14‘+ Load not properly tied off ») * Restrict the movement of unauthorized people by barricading the area ‘+ Put appropriate warning signs to alert the people working nearby. + Ensure no worker is directly standing/ moving below the load. * Ensure competent supervisor during the lifting operation. * Provide warning signal to nearby workers before moving the crane * Provide suitable PPE’s like helmets and safety shoes to workers working of ground level + Ensure the area is properly illuminated during the lifting operation * Operator must only respond to signals from the employee directing the lift except emergency. 10: a) When operating machinery, identify i) Themerits ii) The limitations Of two-handed controls as a safety device. b) Outline the type of sensitive protective equipment (trip device) that could be used in addition to two- handed controls in order to improve safety. a) Merits: © Where guarding of machine is impossible it will protect the operator's hands by getting caught in the machine © Itmay also be used as hold to run control ns: ‘+ Two-handed control can be defeated by operating the control by two workers each holding one handle. ‘+ Itwill protect the operator but third parties willbe at risk working nearby. ») Mechanical/ Electronic Trigger: One example of ths strip bar. Ifthe person gets entangled in the dri, the trip bar is displaced and power will cut off. This type of device does not prevent contact, it only reduce the injurious effect, Photo Electric Guard: These are often used in press brakes and hydraulic presses. Guard operates by creating a light curtain across the hazard area. If any of the beam are broken the unit will instantaneously stop. Since it has no ‘moving parts, itis very economical maintenance. Pressure Mats: The mats are positioned round the machine at an appropriate distance from the hazard, Low voltage electric contacts in mat are linked to power circuit in such a way that the moment the person steps on the mat it will 12> Q7. Health care workers, paramedics and first aiders could be exposed to blood borne viruses. (2) Identify other possible workplace circumstances where a worker could be exposed to blood borne viruses. 2) (b) Outline precautions that will reduce the risks from exposure to blood borne viruses. (6) Answer (a) © Firemen + Ambulance workers ‘© Workers involved in disposing and handling biomedical waste e.g. syringes © Barbers ‘© Tattoo industry workers © Sex Workers © Slaughter House Answer (b) ‘+ Ensure all workers maintain personal hygiene e.g. covering up the wounds + Carry out health surveillance and medical checkups for the workers who are exposed to blood borne viruses. ‘+ Use appropriate PPE’s e.g, gloves, face masks etc. ‘+ Wash hands and arms regularly with disinfectant ‘+ Ensure Proper containment to control surface contamination at work place ‘+ Ensure safe disposal of hazardous biomedical waste as per regulatory requirements by trained persons. ‘* Ensure not to share syringes and blades in hospitals and barber shops Q8. Asbestos is to be removed from a building that is used as a workplace. {a) Outline the difference between acute and chronic health effects. (4) (b) Identify possible chronic health risks from exposure to asbestos. (2) (c) Outline where asbestos may be found within the building. (4) (4) Outline control measures that should be considered before and during the removal of asbestos. (10) a) Acute: Is @ short term exposure to a substance with immediate effects to the body and is usually reversible. No further damage on being away from exposure. Ex. Exposure to solvents causing dizziness, eye and skin invitation. Chronic: Is a repeated or long term exposure to substance with gradual effect on the body and is often irreversible. Further damage will take place even if no further exposure. Ex. Mercury Poisoning, 1103. An organization has identified that noise measurements in the workplace are required. (2) Give the meaning of following terms: (Frequency (2) (i) Decibel (68) (2) (it) “R’ weighting (2) (b) Identify noise measurement technique. (2) ‘Answer (a) Wavelength —eees amplitude Frequency: Frequency is related to wavelength of the sound and determines the pitch of sound. The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency and higher the pitch. Frequency is measured in cycle per second or hertz (H2) Decibel: Pressure is related to amplitude (size of wave produced) and determines loudness of the sound that is heard. Sound pressure/loudness is measured in decibels. Its the ratio of pressure produced by sound waves to the normal air pressure ‘N Weighting: The human ear hears both loudness and frequency, we must take account of both in measuring the intensity of sound. Thus decibels are usually measured with a filter which emphasizes sound in certain frequencies. The ‘A’ weighting is the most frequently used, producing a scale which mimics the response of human ear to sound. Answer (b) * Fixed position noise level meter + Dosimeter to calculate personal exposure to noise Q4. (a) Identify hazards associated with the use of photocopiers. (4) (b) Outline precautions that should be taken in order to reduce the risk to the health and safety of photocopier users. (4) Answer (a) 10811. Identify health effects that may be caused by ionizing radiation. (8) How to write the answer: The health effects caused by ionizing radiation are: 1D Tonizing radiation changes DNA (cell nucleus); High doses kill the cell (as in radiotherapy): 10 Survivable dose may prevent division (eventual death of cells) or cause mutation; In somatic cells - may cause cancer; ex. Skin cancer In reproductive cells - may cause sterility, mutation of offspring, ete. © Acute effects: — Skin bums, — Sadiation sickness, — Hair loss — Death. © Chronic effects: — Cancers (including leukemia), — Sterility, — Mutations, — Damage to developing fetus, — Cataracts — Skin damage. 106— PMS program Introduce a planned maintenance programme for the tools; — PPE Provide appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves to keep the hands warm; — Health surveillance Introduce a programme of health surveillance and provide workers with information, — Ws Provide instruction and training on the hazards associated with the use of the tools and the control measures that should be taken, — Maintenance Servicing and maintenance of equipment and tools, — Reducing grip force Reduce grip force which will result less vibration effect on body. — Time exposure Reduce exposure time by job rotation, (write any 6) 8, Identify FOUR types of ionizing radiation. Howto write the answe FOUR types of ionizing radiation are: Alpha emission. © Beta emission. 3 Gamma rays, 0 X-rays 9, Outline the main control measures for ionizing radiation. (4) How to write the answer: ‘The main control measures for ionizing radiation are: — Time exposure Limiting the time of exposure, 108© ¢ 8) How to write the answer: FOUR types of engineering controls that may be used to reduce noise in the workplace AND a practical example of Each are: ©. The provision of sound proof enclosures. = for example generator with enclosure; © Placing acoustic screens around machinery and fitting silencers, - * for example, fitting exhaust pipes on pneumatic equipment; © Replacing metal gears or bushes with those made of plastie = for example latest cars have many bushes made of plastic material in doors and hinges; ©. Placing machines on mats made of isolating material = for example domestic emergency portable generators installed with rubber base. 5. Outline control measures to reduce the noise exposure to the workers. (8) Howto write the answer: Control measures to reduce the noise exposure to the workers are: — Enclosures Provision of sound proof enclosures for particularly noisy equipment; — Acoustic screens_ Placing acoustic screens around machinery — Silencers Fitting silencers, for example, on exhaust pipes on pneumatic equipment; — Replacing metal g Replacing metal gears or bushes with those made of plastic; — Use of mat Placing machines on mats made of isolating material. 102ELEMENT 8 : PHYSICAL and PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS and RISK CONTROLS 1. Outline the possible health effects from exposure to high level of noise. © Howto write the answer: The possible health effects from exposure to high level of noise are: — Annoyance and irritation, Noise causes annoyance and irritation , — Affecting concentration and efficiency, Noise affects concentration and efficiency which leads to accident — Causes fatigue Noise causes fatigue and makes one prone to accidents, — Prevents listening to warning sounds Prevents ear from registering other sounds, instructions and warnings, — Short exposures Short exposures to very excessive noise causes damage to the inner ear, and permanent loss of hearing, — Regular exposure Regular exposure fo excess noise causes damage to the inner ear, and permanent loss of hearing. 2. Give TWO examples of noise techniques, other than personal hearing protection, that would benefit all workers. (2) ‘How to write the answer: TWO examples of noise techniques, other than personal hearing protection, that would benefit all workers are: 1. Control 1g noise at source: 10 Replace machine with a less noisy machine. 100‘The precautions that will reduce the exposure to leptospira bacteria are: = Continuous monitoring Continuous monitoring of the presence of the source of bacteria = Controlling source Controlling its spread by eliminating the source (rats), * Housekeeping Regular housekeeping to be done, "Removal of rubbish Removal of unwanted contaminated rubbish, = Ground condition Maintaining a dry and clean grounds, * Lighting Sufficient lightings of the facilities so that the source will not stay, Proper hygiene Proper hygiene in the area, * PPE Personal protective equipment (to be issued, used and maintained). (Write any 5) 23. Identify limitations of LEV. © How to write the answer: 98Placing the load down in the reverse procedure and without bending. 21. a, Identify the health risks associated with exposure to legionella bacteria. (4) ‘How to write the answer: Health risks associated with exposure to legionella bacteria include: — Legionnaire’s disease, — Pontiac fever, Flu like condition — A potentially fatal form of pneumonia. b, OUTLINE the circumstances that could cause legionella bacteria to be present ina water system. How to write the answer: Circumstances that could cause legionella bacteria to be present in a water system include: — Stagnant and untreated water, — Water kept at a temperature between 20 to 45 degree Celsius; — Dead ends in water systems; — Presence of sludge and other deposits — Absence of any water testing. c. IDENTIFY ways in which persons can be exposed to legionella bacteria. How to write the answer: ‘Ways in which persons can be exposed to legionella bacteria are: — By inhaling airbome droplets which could emanate from water systems such as cooling towers, showers, spas or fountains, 96— Experienced in the task, Experience in dealing with the task. — Special requirement Does the task require something unusual like strength or height, — Risk to others Does it pose a risk to pregnant workers/young people. 18. Identify the types of injuries which may be caused by the incorrect manual handling of loads. (4) Howto write the answer: ‘The types of injuries which may be caused by the incorrect manual handling of loads are: = Dise injury = Trapped nerves — Muscle strain — Hemias — Sprains and strains (ligaments and tendons) — Fractures, bums, lacerations and bruising — WRULD’s (write any 4) 19, Identify TWO examples of how a manual handling task might be avoided, How to write the answer: Examples of how manual handling task might be avoided are by: ~ Eliminating the need to move the load if possible 94 Q)The suitable control measures for safe storage and use of highly flammable liquids in the workplace are : — Container Place it in a suitable container to prevent spills, — Sealing of lead Lead sealed to prevent loss of vapour, — Cabinevbin Keep in a suitable cabinet/bin or other store container, — Location Store in a designated area of the workplace, — Away from ignition Keep away from ignition-30 meters, — Containment Provision and capable of containing any spillage, Fire resistant storage structure - Signage Provide with hazard warning signs to illustrate the flammability of the contents including prohibition signs for smoking and naked flame, — Mixing o ni Do not contain other substances or items. 17. Outline factors that may be considered when carrying out a manual handling risk assessment in relation to the: 3) a. Load, b. Individual 9214, “A recent increas: © Requirements for safe disposal of the substance with due regard to environmental considerations. work-related ill health has been noticed amongst the workers who use a solvent for which a workplace exposure limit (WEL) hasbeen set”. Explain the meaning of the term “workplace exposure limit”. (2) How to write the answer: ‘The term ‘workplace exposure limit’ is the maximum concentration of an airborne substance averaged over a reference period to which an employee may be exposed by inhalation. b. Give possible reasons for the increase in work-related ill health amongst the workers. (6) 15. “Absorbent mats and granules have been used to soak up a chemic: Howtowritetheanswer: ‘The possible reasons for the increase in work-related ill health amongst the workers are: © Hazardous substances in the work place were not given priority by the management to be assessed, to identify the hazard and result once exposed. © Workers were not given proper training, information, instruction and supervision with the use of the hazardous substances. (The required personal protective equipment needed for the task was insufficient to control the hazards present from their activity (0 The risk present with the use of solvent was not been assessed to further control when the worker was been exposed. (0 Work place exposure limits when initiating the activity was not been followed and complied as per the organizations requirement. Management doesn’t have enough resources to implement the workplace exposure and workers were forced to exceed beyond their physical capabilities even it will result to work-related ill health. spillage”. Outline the issues that will need to be considered in relation to the handling, temporary storage and final disposal of the waste material. ® How to write the answer: ‘The issues that will need to be considered in relation to the handling, temporary storage and final disposal of the waste material are 90o Qo o Precautionary statement, Manufacturers Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Product labels Accident /incident reports with the use of the toxic substance. 12, Outline the control measures that might be required in order to minimize risks of toxic substances to workers. (8) How to write the answer: ‘The control measures that might be required in order to minimize risks of toxic substances to workers are: — Elimit Elimination of prohibited toxic substances. — Substitution Substitute highly hazardous substances with less hazardous — Reduction Reduction of quantity of toxic substances in storage as well at work location, — Exposure monitoring Monitoring exposure of toxic substances in the area — Storage Separate storage for toxie substances having good condition of ven tion, — Training Only trained persons should be allowed to handle toxic substances — PPI Use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment while dealing with toxic substances 88— Special need Any specific need of wearer personal requirements such as power glass. 6. Identify THREE forms of biological agents @) How to write the answer: The THREE forms of biological agents are: © Bacteria, Virus and Fungi UO Virus Fungi 7. Identify THREE possible routes of entry into the body fora biological agent. 8) How to write the answer: Possible routes of entry into the body fora biological agent are: — Inhalation, — Injection, — Absorption — Ingestion. (WRITE ANY 3) 8. Give TWO control measures to reduce the risk of exposure to a biological agent. @) How to write the answer: — Control measures to reduce the risk of exposure to a biological agent are: — Disinfection; _ Use of personal protective equipment such as gloves, an overall and respiratory and eye protection; Engineering controls such as containment or the use of local exhaust ventilatios Procedures such as the prohibition of smoking and eating and drinking in the work area; 86ie Dusts from materials being grind, cut or from environmental condition such as sand storm, Gases or carbon dioxide generated from the petrol driven equipment, Vapour being released during painting activities. ‘Toxic gases present in confined spaces like H2S, CO. (Write any 4 to gain 4 marks) 4, Outline factors that could reduce the effectiveness of the respiratory protective equipment. (4) How to write the answer: The factors that could reduce the effectiveness of the respiratory protective equipment are: — Damaged Damaged RPE will not give protection — Poor quality RPE of poor quality will not give full protection — Poor fitting Poor fitting to the user may be duc to size mismatch or poor strapping system, — Un-comfort Uncomfortable when being used — Bearded worker Bearded worker will not have proper sealing — Worker not using it Worker may not use all the time of work due to reluctance or uneasiness .d/blocked Diaphragm/filter may be damaged/blocked and no maintenance. 84ELEMENT 7: CHEMICAL and BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS. and RISK CONTROLS 1, Identify TWO forms of hazardous substance, @ How to write the answer: The forms of hazardous substance are: C Solids, 0 Liquids, CO Gases, O Dusts, Fumes, Mists and aerosols, Smoke, Vapour (write any 2) 2. Outline personal hygiene controls to be followed that reduce the risk of ingestion of a hazardous substance. ‘Howtowritetheanswer: (8) The personal hygiene controls to be followed which reduce the risk of ingestion of a hazardous substance are: — Storing the meal Placing or storing the meal at a safe, clean area, — Not to store in chemical area Not to store food in chemical store area 82Substituting highly flammable substances with less flammables. — Is Providing information, training, instruction and supervision on fire safety. (write any 8 to gain 8 marks) 13. Outline the factors that should be considered when providinga means of escape ina workplace so that all workers are able to reach a place of safety in the event of fire. 8) How to write the answer: Factors that should be considered when providing a means of escape ina workplace so that all workers are able to reach a place of safety in the event of fire are : — Means of seape Provision of a scape rout from every possible location which can be used to scape — Travel distance Scape rout should be such that travelling time is not too long an rnative scape rout Provision of altemative scape rout required in case one rout has been engulfed by fire. — Number of scape routs Number of scape routs in terms of size of premises, number of occupants and travel distance — Passageway Passageway wide enough for obstruction free travel. Staircase requirement In multistory buildings staircase available for escape in place of lift. — Lighting 80° = Use of heat rated materials Provision of any fire or heat rated materials to the roof, ceiling, floors, doors and walls; = Eire proof doors Doors should have a special fire or heat resisting materials to control the fire and smoke spreads Sealing Rooms or offices should have a sealing for compartmentization of smoke during fire; = Supression of oxygen ‘The availability of the equipment which can stop the supply of oxygen automatically during fire * Fire suppression system The sprinkler or flooding system to ex automatically. inguish the fire and control it’s spread 12. Outline EIGHT ways of reducing the risk of a fire starting in a workplace. 8) ‘Howtowritetheanswert The ways of reducing the risk of a fire starting in a workplace include — Smoking control Control of smoking in work area, control of smoking materials and provisioning a smoking zone. — House keeping Good housekeeping to prevent the accumulation of waste paper and other combustible materials; — Maintenance Regular lubrication of machinery to prevent friction and overheating; 78Report conditions to coordinator at assembly point and fire brigade about the present situation, 10. With reference to the fire triangle, outline the factors that could increase the risk of a fire starting in a motor vehicle repair shop. 8) How to write the answer: ‘The factors that could increase the risk of fire starting from a motor vehicle repair shop are: — Unawareness ‘Unawareness of the mechanic and customers in fire hazards present from their activity, — Unsafe activities Unsafe activities may be being done like repairing puncture through heating tube on heater, running of engine without exhaust — Disposal of garbage ‘There can be improper disposal of garbage through burning — Spillage Spillage of fuel and lubricants — Smoking ‘Smoking while working Undesignated smoking area Undesignated smoking area where good sources of ignition are available, — Ungrounded or improvised welding machine Ungrounded or improvised welding machine where the result would be an electrical fire. — Housekeeping 768. Outline the measures that should be in place for a successful evacuation of a workplace in the event of a fire. ®) How to write the answer: The measures that should be in place fora successful evacuation of a workplace in the event of a fire Identified escape routes Means of escape routes. must be clearly Identified, Unobstructed escape routes Unobstructed and adequately lit escape routes , Travel distance Maximum. travel distance should be 18 m if only one exit and 35 m if more than one exit, Number of exit ‘Two or more exits are required if More than 60 people working in the room / area, Size of Fire exit: Exit width min, 750mm, Corridor width Corridor width should not be less than 1m and min. 1.2m for wheelchairs, Signage Direction signs must carry a pictogram and may carry words and an arrow, Emergency lighting ‘At night or where there is no natural light (To indicate escape routes, To indicate call points and fire-fighting equipment and To allow safe movement), Passageways Passageways should lead directly to the open air and to the assembly areas. "4Competent staff only authorized to perform the task ‘Regulators and hoses are in good condition and of recognized standard Non-retum valves and flashback arrestors are fitted and functional Those connections are crimped and properly fixed ‘Secure cylinders in upright position and secured oO Oo 5 oO ‘Check equipment visually before use and check for any leaks Follow a permit to work system (Ensure good housekeeping, area is clean and tidy 6. Identify FOUR sources of ignition that may lead to a fire in the workplace. @ How to write the answer: Possible sources of ignition that could have been identified included: Electricity, such as arcing or overheating due to faulty wiring; © Chemical reactions such as spontancous combustion or exothermic reaction; © Friction caused, for instance, by inadequate lubrication of machinery; and © Hot surfaces such as those on cooking or heating appliances. 7. Outline methods of reducing the risks of a fire in the workplace. 8) How to write the answer: ‘The methods of reducing the risks of a fire in the workplace are: — Risk assessment Comprehensive fire risk assessment should be carried out considering workplace conditions and activities, — Identification and control nRELEMENT 6: FIRE SAFETY Identify the principles of the “fire triangle”. Q How to write the answer: Each side of the fire triangle represents one of the three clements that must be present for combustion to occur that is fuel, oxygen and heat. Identify FOUR methods of heat transfer, and state how each contributes to the spread of fire. (8) How to write the answ o Contact Spread between flame and combustible material Gl Vapours are then released which in turn start to ‘heat up” : ee L Convection 1 Hotair rises and can pass through small gaps ce. welding operations (0 The airinside the burning room can exceed 100°C. ( Airat his temperature passing through gaps around ill-fitting doors, ducts & ceilings ete. will quickly allow a fire to spread from one room to another L Radiation — (1 Heat transferred from one surface to another across. space J One of the reason why a fire in an enclosed room develops so quickly is that radiated heat causes other parts of the room to heat rapidly (Even materials that are not in contact with the flames will reach their flashpoint (the temp. at which they give off sufficient gas or vapor to be ignited) When this happens simultaneously, itis called FLASHOVER 70— Working environment whether under shade or in the open, is it affected by rain or snow etc would decide frequency of inspection and testing. — Where used Where the equipment were being used would also require to decide frequency of inspection and testing. — Erequency of usage. How repeatedly it was used, more repeatedly used more the need of inspection and testing. — Foreseeable abuse, If it can be overloaded or misused for wrong purposes would require to decide frequency of inspection and testing. _— Modification or repair being done Any kind of modification or change done locally will make a difference would require to decide frequency of inspection and testing, — History of the equipment Record of previous faults and malfunctioning would require to decide frequency of inspection and testing, 9. Outline advantages and limitations of the following protective systems: @ (ii) A Fuse; @ AResidual current device. @ Howtowritetheanswer: ‘The advantages of. fuse are:7. Outline a range of checks that should be made for electrical safety in a workplace. (8) Howto write the answer: Range of checks that should be made for electrical safety in a workplace are: Damage and sockets Check for damage to cables, plugs and sockets Overloaded sockets and coiled cables Check for overloaded sockets and coiled cables All fuses are of the correct rating Cheek all fuses are of the correct rating Fitted with safety device Equipment where possible is connected to a reduced voltage system or a residual current device or CB; Means of isolation Ensure that means of isolation are provided Switched off after use See that equipment is switched off after use; ‘Testing procedure Check that there is a specific testing procedure for fixed installations and portable appliances together with a procedure for reporting defects or damage. Do not overlo: Check for overload equipment No loose connection Ensure there is no loose connection to avoid sparking 665. Outline how earthing can reduce the risk of receiving an electric shock. (4) How to write the answer: Earthing can reduce the risk of receiving an electric shock by: Short cercuit Allowing the electrical current to retum safely to the ground without creating danger to anyone in the | event of a short circuit. Body current Allowing the electrical current to retum safely to the ground without creating danger if equipment body receives current due to any fault. Operation of CB In that instant, the short would cause the current flow through the ground wire, causing a fuse to blow ora circuit breaker to trip. ic electricity Connections to ground limit the build-up of static electricity when handling flammable products like fueling airoplane. 6. Outline precautions that should be taken to reduce the risk of harm from electrical equipment in a workplace. 8) How to write the answer: Precautions to reduce the risk of harm from electrical equipment in a workplace are: — Standard equipment ‘The initial procurement of equipment to a national or intemational standard; — Periodic testing 64L ELEMENT 5: ELECTRICAL HAZARDS and RISK CONTROLS Identify electrical hazards that could be discovered by a visual inspection. (8) ‘How to write the answer: ‘The electrical hazards that could be discovered by a visual inspection are: Cuts, abrasions and cracks in cables 1 Damaged plugs, sockets and casings Taped or other inadequate cable joints (Evidence of bare wires and overloaded sockets (Equipment is wet and dirty (Burn marks or discoloration No earthing, incorrect fuses or lack of RCD Missing / broken or inadequately secured covers Presence of temporary wiring agqo0o00 By-passing the provided protection system Identify possible effects of electricity on the body. @ How to write the answer: Possible effects of electricity on the body are: (Respiratory failure; 0 Cardiac arrest; (Tissue burs with the main sites of damage being the entry and exit points; with 1. the possibility of damage to internal organs; and Fractures and dislocations caused by a resulting from a fall. 62handed Controls in order to improve safety are: — Fuse, — Circuit Breaker, — Residual Circuit Device, — Earth Leakage — Circuit Breaker. — Deadman contro! — Active deadman control = Auto stop 16. Outline the measures to be taken to reduce the risk of accidents associated with the routine maintenance of machinery. (8) ‘How to write the answer: ‘The measures that would be taken to reduce the risk of accidents associated with the routine ‘maintenance of machinery are: — Declared schedule Allotting an announced schedule for maintenance, — Lock-out and tagging-out Lock-out and tagging-out of machine systems before start of maintenance work, Lock-out and tagging-out of power supply of the machineries — Competent mechanic ‘Maintenance operative should be competent to the task, _ Isolation of the activity Isolation of the activity by providing physical barriers if the task will be done near or beside the access, 60‘The precautions to be taken to reduce the risk are — Local exhaust ventilation Provide a local exhaust ventilation to control the accumulation of dusts at the production area, — Inspection Regular inspection and pre-use check of the power tools by the user before its usage, — Safety gloves Provision of a safety gloves which limits the vibration from the power tools, — Job rotation Frequent rest or shift jobs to control long time exposure during the activity, — Ergonomic conditions Proper positioning of the body and job while initiating the task, — Control repetitive job Control or preventing any repetitive movement or work a — Hearing aid Provide a hearing aid needed to the job. — PPE Provide other suitable PPE for protection. 13. “A portable electric drill needs periodic inspection and testing before use on a construction site”. Identify factors that would determine the frequency of the inspection and testing, (8) How to write the answer: 58Forthe hazards identified above, outline control measures that can be used to reduce the risks. (4) How to write the answer: Hazards associated with the use of a cement mixer are: © Manual handling of cement mixer; 1 Machinery hazards such as moving parts of the cement mixer, 0. Ejection of materials; 1 Noise and Vibration; a Entanglement; Hazards associated with the power supply to the mixer whether electricity or petrol; and Being struck by moving vehicles. Repetitive movement (pouring of cement to the mixer); ooaa ‘The corrosive and irritant properties of cement; 1 Inhalation of cement dust; Control measures that can be used to reduce the risks of cement mixer are: — Mechanical handling Mechanical handling in place of manual handling, or, if this was not possible, positioning the materials to be used close to the mixer and in a position that would reduce the amount of twisting on the part of the operator; — Place on level ground Set the mixer up on level ground — Guard and cover Ensuring guards are in place and the engine cover closed to provide protection against moving parts; 56a worker using a bench top grinder. @) How to write the answer: Other than a guard, outline FOUR control measures that could be introduced to reduce risk to a worker using a bench top grinder are: 1. Operator should be trained on the proper and safe usage of the BTG 2. Application of the Safe System of Works to be complied with. 3. Provision of the Personal Protective Equipment required for the task 4, Pre—used check to be done before use 5. Regular maintenance to be initiated to the BTG. 6. Emergency switch should be in sound condition and operational 9, Outline the basic requirements that you would consider when selecting a guard or safety device for piece of work equipment. @ How to write the answer: ‘The basic requirements that would consider when selecting a guard or safety device for piece of work equipment are the following: — Standard quality “Guard should pass the quality and safety requirement by the regulatory authority, — Notan obstruction The guard should not obstruct movement of the equipment moving parts, — Integrity of guard The guard should be able to absorb the impact being created by the moving parts once there is an accident, — Location Guard should in a position that it should be able to protect operator from all injuries. 10 Outline the merits (advantages) AND limitations (disadvantages) of BOTH: 54appliances i.e. Jigs and push sticks. Outline control measures to reduce the risks to workers when using non-powered hand tools. (8) How to write the answer: The Control measures to reduce the risks to workers when using non-powered hand tools are: Competence Ensure workers are competent and trained to use hand tools, Correct tool Selection and use of the right tool for the right job, Standard tools Ensure tools are in compliance with conformity standards ie. CE and BS ete., No modifications or alterations No modifications or alterations to be done against manufacturer requirements, Remove defective tools Ensure defective tools are removed from the use, Inspection Regular inspections and maintenance of tools, Lightin; ‘Adequate lighting and ventilation is provided and temperatures maintained, Maintained workplace Workplace is well maintained i.e. floors, space and no slip / trip hazards Housekeeping Maintain good housekeeping in the workplace, PPE Appropriate PPE is provided. 52— Exhaust smoke Exhaust smoke create the risk of breathing difficulties and respiratory problems, — Ergonomic hazards Ergonomic hazards such as space constraints, repetitive operation, postures and duration of work may increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders, — Secondary hazards Secondary hazards such as working at height, slips, trips and falls, manual handling hazards can cause moderate to major injuries. 2. Identify FOUR mechanical hazards associated with the use of a pedestal drill, 4 How to write the answer: Mechanical hazards associated with the use of a pedestal drill include amongst others are: (2 Entanglement of clothes or hair with the drill bit or chuck; (Stabbing injuries from the end of the drill bit; (Contact with the drill chuck resulting in abrasions, (1 Ejected parts from the drilled materials. (Electrical hazards like electrocution and shock as it operates on electricity. 3. Outline FOUR control measures to reduce the risk of injury to operators of pedestal drills. (4) ‘How to write the answer: FOUR control measures to reduce the risk of injury to operators of pedestal drills are: — Switches and buttons Ensure that the stop/start controls and emergency stop device were in good working order; — Guarding 50- Sports and exer Promote sports activities and daily physical exercise. — PPE Ensure use of correct PPE during works. — Correct posture Ensure correct posture of workers while working — Ergonomic condition Ensure ergonomic condition being maintained — Twisting bending Ensure twisting and bending of body being avoided. 48@ — Back pains from repetitive movement or twisting, — Tingling sensation to their fingers, — Muscle cramps from the continuous or prolong standing. b) Outline the specific causal factors that may have contributed to the condition. @) ‘How to write the answer: The specific causal factors that may have contributed to the condition are: — Lack of TIS Lack of suitable information, training, instruction and supervision of the workers while initiating the task — Monotonous work Repetitive and monotonous work may be the measure issue — PPE Personal Protective Equipment being used may not be suitable and not reducing the risk or controlling the hazards present, — Environment Environment of the working area may be comfortable to work, — Equipment and materials Equipment and material used may not be suitable to use ©) Outline the measures that should be considered in order to minimize the risk of WRULDs to these workers. (12) Howto write the answer: 46—_ Space constraints resulting in workers being forced to adopt fixed and static positions; — Over reaching often during the handling of bulky and heavy articles; — Lack of trolleys for carrying loads — Lack work platforms for gaining height — Environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity; — Age of the workers with some having pre-existing conditions — Lack of appropriate training and supervision — Long hours of continuous working — Poor health conditions — Type of workers may be women, old, weak ete. 15, “A conveyor system is used ina factory to transfer manufactured articles to the warehouse area”. Outline the control measures to be taken to help reduce the risk of injury to workers from the conveyor. (8) How to write the answer: ‘The control measures to be taken to help reduce the risk of injury to workers from the conveyor are: — Guarding provision Provision of guarding for transmission machinery and the intakes of belts and drums. — Barricading Erection of barriers to keep workers away from the conveyor. — Emergency stop buttons Provision of conveniently situated emergency stop buttons, easily accessible and kept free from obstructions. Provision of trip devices or other automatic safety system. 4Checks that the driver should carry out before a lifting operation are: — Swing radius barricade — Availability of current inspection certificates for the erane; — The weather conditions; = The condition of the ground on which the crane need to be positioned and proper positioning of outriggers; — The availability and condition of the lifting accessories — Inspected and certified accessories = The load to be lifted is within the safe working load of the crane; — The adequate communication systems were in place between the operator, rigger and the other workers involved in the operation; = There were no obstructions in the lifting path; = Before lifting, that the hook was attached correctly to the load. . Identify control measures to reduce the risk of accidents from reversing vehicles in the workplace. (8) How to write the answer: Control measures to reduce the risk of accidents from reversing vehicles in the workplace are: © Introduction of one way systems or a drive ity drive out layout; © Separation of vehicles and pedestrians by the erection of barriers and signs; ‘© Provision of good visibility of vehicle with the help of colour, lighting and reflecting stickers (© Provision of audible reversing alarms, reversing light, mirrors and sensors; ‘© Positioning mirrors at blind comers in the workplace and providing refuges and good standards of lighting; Procedural measures such as driver and pedestrian training, © Use of banks men, © Site rules for reversing operations ©. Use of high visibility clothing by those working in areas where there is vehicle access. 42— Weather con ‘Weather condition safe to use like no rain, no strong wind, ions. Ground condition Condition of the ground on which the crane was to be sited Outriggers Full extension and proper positioning of outriggers over space boards; Leveling of crane (Crane should be in level within 1 degree. Competent operator and rigger Ensure competent operator and rigger are deployed for the task ‘SWL of crane and lifting gears Ensure the load to be lifted is within the safe working load_of the crane as well accessories used; Communication provision ‘Adequate communication systems were in place between the Operator and the Rigger involved in the operation Barricading Ensure boom radius has been barricaded. line Ensure minimum 2 tag lines of sufficient length has been attached, Landing position Landing position is clear and that there were no obstructions in the lifting path; fethod of hitch Ensure correct method of hitch has been used 40Leaving the truck on a firm level surface Designated area Leaving in a designated area and not on the pathway or on road, Lighting Park in the lighted area Place of parking Parking it away from other vehicles and in a position that does not obstruct emergency exits, walkways and fire points; Position of fork ‘The mast tilted slightly forward and the forks resting on the floor; Switching off Switching the power off after parking, Controls in neutral ‘Leaving the controls in neutral Break on Leave applying the brake on Key security Remove the key and return it to a responsible person to prevent unauthorized use. “Battery-powered forklift trucks are used to move materials in a warchouse”. Identify precautions that may be needed to reduce the risk to pedestrians in areas where the forklift trucks are operating. 3) How to write the answer? 38J Twisting? Stooping? Reaching upwards? 0 Excessive lifting or lowering? © Excessive carrying distances? Pushing or pulling? 1 Sudden movement of the load? © Frequent/prolonged physical effort? 0 Sufficient rest periods? A rate of work imposed by a process? 6. Outline the specific hazards associated with the use of battery-powered forklift trucks, and IDENTIFY the precautions necessary in EACH use. ® How to write the answer: The hazards present with use of battery-powered forklift truck are: co Electric shocW/electrocution “Electric shock can be result of live power line comes in contact with someone o Fire and explosion ‘Any conductive materials fall to the positive and negative pole or short circuit may result to fire and explosion © Hydrogen gas Exposure to the hydrogen gas being released by the battery during charging o Wrong polarity ‘Accidental connection to the wrong polarity of the batteries which can lead to an accident © Acid of battery ‘Sulfuric acid that is used for charging battery can come in contact with workers and can lead to skin bums co No sound in the running Battery docs not create any sound which is used for running Battery operated FLT which can make bypassers unnoticed of the movement of the FLT and so accident can take place. 36‘The main factors to be considered in an ergonomic assessment of a display screen equipment workstation are: 0 Adjustable chair, Chair with footrest © Lower back support at belt height. 1 Seat height such that forearms are approx. horizontal. Adjustable screens in terms of glare. © Adjustable screens in terms of brightness, a Adjustable screens in terms of height 1 Adjustable sereens in terms of tilt etc No direct light from front or rear which may affect user's (Sufficient space in front of the keyboard to rest wrists (wrist support). (Detachable keyboard and with facilities to tlt 1 Desk height suitable for work and sufficient in size, surface and space. Comfortable room temperature a st ible lighting provision 1D Mouse for easiness of operation 0 Remotely operatable key board and mouse Uninterrupted power supply system Availability of a higher knowledgeable person who can help in case of any trouble with operations.replaced, foe ‘Tire condition Condition of the tire were bad such as treads are worn out and totally bald. — Excessive speed Vehicle may be in excessive speed. 4, Outline activities associated with vehicles when they are not moving that could result in risk of injury. @) How to write the answer: ‘The activities associated with vehicles when they are not moving that could result in risk of injury are : 7 Maintenance work During maintenance work where there is a required manual lifting of heavy parts of the vehicle, loosening or tightening of any bolts and nuts or parts of the vehicles where creating an awkward position to the maintenance operatives, tire (wheel) replacement which need to use any hydraulic lifting equipment in which sometimes fail and the lifted vehicle may fell to the operatives. — Loading off loading During loading off-loading of vehicle A. creaning During cleaning work — Getting in and out During getting in and out of the vehicle During Daily inspection of the vehicle 32.ELEMENT 2: TRANSPORT HAZARDS and RISK CONTROLS the control measures that could be implemented to reduce the risks to pedestrians in areas where vehicles are maneuvering. (8) Howto write the answer: ‘The control m: vehicles maneuvering are: nooe 0 Separate vehicle & Pedestrian routes. Clear, well-marked and signposted traffic routes. Speed Limits and Monitoring, Fencing. ‘Separate doorways. gates. Managing Blind spots Cross over points (Bridges/subways) Marking the areas. Adequate Visibility Audible and visual warnings. High visibility Jackets. Signaler/Banks-man Reduced speed. One way systems. Good housekeeping. Parking areas. Provision of humps and speed monitor (radar), Operator should be competent, } Provision of PPE like high visibility vest, Vehicle should be regularly maintained, 30 ures that could be implemented to reduce the risks to pedestrians in areas where— Toe-boards Toe — boards should be in place from all sides of the platform. — Guard rails Top and mid guardrails should be in place. — Ladder ‘A sound ladder should be present for access and egress and should be tied at minimum 2 places. — Tools protection Tools and small materials should have a lanyard to prevent it falling from hand. — Materials keeping ‘Materials should be secured and in case height increases, additional guardrail or toe-board height should be increased. — Qutriggers: Outriggers should be erected/sccured to control any sudden movement while initiating the activity. - PPE Workers should be provided with the required Personal Protective Equipments including full body safety hamess, — Life line Life line should be installed to anchor safety harness. — Inspection - Scaffold should be inspected by the competent scaffold inspector and green tag placed before start of the work. — Tool box talk Workers should be given a safety instruction before work starts. — Barricading 28Protect ling in Provide barrication to prevent soil, materials, vehicle and people from falling in Sloping and benching Follow procedures of trenching such as slop and benching as per soil type. Shielding Provide safe working provision in the excavation with the help of trench box or metal structure which will save workers from wall collapse and water egress. Addition support ‘Addition support requirement to prevent collapse of the affected structures, accidental flooding and water ingress, Shoring Provide shoring for protecting wall of excavation from collapsing. 1s Provide information, training, instruction and supervision to all associated with excavation work. PRE Provide all needed Personal Protective Equipments Gas testing Gas testing should be done prior to entering excavated trench Movement of equipments nearby Ensure plant and equipment should not be operating near the area, Access and egress Provide sufficient and safe provision for getting in to excavation and safe exit. Lighting Ensure illuminating the whole area during each operation. 26scaffold are: © Height must not be increased more than manufacturer's recommendations. © Ensure ll scaffolding components are in good order without any defects. © They must be erected and dismantled by competent workers only. ‘© Ensure ground conditions are stable, firm and even. ‘© Scaffold must be secured / tied to structures and outriggers are used. © Ensure safe means of access i.e. stairs and ladders are in good condition and attached properly. co Ensure that scaffold wheels & brakes locked prior to use. co Never move scaffolds when the workers, materials and tools on the working platform © Working platforms must be protected with guard rails, mid rails and toe boards ° Never use mobile scaffolds near live overhead power lines and services ‘© Regular inspections by competent personnel ~ before first use / on any alterations / in any event / periodically. © Conduct trainings and ensure competent supervision. 11. Identify safe working practices for the use ofa mobile elevating work Platform (MEWP). (8) How to write the answer: ‘The safe working practices for the use of a mobile elevating work Platform (MEWP) are: Ensure operator is fully trained and competent (Ensure statutory inspections and testing is carried out (0. Ensure MEWP is situated on firm, stable and even ground (0 Ensure total load does not exceed SWL © The work area is cordoned and restricted to prevent unauthorized access 1. Work platform is fitted with guard rails and toe boards 1 Outriggers are extended and wheels are blocked and chocked 3 Full body harnesses are used by workers Never overreach from the platform by climbing over guard rails 28 — Possible presence of services such as electricity, gas and water; — Biological hazards arising from the presence of vermin and stagnant water, _. Presence of sharp items such as nails, syringes, and glass — Hazards arising during manual handling operations. “Repair work is to be carried out on the roof of a school”. Identify control measures to reduce the risks to. the roof workers, © Identify TWO control measures to reduce the risks to other persons. (2) How to write the answer: ‘The control measures to reduce the risks to the roof workers © Avoid work on the roof as far as possible for example first prepare structure on ground and then take it to roof through crane © Ensure physical safeguards to prevent falls such as guardrails, fencing and toe boards, working platforms and ladder hoops © Provide personnel safety/rescue equipment, such as rope access and boatswain’s chairs. ‘© Provide fall-arrest equipment e.g. full body safety hamesses, nets or associated equipment. © Ensure safe means of access and egress © Avoid working in adverse weather conditions © Also requires risk assessment, planning © Provide training for work at height. The control measures to reduce the risks to other persons are: — Cordon the area and restrict the entry — Post appropriate warning signage — Supervision during the work 2Ensure there is no holes, pits and damages in the surface ‘No sharp slope Ensure there is no sharp slopes in the surface Remove slipperiness Remove all reasons of slipperiness like water, paint, oil, grease etc. Warning signage Install suitable and sufficient waming signages i.e. ramps, sharp tum etc. Remove trip hazards Remove all obstructions and trip hazards like cable, wire, rope and other obstruction Slip resistant surface Ensure slip resistant surface using surface coating and grip/grit sheets Housekeeping Ensure regular housekeeping and management. Width of walkways Ensure adequate width of walkways stairs Handrails Ensure provision of handrails on all stairs Reporting defects Ensure procedures for reporting defects on the floor Spillage Ensure procedure to deal with spillage without delay, (Write any 8) 203. Outline prevention strategies an organization could consider to reduce the risk of violence towards workers, (8) How to write the answer: Prevention strategies an organization could consider to reduce the riskof violence towards workers — Security measures ‘Make security provisions to avoid violence and also to handle it if it happens, — Security camera Install security cameras for monitoring, — Alarm system Install alarm system for emergency — Briefing staff Brief staff on problems which are likely to occur and how to react, — Emergency Team Develop emergeney team to handle violence — Setting up policy Set policy for aleohol and substance misuse, — Settin rocedures Set procedures for reporting any occurrences, _ Identify vulnerable Tdentify who are most vulnerable and look for the safety provisions regarding violence — rain workers Train workers to recognize early signs of violence and ways to tackle it, — Providing counseling Provide counseling for both perpetrators and vietims, 18