PENDALAMAN MATERI

I. How to recognize text types?

-Generic structure.
-Lexicogrammatical features. (processes/ temporal
sequence/ thematization strategies).

II. COHESION

1 a.Cohesion is a feature of text organization. It occurs

when the reader has to retrieve the identity of what is
being talked about by referring to another expression in
the immediate context.
1 b. Cohesion is the network of grammatical and lexical relations
which provide links between various parts of a text.
E.g. There was some sort of hanky-panky in his shrine. This illicit
sexual activity involved him and an underage girl.
Japan was hit by a tsunami several years ago. The natural
disaster caused widespread damage.

2. COHESION is all about creating links between textual

elements.
TEXT 1
An Ethiopian farmer hid more than $12,000 in a haystack,
which unfortunately was home to some hungry rodents.
Just three weeks after he stashed the cash, he discovered
that rats had chewed through almost one third of his life
savings.

TEXT 2
After his return from the moon, Neil Armstrong was
often plagued by the media. Seeking greater
privacy, he moved his family into a small town. But
notoriety was a nuisance even there. Amstrongs
barber found out that people would pay good
money to get a lock of his hair. So after giving the
space hero several haircuts, he sold the clippings
to a buyer for $3,000! Armstrong was shocked at
the barbers disloyalty. (Fisher)

3. English tends to rely heavily on pronominal reference in

tracing participants, whereas Indonesian tolerates a far higher
level of lexical repetition than English.

-This is a fine hall you have here. Im proud to be lecturing

in it.
-This is a fine hall you have here. Ive never lectured in a
finer one.
-This is a fine hall you have here. Ive never lectured in a
finer.

TEXT 3
A noncommisioned officer was directing the repairs of a military building
during the American Revolution. He was barking orders to the soldiers under
his command, trying to get them to raise a heavy wooden beam.

As the men struggled in vain to lift the beam into place, a man who was
passing by stopped to ask the one in charge why he wasnt helping the men.
With all the pomp of an emperor, the soldier responded, Sir, I am a
corporal.

You are, are you? replied the passerby, I was not aware of that.
Taking off his hat and bowing, he said, I ask your pardon, Corporal. Then
the stranger walked over and helped the soldiers lift the heavy beam. After
the job was finished, he said, Mr. Corporal, when you have another such job,
and have not enough men, send for your Commander- in- Chief, and I will
come and help you a second time. The corporal was thunderstruck. The
person speaking to him was General Washington. [Bosch].
4. COHESION consists of two categories: grammatical
cohesion and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion consists of
reference, ellipsis, substitution, and conjunctions. Lexical cohesion
consists of repetition, synonym, superordinate, and general word.
Mother bought some apples. She put the fruit in the fridge.
Mother bought some apples. She put them in the fridge.
Mother bought some apples. She put the stuff (thing) in the fridge.
Mother bought some apples. She put the apples in the fridge.

Demonstrative Reference
When I married, I thought I would have children
immediately. That did not happen, and the pain of
infertility brought me to my knees. I often cried out to
God, How long? (Wolfe).

TEXT 4
On July 20, 1969, Apollo 11 astronauts landed on the
moon. It was an unprecedented human achievement.
Millions remember the words of Neil Amstrong: Thats
one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
President Nixon declared, All humanity is one in their
pride.

PRACTICE
I. WHAT KINDS OF TEXTS DO TEXTS 1, 2, 3 and 4 BELONG TO?
II. WHAT KINDS OF VERBS ARE MOSTLY FOUND IN THE
TEXTS?

III. COHERENCE

Coherence is the network of semantic relations which

organize and create a text by establishing continuity of
sense.
e.g. X: Thats the telephone.
Y: Im in the bath.
X: OK.

READING THE LINES

READING BETWEEN THE LINES
READING BEYOND THE LINES

Ask comprehension questions.

Grasp the main idea
Scan for details
Draw inferences
Locate referent
Infer meaning from contexts
Ask conversation questions.

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
The social function is persuade the reader that somehing
is the case.

GENERIC STRUCTURE
THESIS
ARGUMENT
REITERATION: restates writers position.
SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES
Use of simple present tense
Use of relational processes

TEXT 5
(T) In Australia there are three levels of government, the
federal government, state government and local
governments. All of these levels of government are
necessary. This is so for a number of reasons. (A1)First,
the federal government is necessary for the big things. (E)
They keep the economy in order and look after things like
defence. (A2) Similarly, the state governments look after
the middle sized things. (E) For example, they look after
law and order, preventing things like vandalism in schools.
(A3) Finally, local governments looks after the small
things. (E) They look after things like collecting rubbish,
otherwise everyone would have diseases. (R) Thus, for the
reasons above we can conclude that the three levels of
government are necessary.

HORATATORY EXPOSITION (ARGUMENT/PERSUASION)

The social function is to persuade the reader or listener
that something should or should not be the case.

GENERIC STRUCTURE
THESIS
ARGUMENTS
RECOMMENDATION
SIGNIFICANT LEXICOGRAMMATICAL FEATURES
Use of Mental Processess
Use of Material Processes
Use of Relational Processes
Use of simple present tense
TEXT 6
(T) In all the discussion over the removal of
lead from petrol, there doesnt seem to have been any
mention of the difference between driving in the city and
the country.
(A) While I realize my leaded petrol is
polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when you
travel through the country, where you only see another car
every five to ten minutes, the problem is not as severe as
when traffic is concentrated on city roads.
(A) Those who want to penalise older, leaded
petrol vehicles and their owners dont seem to appreciate
that, in the country, there is no public transport to fall
back upon and ones own vehicle is the only way to get
about.
(R) I feel that country people, who often have
to travel huge distances to the nearest town and who
already spend a great deal of money on petrol, should be
treated differently to the people who live in the city.

NEWS ITEM

Meronymy : a part of relation

Hyponymy : a kind of relation