PROXIMITY-SENSING DEVICES- A sensor able to The CPU - - an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) Input devices Encoders

detect the presence of nearby objects w/o any which is responsible for data manipulation and Pressure Switches
physical contact. carrying out arithmetic operations and logic Level Switches
Air Barrier operations a control unit which is used to Temperature Switches
Interruptible Jet Sensor control the timing of operations. Vacuum Switches
Reflex Sensor Float Switches
The buses- are the paths used for
Air Barrier communication within the PLC. internal paths Examples of Output Devices
Emitter Nozzle along which the digital signals flow Control Relays
Receiver Nozzle Data bus- carries the data used in Counter/Totalizer
the processing carried out by the Pumps
APPLICATIONS CPU Printers
Counting on Machines Address bus - used to carry the Fans
Assembly Stations addresses of memory locations
Checking whether objects are present or Control bus - carries the signals used Scan Pattern
not by the CPU for control Rung Scanning
System bus - used for Column Scanning
Interruptible Jet Sensor communications between the
APPLICATIONS: input/output ports and the PLC Programming Language
Sensing of objects input/output unit Ladder Diagram
Counting and checking of objects Functional Block Diagram
The Memory - is the component that stores
Structured Text
REFLEX SENSOR -Reflection of an air jet from information, programs, and data in a PLC.
Instruction List
the object being sensed results in a rise of Writing- the process of putting new
Sequential Function Chart
signal pressure at the output port, depending information in to a memory location
on a sense-range and supply pressure. Reading- the retrieving information
Executive Memory Also known as operating
Parts: from a memory location
system memory
Emitter Nozzle System Memory Allotted for system
Receiver Nozzle Common types of memory used in PLC:
administration
Restrictor ROM I/O Status Memory
Protective Sleeve RAM Data Memory - For data storage
EPROM User Program Memory - Is allocated to the
Proximity Sensing Methods storage of the user program
- Free Jet Principle The I/O unit - - where the processor
- Back Pressure Sensor Principle receives information from external devices and
communicates information to external devices Parts of a Relay
Fields of application for proximity sensors
- Automotive industry PLC is a digital computer used for the Electromagnet
- Mechanical engineering industry automation of various electro-mechanical
- Packaging industry processes in industries. Movable Armature
- Timber industry
- Printing and paper industry Electro-mechanical relay disadvantages Switching point contacts
- Drinks and beverages industry Needs lot of space
- Ceramics and brick industry Consumed lots of power Spring
Coil failure and contact wear are
Back Pressure - refers to pressure opposed to difficult to diagnose Applications of relay control systems
the desired flow of gasses in confined places Has to follow strict maintenance
Automatic return stroke control with
such as a pipe. It is often caused by schedule
double solenoid valve
obstructions or tight bends in a confined space Costly
such as an exhaust pipe
Latching circuit or Self-holding circuit
Transducer - A device for transforming one Hardware components of PLC system
form of energy to another CPU Delay Circuit
Memory
Advantages of PLC I/O section Sequence Control
Flexibility in programming and O/P section
reprogramming. Power supply LOGIC OPERATIONS - are used to produce the
High speed operation Programming device required movements by pneumatic cylinders
PLC takes less floor space than relay under certain conditions.
control panel Input scan - Detects the state of all input
Low maintenance /troubleshooting devices that are connected to the PLC LOGIC OPERATIONS
Able to withstand vibrations, Program scan - Executes the user created
temperature, humidity, noise program logic AND CIRCUITS
Output scan - Energizes or de-energize all
Disadvantages output devices that are connected to the PLC. OR CIRCUITS
High initial cost Housekeeping - includes communications with
PLC devices are proprietary programming terminals, SIGNAL STORAGE - To sustain the actuation of
Difficulty in replacements internal diagnostics, etc. the input elements.
PLC Architecture
Time-delay Relay - control relay with a time
The CPU
delay built in. Their purpose is to control an
The buses
The Memory event based on time.
Input/ Output unit
In the feeding device circuit, the control
elements for:

Manual
Reset
automatic
Continuous cycle on
Continuous cycle off
Single cycle start
are implemented as pushbuttons

The following operating functions are specified

for lifting device:

Emergency stop

Reset

Continuous cycle off

The relay control system is designed in the

following order:

Power supply

Sensor evaluation

Operator control

Program-controlled sequence

Wiring solenoids