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Three Phase System

Examples

EXAMPLE 1
Calculate the line currents in the three-wire Y - Y
system as shown below.

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Solution 1

Single Phase Equivalent Circuit

Phase a equivalent circuit

VAN
I Aa = ; ZT = (5 j 2) + (10 + j8) = 16.15521.8
ZT
1100
I Aa = = 6.81 21.8
16.15521.8

I Bb = I Aa 120
= 6.81 141.8 A

I Cc = I Aa 24 0
= 6.81 26 1.8 = 6.81 98 . 2 A
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EXAMPLE 2

A balanced delta connected load having an


impedance 20 - j15 is connected to a delta
connected, positive sequence generator
having VAB = 3300 V. Calculate the phase
currents of the load and the line currents.

Solution 2

Z = 20 j15 = 25 36.87
VAB = 3300 V
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Phase Currents

Vab 3300
I ab = = = 13.236.87A
Z 25 38.87

I bc = I ab 120 = 13.2 - 83.13A


I ca = I ab + 120 = 13.2156.87A

Line Currents

I Aa = I ab 3 30
(
= (13.2 36.87 ) 3 30 )
= 22 . 86 6 . 87 A

I Bb = I Aa 120 = 22 . 86 - 11 3 . 13 A
I Cc = I Aa + 120 = 22 . 86 126 . 87 A

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- Connected Generator with a Y -
Connected Load

EXAMPLE 3
A balanced Y - connected load with a phase
impedance 40 + j25 is supplied by a balanced,
positive-sequence -connected source with a
line voltage of 210V. Calculate the phase
currents. Use VAB as reference.

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Solution 3

the load impedance, ZY and the source voltage, VAB are

ZY = 40+ j25= 47.1732


VAB = 2100 V
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When the - connected source is transformed


to a Y - connected source,

VAB
Van = 30
3
2100
= 1 30
3
= 121.2 - 30 V

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The line currents are

Van 121.2 30
I Aa = = = 2.57 - 62 A
ZY 47.1732

I Bb = I Aa 120 = 2.57 - 182 A


I Cc = I Aa + 120 = 2.5758 A

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Summary of Relationships in Y and


- connections

Y-connection -connection
Voltage VL = V
VL = 3V
magnitudes
Current IL = I I L = 3I
magnitudes
Phase VL leads V by IL lags I by 30
sequence 30

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Power

Y - Connected Balanced Load

Average Power
The average power delivered to each phase

The total power to the balanced load is

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Reactive Power
The reactive power of each phase is

The total reactive power of the load is

Apparent Power
The apparent power of each phase is

The total apparent power of the load is

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Power Factor

The power factor of the system is

- Connected Balanced Load

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Average Power

Reactive Power

Apparent Power

Power Factor

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EXAMPLE 4
Determine the total power (P), reactive power
(Q) and complex power (S) at the source and at
the load.

Solution 4 Single Phase Equivalent Circuit


Phase a equivalent circuit

Known quantities
Vg =VAN= 1100 V
ZY = 10 + j8
Zline = 5 - j2

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Line / Phase Currents

VAN
IA =
Zline + Z Y
1100
IA =
16.15521.8
= 6.81 21.8 A

Source & Load Power

Ssource = 3V I
= (2087 + j834.6)VA
Ps = 2087 W, Q s = 834.6 VAR

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SLoad = 3 I Z
= (1392 + j1113)VA
PL = 1392 W, Q L = 1113 VAR

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EXAMPLE 5
A three phase motor can be regarded as a
balanced Y - load. A three phase motor
draws 5.6 kW when the line voltage is 220 V
and the line current is 18.2 A. Determine the
power factor of the motor

Known Quantities
PLoad = 5600 W
VL = 220 V
IL = 18.2 A

Solution 3.5
Power factor = cos

S = 3V I
= 3 VL I L
Q |S|
= 6935.13 VA

P = S cos P

P 5600
cos = = = 0.8
S 6935.13

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Example 6
For the Y - connected load in Figure

a) find the average power to each phase and


the total load
b) determine the reactive power to each phase
and the total reactive power
c) find the apparent power to each phase and
the total apparent power
d) find the power factor of the load

Figure

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Solution 6
a) The average power to each phase is

P = V I cos IV
= 100 20 cos 53.13
= 1200 W
Total load

PT = 3 P = 3 1200 W = 3600 W

b) The reactive power to each phase is

Q = V I sin IV
= 100 20 sin 53.13
= 1600 VAR
Total reactive power

QT = 3 Q = 3 1600 = 4800 VAR

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c) The apparent power to each phase is

S = V I
= 100 20
= 2000 VA
Total apparent power

ST = 3 S = 3 2000 = 6000 VA

d) The power factor

PT
FP =
ST
3600 W
=
6000 VA
= 0.6 lagging

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Power relationship - Phase quantities

The power equations applied to Y-or load in a


balanced 3-phase system are

P = 3V I cos P = 3I 2 Z cos Real power


Watts (W)

Q = 3V I sin Q = 3I 2 Z sin Reactive power


Volt-Amps-Reactive (VAR)

S = 3V I S = 3I 2 Z Apparent power
Volt-Amps (VA)

- angle between voltage and current in any phase of the load

Power relationship - Line quantities

The power equations applied to Y-or load in a


balanced 3-phase system are

P = 3VLL I L cos Real power

Q = 3VLL I L sin Reactive power

S = 3VLL I L Apparent power

- angle between phase voltage and phase current in


any phase of the load

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Since both the three phase source and the three
phase load can be either Y or connected, we
have 4 possible connections
1. Y - Y connections (Y - connected source with
Y - connected load)
2. Y - connection (Y - connected source with
- connected load)
3. - connection ( - connected source with
- connected load)
4. - Y connection ( - connected source with
Y - connected load)

1. Y connected generator / source with Y


connected load

Z1 = Z 2 = Z 3
I g = I L = I L
V = E

E L = 3V

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2. Y - Connection
A balanced Y - system consists of a
balanced Y - connected source feeding a
balanced - connected load

Z/3 Z/3 Z Z

Z
Z/3

Z
ZY =
3
must consists of three equal impedances

3. - Connection

A balanced - system consists of a


balanced - connected source feeding a
balanced - connected load

Z Z
Z Z

Z Z

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4. Y Connection

A balanced - Y system consists of a


balanced - connected source feeding a
balanced Y - connected load

Z/3 Z/3
Z Z

Z Z/3

Example 7

Each transmission line of the 3 wire, three phase


system in Figure has an impedance of 15 + j
20 . The system delivers a total power of 160
kW at 12,000 V to a balanced three-phase load
with a lagging power factor of 0.86.

a. Determine the magnitude of the line voltage


EAB of the generator.
b. Find the power factor of the total load
applied to the generator.
c. What is the efficiency of the system?

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Figure

Solution 7
VL 12000V
a. V (load) = = = 6936.42 V
3 1.73

PT (load) = 3 V I cos

and PT 160000 W
I= = = 8.94 A
3V cos 3(6936.42)(0.86)

Since = cos-1 0.86 = 30.68o (lagging)

And assigning V = V 0 , a lagging power


factor results in I = 8.94A 30.68

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For each phase, the system will appear as
shown in figure below.
E AN I Z line V = 0
Or

E AN = I Zline + V
= (8.94A - 30.68)(2553.13) + 6936.42V0
= 223.5V22.45 + 6936.42V0
= 206.56V + j85.35V + 6936.42V
= 7142.98V + j85.35V
= 7143.5V0.68
Then

E AB = 3Eg = (1.73)(7143.5V) = 12358.26 V

b. PT = Pload + Plines
= 160kW + 3( I L ) 2 Rline
2
= 160kW + 3(8.94A ) 15
= 160,000 W + 3596.55W
= 163,596.55W
And PT = 3V L I L cos T
PT 163,596.55W
cos T = =
3VL I L (1.73)(12,358.26V )(8.94A )
And F p = 0.856 < 0.86 of load

c.
P Po 160kW
= o = = = 0.978 = 97.8%
Pi Po + Plosses 160kW+ 3596.55W

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Example 3.8
A 208V three phase power system is shown in Figure 1. It consists
of an ideal 208V Y - connected three phase generator connected to
a three phase transmission line to a Y - connected load. The
transmission line has an impedance of 0.06 + j0.12 per phase and
the load has an impedance of 12 + j9 per phase. For this simple
system, find
(a) The magnitude of the line current IL
(b) The magnitude of the loads line and phase voltages VLL and VL
(c) The real, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the load
(d) The power factor of the load
(e) The real, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the
transmission line
(f) The real, reactive and apparent powers supplied by the
generator
(g) The generators power factor

0.06 i0.12

+
0.06 i0.12

Z Z

Vcn=120-2400
Van=12000
208V
Z=12+ i9

-
Z
+

Vbn=120-1200
0.06 i0.12
_

Figure 1

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Solution 8

(a)The magnitude of the line current IL


V line
I line =
Z line + Z load
120 0 V
=
( 0 . 06 + j 0 . 12 ) + (12 + j 9 )
120 0 120 0
= =
12 . 06 + j 9 .12 15 . 12 37 .1
= 7 . 94 37 . 1 A

So, the magnitude of the line current is thus 7.94 A

(b) The magnitude of the loads line and phase


voltages VLL and VL
The phase voltage on the load is the voltage across one phase of the
load. This voltage is the product of the phase impedance and the
phase current of the load
VL = I L Z L
= ( 7 .94 37 .1 A)(12 + j 9 )
= ( 7 .94 37 .1 A)(15 36 .9 )
= 119 .1 0.2V
Therefore, the magnitude of the loads phase voltage is
V L = 119 . 1V
and the magnitude of the loads line voltage is

V LL = 3V L = 206 . 3V

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(c) The real power consumed by the load is

PLoad = 3V I cos
= 3(119 .1V )( 7 .94 A ) cos 36 .9
= 2270 W
The reactive power consumed by the load is
QLoad = 3V I sin
= 3(119.1V )(7.94 A) sin 36.9
= 1702 var
The apparent power consumed by the load is
S Load = 3V I
= 3(119 .1V )( 7 . 94 A )
= 2839 VA

(d) The load power factor is PF Load = cos


= cos 36 .9
(e) The current in the = 0 .8lagging
transmission line is
7.94 37.1A
(0.06 + j0.12) or
The impedance per phase of the line is
0.13463.4
Therefore, the real, reactive and apparent powers consumed in
the line are 2
2
PLine = 3I Z cos Q Line = 3 I Z sin

= 3(7.94A) 2 (0.134) cos63.4 = 3( 7.94 A) 2 ( 0.134 ) sin 63 .4


= 11.3W 2 = 22 .7 var
S Line = 3 I Z
= 3 ( 7 . 94 A ) 2 ( 0 . 134 )
= 25 . 3VA

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(f) The real and reactive powers supplied by the
generator are the sum of the powers
consumed by the line and the load
Pgen = Pline + Pload
= 11 . 3W + 2270 W
Q gen = Q line + Q load
= 2281 W
= 22 .7 var + 1702 var
= 1725 var
The apparent power of the generator is the square root
of the sum of the squares of the real and reactive
powers
2 2
S gen = Pgen + Q gen
= 2860VA

(g) From the power triangle, the power factor


angle is
Q gen
gen = tan 1
Pgen
1725 VAR
= tan 1 = 37 .1
2281W
Therefore, the generators power factor is

PF gen = cos 37 . 1 = 0 . 798 lagging

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A 208V three phase power system is shown in Figure 2. It consists of
an ideal 208V Y - connected three phase generator connected to a
three phase transmission line to a - connected load. The
transmission line has an impedance of 0.06 + j0.12 per phase and
the load has an impedance of 12 + j9 per phase. For this simple
system, find
Assignment 1
a. The magnitude of the line current IL
b. The magnitude of the loads line and phase voltages VLL and VL
c. The real, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the load
d. The power factor of the load
e. The real, reactive and apparent powers consumed by the
transmission line
f. The real, reactive and apparent powers supplied by the
generator
g. The generators power factor

Figure 2

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