealt.
t Numen.The Latin numen (properly "anod,") has a wider
signification than any single English word ; expressing the pleasure
and influence of the Deity in all its difterent modifications.
66 CUSTOMS OF THE GAULS.

complent vivis hominibus, quibus succensis,

they-fill with-living men, and which being-fired,
homines circumventi flamma exanimantur. Sup-
the-men encompassed with-flame expire. The-
plicia eorum qui comprehensi-sint in furto
punishments of-those who may-have-been-apprehended in theft
aut latrocinio, aut aliqua. noxa, arbitrantur esse
or robbery, or any offence, they-think to-be
gratiora immortalibus Diis. Sed quum
the-more-gratifying to-the-immortal Gods. But when
copia ejus generis deficit, descendunt etiam
a-supply of-that kind is-deficient, they-have-recourse even
ad supplicia innocentium.
to punishments of-innocent-pmotu.
[XVI.]Colunt maxime Deum Mercurium.
[16.] They-worship chiefly the-God Mercury.
Hujus sunt plurima simulacra.* Hunc ferunt
Of-him there-are very-many images. Him they-ailege
inventorem omnium artium : hunc ducem viarum
the-inventor of-all arts: him the-guide of-roads
atque itinerum: hunc arbitrantur habere maxi-
and journeys : him they-think to-havc the-
mam vim ad pecuniae quaestus mercaturas-
greatest influence on pecuniary gains and-merchan-

* Plurima simulacra.It is probable that these images were

equally rude with the Mercuries of the Greeks. Those at Athens
were represented by squared blocks, set up in streets and roads ; but
being consecrated by the lower order of citizens, they were jealously
guarded by the people, and any insult oflered to their Godships was
highly resented by the " sovereign multitude," as instanced in the
case of Alcibiades. We still retain their representatives in obelisks
on cross-ways.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 67

que. Post hunc Apollinem,* et Martem,

dize. After him tkey worship Apollo, and Mars,
et Jovem, et Minervam. De his hahent fere
and Jupiter, and Minerva. Of these they-have almost
eandem opinionem quam reliquae gentes: Apol-
the-same opinion as other nations : that-
linem depellere morhos; Minervam transdere
Apollo dispels diseases ; that-Minerva delivers
initia operum atque artificiorum ; Jovem
the-elements of-works and manufactures ; that-Jupiter
tenere imperium ccelestium; Martem re-
holds the-empire of-celestial-fceings ; that-Mars has-direc-
gere bella. Huic, quiim constituerunt
tion-of wars. To-hira, (the last), when they-have-determined
dimicare prcelio, plerumque devovenl ea
to-engage in-battle, they-generally -devote those-things
quae ceperint hello: capta animalia quae
which they-may-have-taken in-war : the-captured animals which
superaverint immolant, reliquas res con-
may-have-remained-over they-sacrifice, the-other things they-
ferunt in unum locum. In multis civitatibus,
bring-together into one place. In many states,
licet conspicari tumulos harum rerum exstructos
one-may see heaps of-these things raised
consecratis locis. Neque accidit saepe, ut
in-consecrated places. Nor does-it-happen often, that

* Apollinem, &c.It does not appear that the Gauls adopted the
foreign names of deities, but worshipped them under the titles of their
own. Thus Mercury was called Teutates ; Jupiter, Taranis ; Mars,
Hesus ; Apollo, Bel or Belinus. The famous ruin of Stonehenge, on
Salisbury Plain, is supposed to be the remains of a Druid temple,
where Belinus, or the Sun, was worshipped.
68 CUSTOMS OF THE GAULS.

quispiam, religione neglecta, auderet aut

any-one, religion being-neglected, would-dare either
occultare apud se capta, aut tol-
to-conceal with himself tAings-captured, or to-take-tftem-
lere, posita: ei-que rei gra-
away, after-having-been-deposited : and-for-that conduct the-
vissimum supplicium cum cruciatu est consti-
heaviest punishment with torture is or-
tutum.
dained.
[XVII.] Galli praedicant se omnes prognatos
[17.] The-Gauls profess themselves all sprung
ab Dite patre : id-que dicunt proditum ab
from Pluto as their father : and-that they-say is-transmitted by
Druidibus. Ob eam causam, spatia omnis
the-Druids. For that cause, spaces of-all
temporis finiunt, non numero dierum, sed noc-
time they-define, not by-the-number of-days, but of-
tium;* et natales dies, et initia mensium et
nights; and birth days, and beginnings of-months and
annorum sic observant, ut dies subsequatur
of-years they- so -observe, that the-day may-follow
noctem. In reliquis institutis vitae, differunt ab
the-night. In the-other customs of-life, they-differ from

* Non numero dierum, sed noctium. This custom of computing

the beginning of the natural day from sunset, was not peculiar to the
Draids, but was observed in like manner by the Jews. Analogous
thereto, our own mode of expression, se'nnight, fortnight, (for the
term of seven, or fourteen days and nights) seems to recognize the
same precedence of night to day.
 FROM THE COMMENTARIES. 69

fere reliquis hoc, qu6d non-patiantur

almost all others in-this-respect, that they-do-not-suffer
suos liberos palam adire ad se, nisi quiim
their-own children openly to-approach to them, unless when
adoleverint,* ut possint sustineremunusmili-
they-have-grown-up, so-that they-are-able to-sustain the-duty of-mili-
tiae: ducunt-que turpe filium in aetate
tary-service : and-they-think it disgraceful for-a-son in the-age
puerlli assistere, in publico, in conspectu
of-boyhood to-stand-by, in public, within sight
patris.
of-Ais-father.
[XVIII.] Quantas pecunias viri acceperunt
[18.] , Whatever money the-men have-received
ab uxoribus nomine dotis, tantas ex
from their wives, under-the-name of-dower, so-much from
suis bonis, aestimatione facta, communi-
iheir-own goods, an-estimate being-made, they-make-
cant cum dotibus : omnis hujus pecuniae con-
common-stock with the-dower : of-all this money con-

* Adoleverint. According to the usual term of commencing

military service with the Romans, this would be the age of seven-
teen : but regarding only the original application of the word em-
ployed, it would be a little earlier. The Romans divided the activc
part of human life into three stages of fifteen years each. Of these
the first, pueritia, extended to the close of the fifteenth year ;
adolescentia ended with the thirtieth ; and juventus with the forty-
fifth. The forty-sixth year was considered " initium senectutis,"
and concluded the period of military service. According to this
distribution, the last age, which was the most uncertain age
of all," sometimes exceeded the aggregate of the rest. This ori-
ginal distinction of the terms was, however, in the course of time
confuunded.
 70 CUSTOMS OF THE GAULS.

junctim ratio habetur, fructus-que servantur:

jointly account is-taken, and-the-produce is-preserved :
uter e5rum superarit-vita.,* ad eumt pervenit
whichever of-them may-have-survived, to that-party comes
pars utriusque, cum fructibus superiorum
the-share of-both, with the-proceeds of-former
temporum. Viri habent potestatem vitae necis-que
times. The-men have power of-life and-death
in uxores, sicuti in liberos. Et quum
over their wives, as-well-as over their children. And when
pater-familias natus illustriorej loco decessit,
a-father-of-a-family born in-a-noble rank is-deceased,
ejus propinqui conveniunt; et de morte, si
his relatives assemble; and touching Au-death, if
res venit in..suspicionem, habent quaestionem de
the-case has-come under-suspicion, they-hold an-inquisition on

* Superaverit vitaliterally, " may have surpassed in life."

t Ad eum " to him." When an adjective (as uter and eum)
refers to two substantives of different gender, as in this in-
stance, it agrees with the masculine in preference to thefeminine :
the former having been assumed, by the gallantry of grammarians, to
be " most worthy '"
t Illuslriore literally, " more illustrious :" not however with
reference to the wives, or other persons in particular. The Ro-
mans used an adjective in the comparative degree, to express abso-
lutely (if the phrase is not a solecism) a moderate eminence in any
quality, some such word as solito being understood ; as " more noble
than ordinary." Exactly equivalent to this form is the English
phrase, " rather illustrious"being equally comparative (from rath,
soon) as the correspondent term in other languages, /laXKov, potius,
plutot, piuttosto, &LC.
 FROM THE COMMENTABIES. 71

uxoribus, in modum servilem :* et si comper-

the-wives, in the-manner of-slaves : and if discovery-
tum-est, interficiunt excruciatas igni atque
is-made, they-put-tAem-to-death after-being-tortured with-fire and
omnibus tormentis. Funera sunt, pro cul-
with-all racking-pains. The-funerals are, considering the-mode-
tu Gall5rum, magnifica et sumptuosa ; omnia-
of-life of-the-Gauls, magnificent and costly ; and-all-
que, etiam animalia, quaa arbitrantur fuisse
things, even animals, which they-think to-have-been
cordif vivis, inferunt in ignem : ac
dear to them uAtie-living, they-put into the-fire : and
paull6 supra hanc memoriam,^ servi et clientes,
a-little above this memory, slaves and retainers,
quos constabat dilectos-esse ab iis, cremabantur
who it-was-evident had-been-beloved by them, were-burnt
una, justis funeribus confectis.
together, due funerals having-been-performed.
[XIX.] Civitates quee existimantur admi-
[19.] The-states which are-considered to-admi-
nistrare rempublicam commodius, habent sanc-
nister ttaY-public-affairs more-orderly, have-it sanc-
tum legibus, uti, si quis acceperit quid ru-
tioned by-laws, that, if any-one shall-have-heard any-thing by-ru-

* In servilem modum " in a slave-like manner."At Rome no

persons but slaves were subjected to examination by torture. The
sacred guarantee of " Civis Romanus sum" was very seldom violated.
t Vivis cordifuisse literally, " to have been to the heart to the
living.
{ Sv.jrra hanc memoriam i. e. a little before this generation, or
the experience of persons still living at the date of these Commen-
taries.
72 CUSTOMS OF THE GAULs.

more aut fama de re-publica a finitimis,

raour or fame concerning public-affairs from neighbouring states,
deferat ad magistratum, ne-ve communicet cum
he-report-it to the-magistrate, and-not communicate-t( to
quo alio: qu6d compertum-est, temerarios atque
any other : because it-is-well-known, that-rash and
imperitos homines seepe falsis rumoribus terreri,
ignorant persons often by-false rumours are-terrified,
et impelli ad facinus, et capere consilium de
and incited to outrage, and take measures on
summis rebus. Magistratus occultant quse
most-important matters. The-magistrates conceal what neus
visa-sunt : quae-que judicaverint esse ex
appear proper to be concealed : and-what they-may-judge to-be of
usu, produnt multitudini. Non..conceditur
use, they-give-forth to-the-multitude. It-is-not-allowed
loqui de re-publica. nisi per concilium.
to-speak on public-affairs except in council. 5
 E

C. JULII CiESARIS

DE BELLO GALLICO

COMMENTARIORUM

LIBRO IV.

[XX.] Exigua parte aestatis reliqua, Caesar, etsi

in his locis, (qu6d omnis Gallia ad Septentriones
vergit) maturae sunt hiemes, tamen in Britanniam
proficisci contendit; qu6d omnibus fere Gallicis
bellis hostibus nostris inde subministrata auxilia
intelligebat: et sitempus anniad bellum gerendum
deficeret ; tamen magno sibi usui fore arbitrabatur
si mod6 insulam adisset, genus hominum perspexis-
set, loca, portus, aditus cognovisset : quas omnia
fere Gallis erant incognita. Neque enim temere
praeter mercatores ill6 adit quisquam ; neque iis
ipsis quidquam, praeter oram maritimam, atque eas
regiones quas sunt contra Galliam, notum est
Itaque convocatis ad se undique mercatoribus,
neque quanta esset insulae magnitudo, neque quae
E
74 DE BELLO GALLICO,

aut quantae nationes incolerent, neque quem usum

belli haberent, aut quibus institutis uterentur,
neque qui essent largiorum navium multitudini
idonei portus, reperlre poterat.
[XXI.] Ad haec cognoscenda, priusquam peri-
culum faceret, idoneum esse arbitratus, Caium
Volusenum cum navi longa, praemittit. Huic
mandat ut, exploratis omnibus rebus, ad se quam-
primum revertatur. Ipse cum omnibus copiis in
Morinos proficiscitur, qu6d inde erat brevissimus
in Britanniam trajectus. Huc naves undique ex
finitimis regionibus, et quam superiore asstate ad
Veneticum bellum fecerat classem, jubet conve-
nlre. Interim consilio ejus cognito, et per merca-
tores perlato ad Britannos, a compluribus ejus
insulae civitatibus ad eum legati veniunt, qui
polliceantur obsides dare atque imperio populi
Romani obtemperare. Quibus audltis, liberaliter
pollicitus, hortatusque* ut in ea, sententia. perma-
nerent, eos domum remlsit : et cum his una Comi-
um, quem ipse, Atrebatibus superatis, regem ibi
constituerat, cujus et virtutem et consilium proba,-
bat, et quem sibi fidelem arbitrabatur, cujusque
auctoritas in his regionibus magna habebatur,
mittit. Huic imperat, quas possit, adeat civitates,
horteturque* ut populi Romani fidem sequantur,

* If the words are read together, as here written, the accent must
be given to the long syllable next before the enclitic conjunction, as
hortaiusque, &c.
 LIBER IV. 75

seque celeriteir eo venturum nuntiet. Volusenus

perspectis regionibus, quantum ei facultatis dari
potuit, qui navi egredi, ac se barbaris committere
non auderet, quinto die ad Caesarem revertitur,
quaeque ibi perspexisset renuntiat.
[XXII.] Dum in his locis Caesar navium pa-
randarum causa. moratur, ex magna parte Morino-
rum ad eum legati venerunt, qui se de superi5ris
temporis consilio excusarent, qu6d homines bar-
bari, et nostrae consuetudinis imperlti, bellum
populo Romano fecerant, seque ea quae imperasset
facturos pollicerentur. Hoc sibi satls opportune
Csesar accidisse arbitratus, quod neque post ter-
gum hostem relinquere volebat, neque belli gerendi
propter anni tempus facultatem habebat, neque
has tantularum rerum occupationes sibi Britannias
anteponendas judicabat, magnum his numerum
obsidum imperat. Quibus adductis, eos in fidem
recepit. Navibus circiter octoginta onerariis coactis
contractisque, quod satis esse ad duas legiones
transportandos existimabat ; quidquid pr8eterea
navium longarum habebat, qusestori, legatis, pra;-
fectisque distribuit. Huc accedebant octodecim
onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco millia passuum
octo vento tenebantur, quo minus in eundem por-
tum pervenire possent. Has equitibus distribuit :
reliquum exercitum Quinto Titurio Sabino, et
Lucio Aurunculeio Cottae, legatis, in Menapios,
atque in eos pagos Morinorum, ab quibus ad eum
e2
 76 DE BELLO GALLICO,

legati non venerant, deducendum dedit. Publium

Sulpitium Rufum legatum cum eo praesidio, quod
satls esse arbitrabatur, portum tenere jussit.
[XXIII.] His constitutis rebus, nactus idone-
am ad navigandum tempestatem, tertia fere vigilia.
solvit; equitesque in ulteriorem portum pro-
gredi, et naves conscendere, et se sequi jussit : ab
quibus cum paull6 tardius esset administratum,
ipse hora circiter diei quarta. cum primis navibus
Britanniam attigit, atque ibi in omnibus collibus
expositas hostium copias armatas conspexit. Cu-
jus loci haac erat natura : ade6 montibus angustis
mare continebatur, ut ex locis superioribus in littus
telum adjici posset. Hunc ad egrediendum ne-
quaquam idoneum arbitratus locum, dum reliquce
naves e6 convenirent, ad horam nonam in anchoris
expectavit. Interim legatis tribunisque militum
convocatis, et quae ex Voluseno cognovisset, et
quae fieri vellet, ostendit : monuitque (ut rei mili-
taris ratio, maxime ut res maritimae postularent
ut quae celerem atque instabilem motum haberent)
ad nutum et ad tempus omnes res ab iis adminis-
trarentur. His dimissis, et ventum et asstum
uno tempore nactus secundum, dato signo, et sub-
latis anchoris, circiter millia passuum septem ab
eo loco progressus, aperto ac plano littore naves
constituit.
[XXIV.] At barbari, consilio Romanorum cog-
nitopraemisso equitatu, et essedariis, quo plerum
 LIBER IV. 77

que genere in prceliis uti consueverunt reliquis

copiis subsecuti, nostros navibus egredi prohibe-
bant. Erat ob has causas summa difficultas, qu6d
naves, propter magnitudinem, nisi in alto constitui
non poterant : militibus autem, ignotis locis impe-
dltis manibus, magno et gravi onere armorum pres-
sis, simul et de navibus desiliendum, et in fluctibus
consistendum, et cum hostibus erat pugnandum ;
quum illi, aut ex arido, aut paullulum in aquam
progressi, omnibus membris expedlti, notissimis
locis, tela audacter conjicerent, et equos insue-
factos incitarent. Quibus rebus nostri perterriti,
atque hujus omnino generis pugnae imperlti, non
omnes eadem alacritate ac studio, quo in pedes-
tribus uti prceliis consueverant, utebantur.
[XXV.] Quod ubi Caesar animadvertit, naves
longas, quarum et species erat barbaris inusitatior,
et motus ad usum expeditior, paullulum removeri
ab onerariis navibus, et remis incitari, et ad latus
apertum hostium constitui, atque inde fundis, tor-
mentis, sagittis, hostes propelli, ac submoveri jus-
sit : quse res magno usui nostris fuit. Nam et
navium figfira, et remorum motu, et inusitato
genere tormentorum permoti barbari, constiterunt,
ac paullum modo pedem retulerunt. Ac, nostris
militibus cunctantibus, maxime propter altitu-
dinem maris, qui decimaj legionis aquilam ferebat
contestatus Deos, ut ea res legioni feliciter eve-
nlret : Desillte, inquit, milites, nisi vultis aquilam
 78 DE BELLO GALLICO,
hostibus prodere : ego certe meum Reipublicas
atque Imperatori ofEcium praestitero. Hoc quum
magna voce dixisset, se ex navi projecit, atque in
hostes aquilam ferre ccepit. Tum nostri cohortati
inter se, ne tantum dedecus admitteretur, universi
ex navi desiluerunt: hos item alii ex proximis
navibus quum conspexissent, subseciiti, hostibus
appropinquarunt.
[XXVI.] Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter,
Nostri tamen, qu6d neque ordines servare, neque
firmiter insistere, neque signa subsequi poterant,
atque alius alia ex navi, quibuscunque signis oc-
curreret, se aggregabat, magnopere' perturbabantur.
Hostes ver6, notis omnibus vadis, ubi ex littore ali-
quos singulares ex navi egredientes conspexerant,
incitatis equis impeditos adoriebantur : plures
paucos circumsistebant : alii ab latere aperto in
universos tela conjiciebant. Quod quum animad-
vertisset Caesar, scaphas longarum navium, item
speculatoria navigia militibus compleri jussit; et
quos laborantes conspexerat, iis subsidia submit-
tebat. Nostri, simul atque in arido constiterunt,
suis omnibus consecutis, in hostes impetum fece-
runt, atque eos in fugam dederunt : neque longius
prosequi potuerunt, qu6d equites cursum tenere,
atque insulam capere non potuerant. Hoc unum
ad pristinam fortunam Caesari defuit.
[XXVII.] Hostes prcelio superati, simul atque
se ex fuga receperunt, statim ad Caesarem legatos
 LIBEK IV. 79

de pace miserunt : obsides daturos, quaeque im-

parasset, sese factiiros polliciti sunt. Una. cum
his legatis Comius Atrebas venit, quem supra de-
monstraveram a Caesare in Britanniam praemissum.
Hunc illi e navi egressum, cum ad eos imperatoris
mandata perferret, comprehenderant, atque in vin-
cula conjecerant : tum facto prcelio remiserunt,
et in petenda. pace, ejus rei culpam in multitudi-
nem contulerunt, et propter imprudentiam, ut ig-
nosceretur, petiverunt. Caesar questus, qu6d, cum
ultro in continentem legatis missis pacem a. se
petissent, bellum sine causa intulissent, ignoscere
imprudentiae dixit ; obsidesque imperavit: quorum
illi partem statim dederunt ; partem ex longinqui-
oribus locis arcessltam paucis diebus sese daturos
dixerunt. Interea suas remigrare in agros jusse-
runt : principesque undique convenere, et se civi-
tatesque suas Cassari commendarunt.
[XXVIII.] His rebus pace firmata, post diem
quartam quam est in Britanniam ventum, naves
octodecim, de quibus supra demonstratum est,
quse equites sustulerant, ex superiori portu leni
vento solverunt. Quae cum appropinquarent Bri-
tanniae, et ex castris viderentur, tanta tempestas
subit6 cobrta est, ut nulla earum cursum tenere
posset, sed aliee eodem, unde erant profectae, re-
ferrentur ; alia? ad inferiorem partem insulae, quaa
est propius solis occasum, magno sui cum periculo
dejiciebantur : quaa tamen, anchoris jactis, quum
80 DE BELLO GALLICO,

fluctibus complerentur, necessari6 adversa nocte

in altum provectae, continentem petierunt.
[XXIX.]Eadem nocte evenit, ut esset luna
plena, qui dies maritimos aestus maximos in oceano
efficere consuevit ; nostrisque id erat incognitum.
Ita, uno tempore et longas naves, quibus Caesar
exercitum transportandum curaverat, quasque in
aridum subduxerat, aestus complebat : et onerarias,
quae ad anchoras erant deligatae, tempestas afflic-
tabat: neque nostris facultas aut administrandi,
aut auxiliandi dabatur. Compluribus navibus
fractis, reliquae cum essent, funibus, anchoris, reli-
quisque armamentis amissis, inutiles, magna, id
quod necesse erat accidere, totlus exercitus per-
turbatio facta est : neque enim naves erant aliae,
quibus reportari possent, et omnia deerant quse ad
reficiendas usui essent; et qu6d omnibus constabat
hiemari in Gallia oportere, frumentum his in locis
in hiemem provlsum non erat.
[XXX.]Quibus rebus cognitis, principes Bri-
tanniae, qui post prcelium ad ea, quae jusserat
Caesar, facienda convenerant, inter se collocuti,
quum equites et naves et frumentum Romanis
deesse intelligerent, et paucitatem militum ex cas-
trorum exiguitate cognoscerent ; quae hoc erant
etiam angustiora, quod sine impedimentis Cassar
legiones transportaverat ; optimum factu esse dux-
erunt, rebellione facta, frumento commeatuque
nostros prohibere, et rem in hiemem producere:
 UBER IV. 81

qu5d iis superatis, aut reditu interclusis, neminem

postea belli inferendi causa in Britanniam transi-
tiirum confidebant. Itaque rursum conjuratione
facta, paullatim ex castris discedere, ac suos clam
ex agris deducere cceperunt.
[XXXI.] At Caesar, etsi nondum eorum con-
silia cognoverat, tamen et ex eventu navium sua-
rum, et ex eo qu6d obsides dare intermiserant,
fore id quod accidit, suspicabatur. Itaque ad
omnes casus subsidia comparabat: nam et fru-
mentum ex agris in castra quotidie conferebat, et
quae gravissime afflictae erant naves, earum materia.
et aere ad reliquas reficiendas utebatur ; et quae
ad eas res erant usui, ex continenti comportari ju-
bebat. Itaque cum id summo studio a militibus
administraretur, duodecim navibus amissis, reli-
quis ut navigari commode posset, efFecit.
[XXXII.] Dum haec geruntur, legione, ex
consuetudine una frumentatum missa., quae appel-
labatur septima, neque ulla. ad id tempus belli
suspicione interposita, quum pars hominum in
agris remaneret, pars etiam in castra ventitaret;
ii, qui pro portis castrorum in statione erant, Caesari
renuntiarunt, pulverem majorem, quam consuetudo
ferret, in ea parte videri, quam in partem legio iter
fecisset. Caesar, id quod erat, suspicatus, aliquid
novi a barbaris inltum consilii ; cohortes, quae in
stationibus erant, secum in eam partem proficisci,
duas ex reliquis in stationem succedere, reliquas
e 5
82 DE BELLO GALLICO,

armari, et confestim sese consequi jussit. Quum

paullo longius acastris processisset,suos ab hostibus
premi, atque aegre sustinere, et conferta legione ex
omnibus partibus tela conjici animadvertit. Nam
qu6d, omni ex reliquis partibus demesso frumento,
una pars erat reliqua, suspicati hostes huc nos-
tros esse venturos, noctu in sylvis delituerant.
Tum dispersos, depositis armis, in metendo occu-
patos subito adorti, paucis interfectis, reliquos in-
certis ordinibus perturbaverant ; simul equitatu
atque essedis circumdederant.
[XXXIII.] Genus hoc est ex esscdis pugnae :
primo per omnes partes perequitant, et tela conji-
ciunt; atque ipso terrore equorum, et strepitu
rotarum, ordines plerumque perturbant : et quum
inter equitum turmas insinuaverunt, ex essedis
desiliunt, et pedibus prceliantur. Aurlgae interim
paulliim e prcelio excedunt, atque ita se collocant,
ut si illi a multitudine hostium premantur, expedl-
tum ad suos receptum habeant. Ita mobilitatem
equitum, stabilitatem peditum in prceliis praestant :
ac tantum usu quotidiano et exercitatione efficiunt,
ut in decllvi ac precipiti loco incitatos equos sus-
tinere, et brevl moderari ac flectere, et per temo-
nem percurrere, et in jugo insistere, et inde se in
currus citissime recipere, consueverint.
[XXXIV.] Quibus rebus, perturbatis nostris
novitate pugnoe, tempore opportunissrmo Caesar
auxilium tulit : namque ejus adventu hostes con
 LIBEIt IV. 83

stiterunt, nostri ex terrore se receperunt. Quo facto,

ad lacessendum hostem, et committendumprcelium,
alienum esse tempus arbitratus ; suo se loco con-
tinuit : et brevi tempore intermisso, in castra legi-
ones reduxit. Dum haec geruntur, nostris omnibus
occupatis, qui erant in agris reliqui, discesserunt.
SecQtae sunt continuos dies complures tempestates,
quae et nostros in castris continerent, et hostem a
pugna prohiberent. Interim barbari nuntios in
omnes partes demiserunt, paucitatemque nostrorum
militum suis praedicaveiunt ; et quanta praedae fa-
ciendae atque in perpetuum sui liberandi facultas
daretur, si Romanos castris expulissent, demon-
straverunt. His rebus celeriter magna multitudine
peditatus equitatusque coacta, ad castra venerunt.
[XXXV.] Cassar, etsi idem quod superioribus
diebus acciderat, fore videbat, ut si essent hostes
pulsi, celeritate periculum effugerent ; tamen nac-
tus equites circiter triginta quos Comius Atrebas,
de quo ante dictum est, secum transportaverat,
legiones in acie pro castris constituit. Commisso
prcelio, diutius nostrorum militum impetum hostes
ferre non potuerunt, ac terga verterunt : quos tan-
to spatio secuti, quantum cursu et viribus efficere
potuerunt, complures ex iis occiderunt: deinde
omnibus longe lateque sedificiis adflictis incensis-
que, se in castra receperunt.
[XXXVI.] Eodera die legati ab hostibus raissi
ad Caesarem de pace venerunt. His Caesar nu
84 DE BELLO GALLICO,

merum obsidum, quem antea imperaverat, duplica-

vit, eosque in continentem adduci jussit; qu6d
propinqua die aequinoctii, infirmis navibus, hiemi
navigationem subjiciendam non existimabat. Ipse
idoneam tempestatem nactus, paullo post mediam
noctem naves solvit, quae omnes incolumes ad
continentem pervenerunt: ex his, onerariae duae
eosdem portus quos reliquae capere non potuerunt,
sed paullo infra delataa sunt.
[XXXVII.] Quibus ex navibus, quum essent
expositi milites circiter ter centum, atque in castra
contenderent ; Morini, quos Caesar in Britanniam
proficiscens pacatos reliquerat, spe praedae adducti,
prim6 non ita magno suorum numero circumstete-
runt, ac, si sese interfici nollent, arma ponere jus-
serunt. Quum illi, orbe facto, sese defenderent,
celeriter ad clamorem hominum circiter millia sex
convenerunt. Qua re nunciata, Casar omnem ex
castris equitatum suis auxilio misit. Interim nos-
tri milites impetum hostium sustinuerunt, atque
amplius horis quatuor fortissime pugnaverunt, et
paucis vulneribus acceptis, complures ex iis occi-
derunt. Postea ver6 quam equitatus noster in
conspectum venit, hostes abjectis armis, terga ver-
terunt, magnusque eorum numerus est occisus.
[XXXVIII.] Caesar postero die Titum Labi-
enum legatum cum iis legionibus, quas ex Britan-
nia reduxerat, in Morinos, qui rebellionem fecerant,
misit. Qui quum propter siccitates paludum, qu6
 LIBER IV. 85

se reciperent, non haberent, (quo perfugio supe-

riore anno fuerant usi), omnes ferti in potestatem
Labieni venerunt. At Quintus Titurius et Lucius
Cotta legati, qui in Menapiorum fines legiones
duxerant, omnibus eorum agris vastatis, frumentis
succisis, aedificiisque incensis, qu6d Menapii
omnes se in densissimas silvas abdiderant, ad
Caesarem se receperunt. Caesar in Belgis omnium
legionum hiberna constituit. E5 duae omnlno
civitates ex Britannia obsides miserunt: reliqua?
neglexerunt. His rebus gestis, ex literis Caesaris
dierum viginti supplicatio a Senatu decreta est.
86 DE BELLO GALLICO,

[* LIBRO V.]

[C. VIII.] His rebus gestis, Labieno in con-

tinente cum tribus legionibus et equitum millibus
duobus relicto, ut portus tueretur et rei frumen-
tariae provideret, quseque in Gallia gererentur
cognosceret, et consilium pro tempore et pro re
caperet ; ipse cum legionibus quinque et pari nu-
mero equitum quem in continente reliquerat, ad so-
lis occasum naves solvit ; et leni Africo provectus,
media circiter nocte vento intermisso, cursum non
tenuit: et longiiis delatus aestu, orta luce, sub
sinistra Britanniam relictam conspexit. Tum rur-
sus aestus commutationem secutus, remis con-
tendit, ut eam partem insulae caperet, quii optimum
esse egressum superiore aestate cognoverat. Qua in
re admodum fuit militum virtus laudanda, qui vec-
toriis gravibusque navigiis, non intermisso remi-
gandi lab5re, longarum navium cursum adaequa-
verunt. Accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus
navigiis meridiano fere tempore : neque in eo loco
hostis est visus. Sed ut postea Caesar ex cap-
tlvis comperif, quum magnae manus e6 convenis-
sent, multitudine navium perterritae, quae cum
 LIBER V. 87

annotTnis, privatisque quas sui quisque commodi

causa fecerat, amplius octingentis una erant visae,
timore a. littore discesserant, ac se in superiora loca
abdiderant.
[IX.] Caesar, exposito exercitu, ac loco castris
idoneo capto, ubi ex captivis cognovit, quo in loco
hostium copiae consedissent, cobortibus decem ad
mare relictis et equitibus trecentis, qui praesidio
navibus essent, de tertia vigilia ad hostes contendit,
ed minus veritus navibus, qu6d in littore molli atque
aperto deligatas ad anchoras relinquebat : et prae-
sidio navibus Quintum Atrium praefecit. Ipse
noctu progressus millia passuum circiter duodecim,
hostium copias conspicatus est. Illi equitatu at-
que essedis ad flumen progressi, ex loco superiore
nostros prohibere, et prcelium committere ccepe-
runt. Repulsi ab equitatu se in silvas abdiderunt,
locum nacti egregie et natura. et opere munltum,
quem domestici belli, ut videbatur, causa jam ante
praeparaverant : nam crebris arboribus succlsis
omnes introitus erant praeclusi. Ipsi ex silvis rari
propugnabant, nostrosque intra munitiones ingredi
prohibebant. At milites legionis septimee, testu-
dine facta, et aggere ad munitiones adjecto,
locum ceperunt, eosque ex silvis expulerunt, pau-
cis vulneribus acceptis. Sed eos fugientes longius
C33sar persequi vetuit, et qu6d loci naturam ig-
norabat, et qu6d, magna. parte diei consumpta,
munitioni castr5rum tempus relinqui volebat.
88 DE BELLO GALLICO,

[X.] Postridie ejus diei mane, tripartlt6 milites

equitesque in expeditionem misit, ut eos, qui fu-
gerant, persequerentur. Iis aliquantum itineris
progressis, quum jam extremi essent in prospectu,
equites a Quinto Atrio ad Caesarem venerunt, qui
nuntiarent, superiori nocte, maxima cobrta. tem-
pestate, prope omnes naves afflictas atque in littore
ejectas esse, quod neque anchorae funesque sub-
sisterent, neque nautae gubernat5resque vim tem-
pestatis pati possent : Itaque ex eo concursu
navium magnum esse incommodum acceptum.
[XI.] His rebus cognitis, Ceesar legiones equi-
tatumque revocari atque itinere desistere jubet.
Ipse ad naves revertitur: eadem fere quae ex
nuntiis liteiisque cognoverat, coram perspicit, sic
ut amissis circiter quadraginta navibus, reliquee
tamen refici posse magno negotio viderentur. Ita-
que ex legionibus fabros deligit, et ex continenti
alios accerslri jubet: Labieno scribit, ut quam
plurimas posset, iis legionibus quae sunt apud eum,
naves instituat. Ipse, etsi res erat multae operee
ac laboris, tamen commodissimum esse statuit,
omnes naves subdiici, et cum castris un& muni-
tione conjungi. In his rebus circiter dies decem
consumit, ne nocturnis quidem temporibus ad la-
borem militum intermissis. Subductis navibus
castrisque egregie munltis, easdem copias, quas
ante, praesidio navibus relinquit : ipse eodem,
unde redierat, proficiscitur. E6 ciim venisset,
 LIBER V. 89

majores undique in eum locum copiae Britannorum

convenerant. Summa imperii belllque adminis-
trandi, communi consilio, permissa est Cassivel-
launo, cujus fines a maritimis civitatibus flumen
dividit, quod appellatur Tamesis, a mari circiter
millia passuum octoginta. Huic, superiori tempore,
cum reliquis civitatibus continentia bella interces-
serant; sed nostro adventu permoti Britanni,
hunc toti bello imperioque praefecerant.
[XII.] Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur,
quos natos in insula. ipsa, memoria. proditum di-
cunt: maritima pars ab iis, qui praedae ac belli
inferendi causa, ex Belgio transierant : qui omnes
fere iis nominibus civitatum appellantur, quibus
orti ex civitatibus e6 pervenerunt ; et bello illato
ibi remanserunt, atque agros colere cceperunt.
Hominum est infinita multitudo, creberrimaque
aedificia fere Gallicis consimilia : pecoris magnus
numerus: utuntur aut aere, aut taleis ferreis ad
certum pondus examinatis, pro nummo. Nascitur
ibi plumbum album in mediterraneis regionibus;
in maritimis ferrum, sed ejus exigua est copia :
aere utuntur importato. Materia cujusque generis,
ut in Gallia, est, praeter fagum et abietem. Lepo-
rem, et gallinam, et anserem gustare, fas non pu-
tant. Haec tamen alunt animi voluptatisque
causa. Loca sunt temperatiora quam in Gallia,
remissioribus frigoribus.
[XIII.] Insula natura. triquetra, cujus unum
90 DE BELLO GALLICO,

latus est contra Galliam : hujus lateris alter angu-

lus, qui est ad Cantium, qu6 ferti ex Gallia naves
appelluntur, ad orientem solem, inferior ad meri-
diem spectat. Hoc latus tenet circiter millia pas-
suum quingenta : alterum vergit ad Hispaniam,
et occidentem solem ; qua. ex parte est Hibernia,
dimidio minor, ut existimatur, quam Britannia ;
sed pari spatio transmissus atque ex Gallia est
in Brita.nniam. In hoc medio cursu est insula
qucE appellatur Mona. Complures praeterea mi-
nores objectae insulae existimantur, de quibus
insulis nonnulli scripserunt, dies continuos triginta
sub bruma. esse noctem. "Nos nihil de eo per-
cunctationibus reperiebamus, nisi certis ex aqua
mensuris breviores esse noctes, quam in continente,
videbamus. Hujus est longitudo lateris, ut fert
illorum opinio, septingenta millium passuum.
Tertium est contra septentrionem, cui parti nulla
est objecta terra, sed ejus lateris angulus maxime
ad Germaniam spectat. Huic millia passuum
octingenta in longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita
omnis insula est in circuitu vicies centena millia
passuum.
[XIV.] Ex his omnibus, longe sunt humanis-
simi qui Cantium incolunt ; quae regio est mari-
tima omnis, neque multum a, Gallica differunt
consuetudine. Interi5res plerlque frumenta non
serunt, sed lacte et carne vivunt, pellibusque sunt
vestiti. Omnes ver5 se Britanni vitro inficiunt,
 LIBER V. 91

quod caeruleum efficit colorem: atque hoc horri-

biliore sunt in pugna. adspectu : capilloque sunt
promisso, atque omni parte corporis rasa, praater
caput et labrum superius. Uxores habent deni
duodenlque inter se communes, et maxime fratrea
cum fratribus, et parentes cum liberis. Sed si qui
sunt ex his nati, eorum habentur liberi, a. quibus
primum virgines quaeque ductae sunt.
[XV.] Equites hostium essedarilque acriter
proelio cum equitatu nostro in itinere conflixerunt ;
ita tamen, ut nostri omnibus partibus superiores
fuerint, atque eos in silvas collesque compulerint.
Sed, compluribus interfectis, cupidiiis insecuti,
nonnullos ex suis amiserunt. At illi, intermisso
spatio, imprudentibus nostris atque occupatis in
munitione castrorum, subitb se ex silvis ejece-
runt ; impetuque in eos facto, qui erant in statione
pro castris collocati, acriter pugnaverunt : duabus-
que missis subsidio cohortibus a Caesare, atque his
primis legionum duarum, quum hae, intermisso per-
exiguo loci spatio inter se, constitissent ; novo ge-
nere pugnae perterritis nostris, per medios auda-
cissime proruperunt, seque inde incolumes recepe-
runt. Eo die Quintus Laberius Durus tribunus
militum interficitur: illi, pluribus submissis co-
hortibus, repelluntur.
[XVI.] Toto hoc in genere pugnaj.quum sub ocu-
lis omnium ac pro castris dimicaretur, intellectum
est, nostros propter gravitatem armorum, quod ne
92 DE BELLO GALLICO,

que insequi cedentes possent, neque ab signis dis-

cedere auderent, minus aptos esse ad hujus generis
hostem : equites autem magno cum periculo dimi-
care, propterea qu6d illi etiam consulto plerumque
cederent, et quum paullulum ab legionibus nostros
removissent, ex essedis desillrent, et pedibus dis-
pari prcelio contenderent. Equestris autem prcelii
ratio, et cedentibus et insequentibus, par atque
idem periculum inferebat. Accedebat huc, ut nun-
quam conferti, sed rari, magnisque intervallis, prce-
liarentur ; stationesque dispositas haberent, atque
alios alii deinceps exciperent, integrlque et recentes
defatigatis succederent.
[XVII.] Postero die, procul a, castris hostes in
collibus constiterunt, rarique se ostendere, et len-
tius quam pridie nostros equites lacessere ccepe-
runt prcelio. Sed meridie, quum Caesar, pabulandi
causa, tres legiones atque omnem equitatum cum
Caio Trebonio legato misisset, repente ex omnibus
partibus ad pabulat5res advolaverunt, sic utl ab
signis legionibusque non absisterent. Nostri, acri-
ter in eos impetu facto, repulerunt, neque finem
insequendi fecerunt, quoad subsidio conflsi equi-
tes, quum post se legiones viderent, praecipites
hostes egerunt ; magn5que e5rum numero inter-
fecto, neque sui colligendi, neque consistendi, aut
ex essedis desiliendi, facultatem dederunt. Ex hac
fuga protinus, quae undique convenerant auxilia
 LIBEtt V. 93

discesserunt : neque post id tempus unquam sum-

mis nobiscum copiis hostes contenderunt.
[XVIII.] Caesar, cognito, consilio eorum, ad
flumen Tamesin, in fines Cassivellauni, exercitum
duxit ; quod flumen uno omnln6 loco pedibus, et
hoc aegre, translri potest. E6 quum venisset, anim-
advertit ad alteram fluminis ripam magnas esse
copias hostium instructas. Ripa autem erat acu-
tis sudibus prosfixis munita : ejusdemque generis
sub aqua defixse sudes flumine tegebantur. Iis
rebus cognitis a captlvis perfugisque, Caesar, pra;-
misso equitatu, confestim legiones subsequi jussit.
Sed ea. celeritate atque impetu milites lerunt,
quum capite solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes im-
petum legionum atque equitum sustinere non
possent, ripasque dimitterent, ac se fugae man-
darent.
[XIX.] Cassivellaunus, ut supra. demonstrav-
imus, omni spe deposita contentionis, dimissis
amplioribus copiis, millibus circiter quatuor esseda-
riorum relictis, itinera nostra servabat, paullulum
que ex vi&. excedebat, locisque impedltis atque sil
vestribus sese occultabat, atque iis regionibus
quibus nos iter facturos cognoverat, pecora atque
homines ex agris in silvas compellebat : et quum
equitatus noster liberius, vastandi praedandlque
causa, se in agros effunderet, omnibus viis notis
semitisque, essedarios ex silvis emittebat, et, magno
94 DE BELLO GALLICO,

cum periculo nostrorum equitum, cum iis confli-

gebat : atque hoc metu latius vagari prohibebat.
Relinquebatur, ut neque longius ab agmine legi-
onum discedi Caesar pateretur ; et tantum in agris
vastandis incendiisque faciendis, hostibus nocere-
tur, quantum labore atque itinere legionarii milites
efficere poterant. -
[XX.] Interim Trinobantes,prope firmissima
earum regionum civitas, ex qua. Mandubratius
adolescens, Casaris fidem secutus, ad eum in con-
tinentem Galliam venerat, (cujus pater Imanuen-
tius in ea. civitate regnum obtinuerat, interfectus-
que erat a. Cassivellauno, ipse fug. mortem vitave-
rat)legatos ad Casarem mittunt, pollicenturque
sese ei dedituros, et imperata facturos : petunt, ut
Mandubratium ab injuria Cassivellauni defendat,
atque in civitatem mittat, qui praesit, imperium-
que obtineat. His Caesar imperat obsides quadra-
ginta,frumentumque exercitui; Mandubratiumque
ad eos mittit. Illi imperata celeriter fecerunt ;
obsides ad numerum, frumentumque miserunt.
[XXI.] Trinobantibus defensis, atque ab omni
militum injuria prohibitis, Cenimagni, Segontiaci,
Ancalltes, Bibroci, Cassi, legationibus missis, sese
Ceesari dediderunt. Ab his cognoscit, non longe
ex loco oppidum Cassivellauni abesse, silvis palu-
dibusque munltum, quo satis magnus hominum
pecorisque numerus convenerit. Oppidum autem
Britanni vocant, quum silvas impedltas vallo atque
 LIBER V. 95

fbssa munierunt, quo, incursionis hostium vi-

tandae causa, convenlre consueverunt. E6 profi-
ciscitur cum legionibus : locum reperit egregie na-
tura atque opere munltum : tamen hunc duabus
ex partibus oppugnare contendit. Hostes paullis-
per morati, militum nostrorum impetum non tule-
runt, seseque ex alia parte oppidi ejecerunt. Mag-
nus ibl numerus pecoris repertus, multlque in
fuga sunt comprehensi atque interfecti.
[XXII.] Dum haec in his locis geruntur, Cassi-
vellaunus ad Cantium, quod esse ad mare supra
demonstravimus, quibus regionibus quatuor reges
praeerant, Cingetorix, Carnilius, Taximagulus, Se-
gonax, nuntios mittit ; atque his imperat, ut, coac-
tis omnibus copiis, castra navalia de improvlso ado-
riantur atque oppugnent. Hi quum ad castra
venissent, nostri, eruptione factL, multis eorum in-
terfectis, capto etiam nobili duce Cingetorige, suos
incolumes reduxerunt. Cassivellaunus, h6c prcelio
nuntiato, tot detrimentis acceptis, vastatis finibus,
maxime etiam permotus defectione civitatum, lega-
tos per Atrebatem Comium de deditione adCaesarem
mittit. Caesar,quum statuisset hiemem in continente
propter repentinos Galliae motus agere, neque mul-
tum aestatis superesset, atque id facile extrahiposse
intelligeret, obsides imperat ; et quid in annos
singulos vectigalis populo Romano Britannia pen-
deret, constituit. Interdlcit atque imperat Cassi
96 DE BELLO CALLICO,

vellauno, ne Mandubratio neu Trinobantibus n-

ceat.
[XXIII.] Obsidibus acceptis, exercitum reducit
ad mare, naves invenit refectas. His deductis,
qu6d et captivorum magnum numerum habebat,
et nonnullae tempestate deperierant naves, duobus
commeatibus exercitum reportare constituit. Ac
sic accidit, ut ex tanto navium numero, tot navi-
gationibus, neque hoc neque superiore anno ulla
omnlno navis, quae milites portaret, desideraretur :
at ex iis, quae inanes ex continente ad eum remit-
terentur, et prioris commeatus, expositis militibus,
et quas postea Labienus faciendas cuiaverat nu-
mero sexaginta, perpaucae locum caperent, reliquae
fere omnes rejicerentur. Quas quum aliquandiu
Caesar frustra expectasset, ne anni tempore navi-
gatione excluderetur, quod aequinoctium suberat,
necessario angustiiis milites collocavit : ac sum-
mam tranquillitatem consecutus, secunda inlta
quum solvisset vigilia, prima luce terram attigit,
omnesque incolumes naves perduxit.
 [e LIBRO VI.]

[C. XII.] In omni Gallia, edrum hominum qui

aliquo sunt numero atque honore, genera sunt
duo. (Nam plebs pene servorum habetur loco,
quae per se nfhil audet, et nulli adhibetur consilio.
Plerique, quum aut aere alieno, aut magnitudine
tributorum, aut injuria. potentiorum premuntur,
sese in servitutem dicant nobilibus. In hos eadem
omnia sunt jura, quae dominis in servos.) Sed de
his duobus generibus, alterum est Druidum, alte-
rum Equitum. Illi rebus divinis intersunt, sacri-
ficia publica ac privata procurant, religiones
interpretantur. Ad hos magnus adolescentium
numerus discipllnae causa concurrit, magnoque ii
sunt apud eos honore. Nam fere de omnibus con-
troversiis publicis privatisque constituunt; et si
quod est admissum facinus, si caedes facta, si de
haereditate, de finibus controversia est, ildem de-
cernunt ; prcemia pcenasque constituunt. Si quis
aut privatus aut publicus eorum decreto non
steterit, sacrificiis interdlcunt. Hsec pcena apud
eos est gravissima. Quibus ita est interdictum,
ii numero impiorum ac sceleratorum habentur : iis
omnes decedunt, aditum eorum sermonemque de-
F
98 DE BELLO GALLICO,

fugiunt, ne quid ex contagione incommodi acci-

piant: neque iis petentibus jus redditur, neque
honor ullus communicatur. His autem omnibus
Druidibus praeest unus, qui summam inter eos
habet auctoritatem. Hoc mortuo, si quis ex re-
liquis excellit dignitate, succedit, At si sunt
plures pares, suffragio Druidum adlegitur: non-
nunquam etiam de principatu armis contendunt.
Ii certo anni tempore, in finibus Carnutum, qua?
regio totlus Galliae media habetur, consldunt in
loco consecrato. Hiic omnes undique, qui contro-
versias habent, conveniunt, eorumqUe judiciis de-
cretisque parent. Discipllna in Britannia. reperta,
atque inde in Galliam translata esse, existimatur.
Et nunc qui diligentius eam rem cognoscere vo-
lunt, plerumque ill6, discendi causa, proficiscuntur.
[XIII.] Druides a bello abesse consueverunt ;
neque tributa una cum reliquis pendunt : militiae
vacationem omniumque rerum habent immunita-
tem. Tantis excitati prcemiis, et sua sponte multi
in discipllnam conveniunt, et a propinquis paren-
tibusque mittuntur. Magnum ibi numerum ver-
suum ediscere dicuntur. Itaque nonnulli annos
vicenos in discipllna permanent. Neque fas esse
existimant ea litteris mandare, quum in reliquis
fere publicis privatisque rationibus [Graecis] lit-
teris utantur. Id mihi duabus de causis insti-
tuisse videntur : quod neque in vulgus discipllnam
efferri velint ; neque eos qui discunt, litteris con
 LIBER VI. 99

fisos, minus memorias studere. Quod fere pleris-

que accidit, ut, praesidio litterarum, diligentiam in
perdiscendo, ac memoriam remittant. In primis
hoc volunt persuadere,non interlre animas, sed
ab aliis post mortem translre ad alios : atque hoc
maxime ad virtutem excitari putant, metu mortis
neglecto. Multa praeterea. de sideribus, atque
eorum motu, de mundi ac terrarum magnitudine,
de rerum natura, de Deorum immortalium vi ac
potestate, disputant, et juventfiti transdunt.
[XIV.] Alterum genus est Equitum. Ii, quum
est usus, atque aliquod bellum ipcidit (quod ante
Caesaris adventum fere quotannis accidere solebat,
uti aut ipsi injurias inferrent, aut illatas propulsa-
rent), omnes in bello versantur : atque eorum, ut
quisque ex genere copiisque amplissimus, ita plu-
rimos circum se ambactos clientesque habet. Hanc
unam gratiam potentiamque noverunt.
[XV.] Natio est omnis Gallorum admodiim de-
dita religionibus. Atque ob eam causam, qui sunt
affecti gravioribus morbis, quique in prceliis peri-
culisque versantur, aut pro victimis homines im-
molant, aut se immolaturos vovent, administrisque
ad ea sacrificia Druidibus utuntur : quod pro vita.
hominis, nisi vita hominis reddatur, non posse
aliter Deorum immortalium numen placari arbi-
trantur: publiceque ejusdem generis habent insti-
tuta sacrificia. Alii immani magnitudine simu-
lacra habent, quorum contexta viminibus membra
100 DE BELLO GALLICO,

vivis hominibus complent, quibus succensis, cir-

cumventi flamma exanimantur homines. Supplicia
eorum, qui in furto aut latrocinio aut aliqua
noxa sint comprehensi, gratiora Diis immortalibus
esse arbitrantur. Sed quum ejus generis copia
deficit, etiam ad innocentium supplicia descendunt.
[XVI.] Deum maxime Mercurium colunt. Hu-
jus sunt plurima simulacra. Hunc omnium
artium inventorem ferunt: hunc viarum atque
itinerum ducem : hunc ad quaestus pecuniae mer-
caturasque habere vim maximam arbitrantur. Post
hunc, Apollinem, et Martem, et Jovem, et Mi-
nervam. De his eandem fere quam reliquae gentes
habent opinionem : Apollinem morbos depellere ;
Minervam operum atque artificiorum initia trans-
dere ; Jovem imperium coelestium tenere ; Martem
bella regere. Huic, quum prcelio dimicare consti-
tuerunt, ea, quae bello ceperint, plerumque devo-
vent : quae superaverint animalia capta immolant,
reliquas res in unum locum conferunt. Multis in
civitatibus, harum rerum exstructos tumulos locis
consecratis conspicari licet. Neque ssepe accidit,
ut neglecta quispiam religione, aut capta apud se
occultare, aut posita tollere auderet : gravissimum-
que ei rei supplicium cum cruciatu constitutum
est.
[XVII.] Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prog-
natos praidicant : idque ab Druidibus proditum
dicunt. Ob eam causam, spatia omnis temporis,
 LIBEH VI. 101

non numero dierum, sed noctium finiunt : et dies

natlles, et mensium et annorum initia sic obser-
vant, ut noctem dies subsequatur. In reliquis
vitae institutis, hoc fere ab reliquis differunt,qu6d
suos liberos, nisi quum adoleverint, ut munus mi-
litiae sustinere possint, palam ad se adlre non pa-
tiantur: filiumque puerili aetate, in publico, in
conspectu patris assistere, turpe ducunt.
[XVIII.] Viri quantas pecunias ab uxoribus
dotis nomine acceperunt, tantas ex suis bonis, aesti-
matione facta, cum dotibus communicant : hujus
omnis pecuniae conjunctim ratio habetur, fructus-
que servantur : uter eorum vita superarit, ad eum
pars utriusque cum fructibus superiorum tempo-
rum pervenit. Viri in uxores, sicuti in liberos,
vitae necisque habent potestatem. Et quiim pa-
terfamilias illustriore loco natus decessit, ejus
propinqui conveniunt ; et de morte, si res in sus-
picionem venit, de uxoribus in servllem modum
qusestionem habent : et si compertum est, igni atque
omnibus tormentis excruciatas interficiunt. Funera
sunt, pro cultu Gallorum, magnifica et sumptuosa;
omniaque, quaa vivis cordi fuisse arbitrantur, in
ignem inferunt, etiam animalia : ac paullo supra
hanc memoriam servi et clientes, quos ab iis di-
lectos esse constabat, justis funeribus confectis,
una cremabantur,
[XIX.] Quae civitates commodius suam rem-
publicam administrare existimantur, habent legi
102 DE BELLO GALLICO, LIBER VI.

bus sanctura, si quis quid de republica a. finitimis

rumore aut fama. acceperit, uti ad magistratum
deferat, neve cum quo alio communicet : quod
sffipe homines temerarios atque imperltos falsis
rumoribus terreri, et ad facinus impelli, et de sum-
mis rebus consilium capere, compertum est. Ma-
gistratus, qua? visa sunt, occultant : quaeque esse
ex usu judicaverint, multitudini produnt. De
republica nisi per concilium loqui non conceditur.

FINIS.

London :
Printed by Littlewood and Co.,
Old Bailey.
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