Drainage and Stabilization

Introduction
Depth of excavation > depth of water table
(therefore) drainage is required
Drainage
The act or process of removing water or liquid from a place or a thing
Lowering the water table below the base of the mass of soil
Introduction

PERMEABILITY of the Soil

k
The ability of soil to allow water to flow
through it is called permeability.
Introduction

Dewatering Considering the Permeability of Soil

k > 103 cm/sec
Drainage is required
k = 103 to 105 cm/sec
Inconsequential, drainage is required to maintain
k < 107 cm/sec
Drainage is not required

Introduction
Permanent Drains
Ditches and Sumps
Ditches
a narrow channel dug in the ground, typically used for drainage alongside a
road or the edge of a field.
Sumps
A sump is a low space that collects often undesirable liquids such as water or
chemicals. A sump can also be an infiltration basin used to manage surface
runoff water and recharge underground aquifers.
 Ditches and Sumps
Ditches and Sumps

Importance of ditches and sumps

The water from the slopes or sides flows under gravity and is
collected in sumps from which it is pumped out.
Without ditches, water may cause softening and reveling or
sloughing of the lower part of slopes
This is the simplest form of dewatering used in shallow
excavations in coarse grained soils.
Ditches and Sumps

Equipments Used in Ditches and Sumps

SUMP PUMPS
Ditches and Sumps

Procedures on How to Install Ditches and Sumps

(video)
Well-points

Well-point System
Well point systems are a commonly used dewatering method as they are
applicable to a wide range of excavations and groundwater conditions.
Well-point Systems
Conventional Well-point System
Vacuum Well-point System
Jet-eductor Well-point system
Well-points
Typical Well Point System
Well-points
Conventional Well-point System
A conventional wellpoint system consists of one or more stages of wellpoints
having 1 or 2-inch-diameter riser pipes, installed in a line or ring at spacings
 between about 3 and 10 feet, with the risers connected to a common header
pumped with one or more wellpoint pumps
Well-points
Well-points
Vacuum Well-point System
A vacuum wellpoint system consists of a number of battered or vertically
installed wellpoints with risers spaced along a trench or surrounding an
excavation site, all connected to a common vacuum header pipe, which is
attached to various types of wellpoint pumps or vacuum stations.
Well-points
Well-points
Jet-eductor Well-point System
The Eductor System is especially suited for deep excavations and stratified
soils.
As many as 100 eductor wells are commonly activated by a single pumping
station although this varies considerably on the volumes of water to be
pumped and the lift required.
The volumes of water which can be pumped by each system are generally low,
typically less than 200 gpm.
Well-points
Deep-well Pumps
Types Of Water Well Pumps
1. Centrifugal Water Well pumps
- The centrifugal pump is the simplest and cheapest.
- This type of water well pump is only used for shallow wells because it
can generate suction to efficiently elevate water to no more than 20-25
feet.
Jet Water Well Pumps
- The jet pump is available in two styles - the shallow well and
deep well jet pumps
- A shallow well jet pump is usually connected to the well
borehole water column with only one suction pipe.
-The deep well jet pump is generally utilized for wells that
have a water level depth much greater than 25 feet from
 the ground surface. This system has two pipes within the
borehole water column.
Submersible water well pump
- The submersible pump is the most versatile and also the most popular
when it come to water well pumping from below ground.
Sand Drains
SAND DRAIN
is basically a hole drilled in a cohesive soil and filled with sand.
Since the sand has larger particle size, its permeability is much higher, thus
water will flow through it much more easily.
Sand Drains
Sand Drains

Process of construction of drains

The driven casing is withdrawn after the sand has been filled.
A sand blanket is placed over the top of the sand drains to connect all the sand
drains.
To accelerate the drainage, a surcharge load is placed on the sand blanket.
The surcharge is usually in the form of dumped soil.
Miscellaneous Methods of Drainage and Stabilization
CEMENT GROUTING
the injection under pressure of cement or grout to fill voids or fractures in the
soil, rock unit or concrete structure.
Miscellaneous Methods of Drainage and Stabilization
CLAY GROUTING
Miscellaneous Methods of Drainage and Stabilization

Solidification of Soils by Injection of Chemicals

Chemical Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) adds chemical reagents to contaminated soil to
limit the waters solubility and mobility.
The soil is mixed with a chemical that reacts with the contaminants and
chemically absorbs and immobilizes the contaminant materials, or lowers their toxicity.
Miscellaneous Methods of Drainage and Stabilization

Solidification of Soils by Injection of Chemicals

Solutions of water glass and calcium chloride
Miscellaneous Methods of Drainage and Stabilization
Solidification of Soils by Injection of Chemicals
Polymers
are substances whose molecules have high molar masses and are composed of a large
number of repeating units.
Miscellaneous Methods of Drainage and Stabilization

Solidification of Soils by Injection of Chemicals

Electro-osmosis
is the motion of liquid induced by an applied potential across a porous material, capillary tube,
membrane, microchannel, or any other fluid conduit.
Miscellaneous Methods of Drainage and Stabilization

Solidification of Soils by Injection of Chemicals

Electro-osmosis
Miscellaneous Methods of Drainage and Stabilization

Solidification of Soils by Injection of Chemicals

Freezing the Water in the Voids
a void is an empty space, other than a crack, in the cement paste that contains
nothing but air.
The voids are controlling many important properties, such as compressive strength,
resistance to destruction by freezing and thawing, and resistance to chemical
attack on the reinforcing steel and the cement paste.
Miscellaneous Methods of Drainage and Stabilization

Solidification of Soils by Injection of Chemicals

Freezing the Water in the Voids