Professional Documents
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1. OBJEKTE T LASHTA
OBJEKTE TE NIVELIT TE LART INGJINJERIK
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gjat ndrtimit
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Sin, cos, secant, dhe kosecant kan periodn 2 deri sa tangjenti dhe kotangjenti
kan periodn .
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sin ( + 2) = sin
cos ( + 2) = cos
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sec2 = 1 + tan2
sin( ) = sin !
cos( ) = cos
tan( ) = tan
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Vektort jan madhsi fizike t prcaktuara me pik veprimin, kahen ,drejtimin dhe
intensitetin.
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c)3u + 4v
d)|5v - 2u|
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7. (b + c)v = bv + cv.
8. b(u + v) = bu + bv.
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akto |u|.
|u|=
u = (RA!9A!S) |u|= =
Vektore
et njsi n shumicn
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e rasteve sh 0 @ dhe :.
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Kur vlerat numerike jan shum t vogla apo shum t mdha, njsit mund t
modifikohen duke shfrytzuar prefikset e paraqitur n tabel.
Forma
Prefiksi SI simboli
eksponenciale
1 000 000 000 109 Giga G
1 000 000 106 Mega M
1 000 103 kilo k
0.001 10-3 Mili M
0.000 001 10-6 Mikro
0.000 000 001 10-9# nano n
$9#1@0A?B#OB=?;>0A;#<;#O9:B<0:;#OK<=;#A;#<=B?9<#<;]#
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e#(B=?;>0#W9:AL80BJ9#
Madhsit skalare jan t prcaktuara vete me intensitetin (numrin):#
masa [kg], dendsia [kg/m3], temperatura [K],
koha [s], gjatsia [m] ...
(B=?;>0A;#W9:AL80BJ9#I;8FB:AL?9<#O9]#
intensitetin,
drejtimin,
kahen dhe
pik veprimin.
Madhsit themelore vektoriale n mekanik
jan:
vektori i pozits [m], forca [N], shpejtsia[m/s],
nxitimi [m/s2].
T"#f+,7%$#47g$4+$
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Trupi e ruan gjenndjen e mparshme derid sa ne trup
t
te moss veproj ndo onj forc e jashtme pr ti ndrruar pozitn.
#
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#
intenssitetin,
drejtim
min,
kahen
n dhe
pik veprimin.
v
#
#
/L8FBA#<=B?9<#<9]#
):A0W9#- shkaktojn lvizje ( forca nga era, bora,...)
*B>0W9#- nuk shkaktojn lvizje (reaksionet e lidhjeve, forca e frkimit,...)
.0IB>#W9<=#W9I80O0A#PL8FBA#<=B?9<#<;]#
7B>?AO9#- forcat te cilat i shkaktojn trupat tjer n trupin e shikuar.
H89<=>?O9 - forcat e veprimit reciprok t pjesve te trupit mes veti.
#
Y9I80O0#0#PL8F;>#OK<=;#A;#@9A;]#
4;#W9A;O#<@;#I0:; - forca e koncentruar e cila vepron n nj pik .
4;#<@;#<KO98#I0:B>? - forca kontinuale sht ngarkesa e cila vepron n nj gjatsi
t konsideruar (siprfaqe, vllim) t mbajtsit.
#
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A8KBJJ#
Elementet e struktures si q jan Trajet dhe pllakat si dhe ngarkesat t cilat veprojn
n struktur ( pesha vetiake, njerzit, oriendit, automjetet, etj), jan paraqitur n
prerjen trthore t struktures n fig.5.3.
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Ngarkesat t cilat veprojn n struktur n pikpamje t kohzgjatjes s veprimit t
tyre ndahn n dy grupe:
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*+3-Y%*'+(#$-#*-'H).63-$#
Me kuptimin e prbrjs s dy nnkuptojm prcaktimin e rezultants s atyre
forcave.
Dy forca kongurente gjeometrikisht mund prbhn n dy forma, me formimin:
G#IB8BJ9JL18BO0<#9#PL8FBW9`#L>9#
G#A89:;<=;>?0<#9#PL8FBW9#
X"2#(;<a8B#1@9LO9A80:9#9#I;FB:A0O0A#A;#89MKJAB<A;>#>;#=a#PL8FBW9#
:L<1K89<A9#O9#PL8O0O0<#9#IB8BJ9JL18BO0A#A;#PL8FBW9#
#
Rezultanta e forcave sht e barabart me diagonaln e paralelogramit t
konstruktuar mbi kto forca.
A A A
R
B B
B
R=A+B
#
Rregulla e paralelogramit
#
#
#
X"!#(;<a8B#1@9LO9A80:9#9#I;FB:A0O0A#A;#89MKJAB<A;>#>;#=a#PL8FBW9#
IB8BJ9J9#
R
R = F1 + F2
F1 F2
#
#
X"N#(;<a8B#1@9LO9A80:9#9#I;FB:A0O0A#A;#89MKJAB<A;>#>;#=a#PL8FBW9#
:L<1K89<A9#O9#PL8O0O0<#9#A89:;<=;>?0A#A;#PL8FBW9#
#
#
A A # B
R
R#
B A
B #
R=A+B R=B+A
#
Rregulla e trekndshit Rregulla e trekndshit
X"T#jD;8A?0O0#0#PL8F;>#<;#=a#:LOIL<9<A9#
Forca mund t zbrthehet n dy komponente, t cilave u dihet vijdrejtimi, me
rregulln e paralelogramit t forcave.
a
R
b F1 R
F2
a
R
# F1
b R
#
X"V#*;8D;8@B#9#>0>A9O0A#A;#PL8FBW9#:L<1K89<A9#
Prbrjen e sistemit t forcave kongurente mund ta realizojm me metodn e
paralelogramit. Rezultanta e sistemit t forcave kongurente sht e barabart me
shumn gjeometrike t forcave me pikveprim n pikprerjen e vijdrejtimeve t
sistemit t forcave.
Fig. 7.1 Pa
aralelogram
mi i forcave
n t njoh
Kur jan hura projek
ksionet e rzultants
s n aksett koordina
ative athe
er
intenziiteti i vekttorit kryes
sor, gjegjjsisht re
ezultants
s sht :
Fig. 7.1 Pa
aralelogram
mi i forcave
n t njoh
Kur jan hura projek
ksionet e rzultants
s n aksett koordina
ative athe
er
intenziiteti i vekttorit kryes
sor, gjegjjsisht re
ezultants
s sht :
Mo(F) = F x h
Momenti i forcs nuk ndrron nese forca leviz prgjat vijdrejtimit t saj.
Momenti i forcs pr pikn sht i barabart me zerro vetm nese forca sht e
barabart me zerro, ose nese vijdrejtimi i saj kalon npr pik, gjegjsisht
nese krahu i forcs sht i barabart me zerro.
7.7.1 Prcaktim
mi analitik
k i mome
entit t fo
orcs p
r pikn
Shmbu
uj t momentit t fo
orcs pr pikn:
p
7.8.2 Forma
F dyt
e kushte
eve t eku
uilibrit t sistemit
s t forcave n
n rrafsh
7.8.3 Forma
F trett e kushte
eve t eku
uilibrit t sistemit
s t
forcave n
n rrafsh
8. MBA
AJTSIT STATIK
S
Me kon nstruksion nnkuptojm tersinn e cila s
sht e aft q t pran
noj dhe n
mnyr stabile
ti prcjell ngarke
esat n bazn refere
ente.
8..1 NDAR
RJA E MB
BAJTSV
VE
Sipas pozits
p s ngarkesss mbajtsitt ndahn n:
-Mbajt
sit n rraffsh
-Mbajt
sit hapsin
nor
Sipas forms
f mb
bajtsit nda
ahn n:
-Mbajt
sit e plot
-Mbajt
sit kapriatt
Kuptim
mi i mbajtssit linear
Nese dmensione
d et e prerjess trthore t
mbajtsitt jan shum
m m t vvogla n ra
aport
me gja
atsin ath
her ai mmb
bajts quhet mbajts
s linear.
N kto
o konstrukksione hyjn
n:
Vargorret, Poligon
net zingjiro
or, Kapriattat, trart, shtyllat, ku
utiat, harqe
et dhe
kombin
nimet e tyre
e.
Sipas forms mbajtsit nd
dahn n::
-Mbajt
sit e thjessht
-Mbajt
sit prbrr - konstru
uksionet
(sistem
mi i trupave
e)
8.2 Mba
ajtsit e thjesht
t
Konzola M
Mbajtsi ram Mbajjtsi kapriat
Trau i thhjesht! Trau me l!shim
m
8.3 Mba
ajtsit e prbr
Mbajtsit e prb
r- prbhhen nga dyy e ma shuum mbajt s t thjeshht t lidhu
ur n
mesveti me sharn nier.
Kta mbajts
m jan:Trart e gerberit, harku
h apo rami
r me trii sharniera
a, mbajtsitt
kapriatt, etj.
8.4 Sh
hembuj t
zgjidhjes statik
ke t trarrve t th
hjesht
9. ELEMENTET E OBJEKTIT
Pllakat dhe trart jan elemente horizontale pr pranimin e ngarkess ndrsa shtyllat
dhe muret jan elemente vertikale.
!"#$#%&#& '($)(*+&#
,-./ 0&1#$#"+&
,1#$#"+ 21+-+&
!"#$#%&#& '($)(*+&#
,-./ 0&1#$#"+&
21&4"".
10. STANDARDET
Ne mnyre te prgjithsuar mund te themi se vlersimi i secilit material apo grupi te
materialeve behet me standardet prkatse nacionale te aprovuara (BSI, DIN, UNI,
EN).
10..1 Organ
net ndrk
kombtarre per Sttandardizzim
x CEN- Kom miteti Evropian i Stan
ndardizimitt me seli ne
n Bruksell sht the emeluar
me 1961, dhe mision ni sht qe
e te promo
ovoje harm monizimin te
eknik vullnnetar ne
Evrope, ne
e bashkpunim me organizmat
o t botror dhhe partnere
et e tij ne Evrope.
E
11. MATERIALET ND
DRTIMO
ORE
x Minerali i gurit
g ndrtimor ne asspektin e strukturs
s b
bene pjese
e ne mineralet me
strukture kristalore,, qe kane forma te ndrysh hme te rrregullta (kubike,
(
heksagona ale, tetrago
onale, rom
mbike, etj.)
x Ne prgjith
hsi guri ndrtimor
n f
fitohet nga masivet shkmbore
s e qe mund te jene
nga me te ndryshme et, mirpo ne
n dallojm kryesishtt:
x Shkmbinjjt magma
atik;
x Shkmbinjjt sedime
entare
x Shkmbinjjt metamo
orfik
Fig. 11.1
1 Gurt e p
rpunuar
11.1.2 Vetit e gurit ndrtimor
Si do material tjetr edhe gurin e prshkruajn kto veti:
- Vetit kimike
- Vetit fizike
- Vetit mekanike
- Vetit fiziko-mekanike
11.1.4 Agregati i thyer
Me prejardhje nga shkmbinjt magmatik (eruptiv), sedimentar dhe metamorfik
Dallimi ne prpunim-thyerje mund te qndroje ne mullirin pr thyerje, kur edhe
mnyra e thyerjes mund te jete : me ekana, me nofulla apo edhe ndonj mnyre e
kombinuar.
x przierja me uj
x dhnia e forms
x tharja
x pjekja
11.2.1
1 Tullat dhe
d blloq
qet pr murim
m
Zakonisht prodhohen
n si elemente me:
x me zbraz
tira
x t plota
Fig
g. 11.4 Tulla
a, Blloqe dh
he elemente
e t mes kate
eve nga argjjila
11.2.2
2 Ekzaminimet e domosd
doshme te
t tullat dhe
d blloq
qet pr murim
m
x forma, sip
rfaqet dhe eventuallisht zbraz
tirat
x kontrollimi I dimensio
oneve
x shtrembrrimi i siprffaqeve
x te dmtuarit e teheve
e dhe skajeve
x masa vllimore
x soliditeti ne shtypje
x thithshmrria e ujit
x prmbajtja
a e kripravve
x prmbajtja
a e glqere
es
x qndruesh
hmria nda
aj cikleve te
e ngrirje-sh
hkrirjes
11.2
2.3 Tjegu
ullat si prodhime
e argjilore
e
Ne prgjith
hsi tjegulllat mund te
e jene :
x Tjegullat e trhequra
a
Tjegullat e trhequra
a
11.3.1 Komponent
t prbrrse
im
mentoja+
+H2O+Ag
gregati = Betoni i ngurts
suar + En
nergjia e nx.
Fig
g. 11.6 Mate
erialet prb
rse t beto
onit
11.3.2 Algoritmi
A i realizim
mit t rec
cepturs
s
Ndrtim
min e Larte
e (objektet e larta)
Ndrtim
min e ulet (urat,
( mure
et mbrojtsse,rrugt ettj)
Objektet hidroteknike (pendat, kanalet, etj)
11.3.6.1 Perpunueshmeria (konsistenca) e betonit te
njome
N mnyre praktike perpunueshmeria qndron n lehtsin e vnies se betonit nga
przierja deri sa te marr formn prfundimtare.
a) Konsistenca
c) Kompaktsimi
S1- beton i that (10-40) mm
Soliditeti ne shtypje
Soliditeti ne trheqje
x Moduli I elasticitetit
x Koeficienti I Poisson-it
x Bymimet termike
Lloji i
Kubike Cilindrike Prizmatike
kallpit
Dimensionet
100 150 200 250 300 100 113 150 200 250 300 100 150 200 250 300
d [mm]
d
d
2d
L > 3.5 d
d
d
d
Soliditeti ne shtypje (fck) paraqet soliditetin karakteristik te mostrs ( fck ) pas 28, i cili
definon te ashtuquajturn Klase te Betonit ne shtypje, si element ky i krkuar ne
projektimin e strukturave apo elementeve te betonit.
Fsh
f ck ( N / mm 2 )
A
fck,cilinder fck,kub
Klasat e betonit 2 2
N / mm N / mm
C 8/10 8 10
C 12/15 12 15
C 16/20 16 20
C 20/25 20 25
C 25/30 25 30
C 30/37 30 37
C 35/45 35 45
C 40/50 40 50
C 45/55 45 55
C 50/60 50 60
C 55/67 55 67
C 60/75 60 75
C 70/85 70 85
C 80/95 80 95
C 90/105 90 105
C 100/115 100 115
2 Fmax
f ct
S d l
11.3.12 .2 Metoda indirekte e prcaktimit te soliditetit ne trheqje
nga prkulja (fct )
FL
f ct
bd 2
F- forca maksimale e aplikuar
3 Fmax L0
f ct
2 b h2
12.2 Prueshmria e nxehtsis ne materialet shtresore
Ne praktike manifestohet te muret, dyshemet, apo edhe te ndonj element tjetr
konstruktiv, ku na paraqiten me shume materiale te cilat bashkpunojn dhe sillen si
trsi.
She
embuj te
e prdorim
mit te ma
aterialev
ve z izolluese ne funksion te
objektit
#
F 11.11 Sh
Fig. hembuj te prdorimit
p te
e materialev
ve z izolues
se ne funksiion te objektit
12. Insta
alimet n
objekte
e
#
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Fig.12.1 skema e instalimeve t ujsjellsit dhe t kanalizimit pr nj objekt banimi
#
Fig.12.2 skema projektuese e instalimeve t ujsjellsit pr nj objekt banimi
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Fig. 12.3 a) shprndarsi i ujit t ftoft ndrsa, b) shprndarsi i ujit t nxeht, c) montimi i
gypave n shprndars, d) instalimi i ujsjellsit n banje.
12.2 Instalimet e kanalizimit
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#
Fig. 12.4 Gypat plastik dhe instalimet e kanalizimit
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#
#Fig. 12.5 Fazat gjat montimit t gypave n kanal, forma korrekte dhe jo korrekte e vendosjes
s gypave#
12.2.2 Sigurimi i kanalit gjat vendosjes s gypave
D4)'"#+6%'$+$'#'"#.E<)@1#%"#,)%)*#"&2'"#1#%1@64&2+1#>"#.56<)#1#,)%)*$'#'"#&$./5621'#
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#
Fig. 12.5 Sigurimi i kanalit gjat montimit t gypave
Q)5)#&1#.E<)'#'"#<*)&621%#%"#'51.#)')#/#%"%&2'5621'#'1&'1@1#+1,)%$,1#,/#&1I$*$#.E<#
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#
Fig. 12.6 Testimi i gypave me uj n shtypje
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)71,/)'1###
#
Fig. 12.7 Testimi i gypave prmes forcs pr klasn adekuate
#
Fig. 12.8 Lidhja e gypave t betonit me pjes lidhse nga metali
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#
Fig. 12.9#Instalime t rrjetit t ujsjellsit nga gypat prej polietileni
J"')# .E<)# ,)%# ,61-$I$1%'# '"# -"5,$+$'# &2/+# +"# '"# @6."*# &1# .E<)'# 1# =1'6%$'# <5)%7)4#
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,)%)*1'#+1#7$+1%&$6%1#+"#'"#@6.*)#1#.4$'2)&2'/#+6%'621%#&2/+"#*12'"9#
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-$./5"%#:;9:L9#
#
#
#
Fig. 12.10#Gypa nga masa plastike pr realizimin e rrjetit t ujsjellsit
12.4 Pusetat
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Q/&1')#7/21'#'"#,1'"#7$+1%&$6%1#'"#<"5&2')'"&2+1#<"5#+)%$</*$+#=51%7)#&)4"9#!"#
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,)%)*$0$+9#
#
Fig. 12.12 Puseta pr kanalizim dhe prerja trthore e tyre
12.4.1 Mbyllsit e pusetave
Punohen nga metali dhe nga plastika por kushti q duhet t plotsojn ato jan q tu
prballojn ngarkesave t cilat kalojn n rrug. N figurn 12.13 jan paraqitur disa
tipe t mbyllseve t pusetave.
Prbhet nga dy komponent t cilt bashkpunojn mir n mes veti dhe at:
Varsisht nga aftsia bartse e toks prcaktohet edhe lloji i themelit dhe ai mund t
jet:
Themelet e punuar mbi pilot (hunj) prdoren n rastet kur aftsia mbajtse e toks
ku ndrtohet objekti sht shum e dobt dhe kur ngarkesat t cilat prcillen n
tok.
Kur aftsia bartse e toks sht e mir ather prdoren themelet e veuar.
Zakonisht shtyllat armohen n mnyr simetrike si ato katrore gjithashtu edhe ato
drejtkndshe.
Pr faktin se vendi yn m tepr rrezikohet nga trmeti se nga era ne kto mure i
quajm mure kundr sizmikes.
13.2 Trart dhe armimi i trarve
Forma m e thjesht gjeometrike e prerjes trthore t trarve sht forma
drejtkndshe, por duke pas parasysh se n shumicn e rasteve n objekte
punohen bashk me pllakn ather kta trar trajtohen si trar n form t
shkronjs T.
N figurn 13.4 a) paraqitet armimi i traut sipas projektit t statiks dhe n figurn
13.4 b) dukja tredimensionale e traut t armuar n dy zonat, n zonn e shtypur dhe
t trhequr.
13.3 Ramat
Rami sht element kompleks i strukturs i cili formohet me shtylla dhe trar. Mund
t punohet nga druri, metali, betoni, etj.
Ramt mund t jen me nj fush dhe me shum fusha e gjithashtu mund t jen
njkatsh dhe shumkatsh si dhe t kombinuar. Kto lloje t ramve skematikisht
jan paraqit n figurn 13.5.
Fig.13.5 Ramt me nj fush dhe me shum fusha , njkatsh dhe shumkatsh si dhe ramt e
kombinuar
13.4 Pllakat nga betoni i armuar
Jan dy kuptime themelore mbi pllakat e betonit t armuar
Pllakat pa trar
x Konstruksione metalike
x Konstruksione te kombinuara nga betoni dhe eliku
x Konstruksione nga betoni i armuar
Fleksibilitet i lart
Mundsia e ndrrimit te konstruksionit barts
Rritja e jete-gjatsis se konstruksionit
Mundsia e demontimit pas shfrytzimit prfundimtar
Pe rmb ajtje t
la rt t k arbon it
I fort
P erm ba jt je m es at are
t ka rbonit
Fort si m es at are
P erm ba jt je t ul t t
Sforcimi
ka rbonit
M e duk tilite t t la rt
D e formi
Rt Sforcimi n kufirin e proporcionalitetit ( sforcimi maksimal deri te i cili vlen ligji i Hook-
ut)
R 0,01 Sforcimi n kufirin e elasticitetit
R eH Sforcimi n kufirin e siprm t rrjedhjes
ReL Sforcimi n kufirin e poshtm t rrjedhjes
Ku fi ri i p ro po rc i o n a li te ti t
K uf ir i i e l a st ici tet it S fo rc im i m a k sim a l
Sf or ci m i rr jed h j e s
T h ye rja
zo n a e zo n a e
rr jed h ja p e rfo r c im it k e p u tj e s
Zo n a pl a s tik e
Z on a e l a sti k e
N figurat e m poshtme sht paraqitur deformimi i mostrs gjat testimit dhe duke u bazuar
n diagramin punues t elikut ato jan
a b
Fig. 14.7. a)Deformimi i njtrajtshm b)Deformimi i lokalizuar
Vazhdimet dhe lidhjet e elementeve prej eliku realizohen me bulona dhe me saldim por ne
raste te caktuara sht i domosdoshm kombinimi i ktyre dy varianteve.
Fig. 14.8. Vazhdimi montues me saldim: Tegeli kok me kok, Tegeli kndor
T gjitha detalet pllakave lidhse pr arsye t kushteve t saldimit dhe prpunimit t forms
a) Koka gjashtkndshe, b) Trupi i bulonit, c) Dadoja shtrnguese dhe d) Shtresa
Fig. 14.14. Tegela kok me kok me penetrim t plot dhe me gjysm penetrim
N figurn Fig. 14.17. jan paraqitur profile t ndryshme nga eliku, t cilat prdoren n
ndrtimin e strukturave n ndrtimtari.
Realizimi i konstruksioneve t strukturave arrihet duke i kombinuar profilet e formave dhe
dimensioneve t tyre varsisht se qfar krkesa paraqiten gjat realizimit t strukturs.
N figurn Fig. 14.118. paraqitet halla industriale me konstruksion prej eliku.
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