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TOTAL: 40 MARKS

Read the following article and answer ALL the questions that follow.

SWEET DISCOVERY IN POPULAR COFFEE CHAINS

I Many of us may be unaware that we are already consuming an entire days

limit on sugar or saturated fats in just a single trip to coffee chains. According
to a study by the Cancer Council of New South Wales (NSW), which appeared
in the Nutrition & Dietetics journal, some drinks and sweet snacks offered in
cafes are unhealthy, especially if they are consumed regularly. The findings 5
highlight that apart from a caffeine fix, people also take in high levels of sugar,
saturated fats and kilojoules in every cup of coffee.

II In investigating sugar levels, the research team from the Cancer Council NSW
also examined more than 500 menu items across five popular chains including
Gloria Jeans, The Coffee Club, McCaf, Muffin Break and Michels Patisserie. 10
They assessed the energy, saturated fats, and sugar content of beverages and
snacks, comparing them to the average daily allowance recommended by
health authorities. The researchers found that 54 per cent of cold beverages,
such as iced coffees and chocolate drinks, contain more than half of the daily
sugar allowance in one serving. 15

III Consumers who order fancy coffee beverages and sweet snacks on the side
could also be consuming too many kilojoules each day, which over time may
lead to weight gain. For example, foods and drinks consumed between meals
as morning or afternoon snacks can contain up to 4000 kilojoules, which is
almost half of the kilojoule allowance for an adult, the team revealed. Even 20
snacks touted by the coffee chains as healthier were found to be filled with
sugar and saturated fats, the researchers claimed. They also revealed that
coffee labelled as skimmed or low fat also does not necessarily mean low in
sugar or kilojoules.

IV High sugar intake correlates with todays busy lifestyle. People have been 25
noted to have a strong culture of eating on the go and catching up with friends,

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family and colleagues over a quick coffee and cake. Clare Hughes, a member
of the Cancer Council NSW research team as well as the manager of Nutrition
Programs at Cancer Council NSW claims that the food and drinks that people
consume outside home contribute significantly to their nutrient intake. It is 30
becoming evident that these choices may be a significant factor in rising
obesity cases in adults, she opines.

V In the UK, a campaign group, Action on Sugar, is calling for new legally
binding targets requiring supermarkets and manufacturers to reduce the sugar
content in food and drinks. The idea has the support of supermarkets through 35
the British Retail Consortium. Action on Sugar revealed that coffee shops have
an overwhelming influence because there are more than 18,000 outlets selling
an estimated 1.7 billion hot drinks a year. However, there are doubts as to
whether the government will back the measure in the soon to be published
Childhood Obesity Strategy report which proposes the government introduce a 40
sugar tax.

VI Action on Sugar mentioned that an analysis was carried out on 131 hot
flavoured drinks, including coffees, mochas, lattes, hot fruit drinks and hot
chocolates among other drinks that are widely bought from some of the UKs
best-known coffee shops and fast-food chains. The campaign group found that 45
one third of hot drinks served in popular chains contained the same amount or
more sugar than Coca-Cola which contained nine teaspoons of sugar per can.
Calling the findings alarming, a spokesman for the group said that 98 per cent
of the drinks tested would receive a red nutritional-value label for high-sugar
content. 50

VII The chairman for Action on Sugar, Professor Graham MacGregor, stated that
it was another example of the scandalous amount of sugar added to our food
and drinks resulting in us having the highest rates of obesity in Europe. The
campaign group found that the worst offender was Starbucks venti grape drink
which is a hot mulled fruit drink with grape, chai, orange and cinnamon, as well 55
as a shocking total of 25 teaspoons of sugar per serving.

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VIII Costas Massimo eat-in chai latte was found to contain 20 teaspoons of sugar,
while Starbucks venti white chocolate mocha with whipped cream was found
to have 18. The campaign group disclosed that KFCs mocha and Starbucks
signature hot chocolate both had 15 teaspoons of sugar per serving, while 60
Caffe Neros drink-in caramelatte had 13. A Starbucks spokeswoman admitted
that the company had committed earlier this year to reducing excessive sugar
in its indulgent drinks by 25 per cent by the end of 2020. She added it also
offered a wide variety of lighter options and displayed all nutritional
information in-store and online. 65

IX With all this increase in sugar consumption, there has been an increase in the
number of health problems, particularly diabetes. Does consuming too much
sugar really cause diabetes? Eating too much of any food, including sugar, can
cause you to gain weight; it is the resulting obesity that predisposes people to
diabetes. The results of a large epidemiological study, in fact, suggested sugar 70
may have a direct, independent link to diabetes. Researchers from the
Stanford University School of Medicine, the University of California-Berkeley
and the University of California-San Francisco have examined data on sugar
availability and diabetes rates from 175 countries over the past decade. After
accounting for obesity and a large array of other factors, they found that 75
increased sugar in a population's food supply was directly linked to higher
diabetes rates. The increase in diabetic rates is independent of obesity rates.

X A 12-ounce can of soda contains about 150 calories of sugar. For every
additional 150 calories of sugar available per person per day, the prevalence
of diabetes in the population rose by 1 per cent, even after controlling for 80
obesity, physical activity, other types of calories and a number of economic
and social variables. Research indicated that sugar availability correlated to
diabetes risk. The longer a population is exposed to excessive sugar
consumption, the higher its diabetes rates even after controlling for obesity and
other factors. In addition, diabetes rates dropped over time when sugar 85
availability dropped. This condition is independent of changes to consumption
of other calories and physical activity or obesity rates.

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XI Kerry Parkin, the head of communications at Costa, indicated that the

company had already taken significant steps to reduce the sugar content of
our ranges. She added, This April, we will be setting salt and sugar reduction 90
targets for 2020. However, a researcher from Action on Sugar, Kawther
Hashem, argued that coffee shop chains should immediately reduce the
unacceptable amount of sugar in these hot drinks, improve their labelling and
stop selling the ridiculously large serving sizes. She added these drinks should
be an occasional treat as they are laden with an unbelievable amount of sugar 95
and calories. Besides, they are often accompanied by a high sugar-and-fat
snack.

XII The research by Action on Sugar precedes the governments Childhood

Obesity Strategy report, which is due to be unveiled in the coming weeks. It
will reportedly recommend that junk-food advertisements be banned from 100
being screened in between family programmes such as The X Factor and
Britains Got Talent. A feasibility study is also likely to be launched to establish
how a compulsory sugar tax could work if firms do not take adequate
measures. Proposals for a sugar tax of up to 20 per cent and the threat of a
levy to pressure companies into reformulating their products to reduce sugar 105
content have been championed by several celebrity chefs like Jamie Oliver.
The government, in fact, has been urged to be bold in order to shift Britain
away from an obesity crisis.

Adapted from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/18/

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QUESTION 1 (4 MARKS)

Explain the meaning of the following words as they are used in the passage.

a) fix (line 6) __________________________________________

b) scandalous (line 52) __________________________________________

c) correlated (line 82) __________________________________________

d) reformulating (line 105) __________________________________________

(4 marks)

QUESTION 2 (14 MARKS)

a) Identify the stated main idea of Paragraph IV and give ONE MAJOR supporting detail that
supports this main idea.

i) Stated main idea:

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

ii) Major supporting detail:

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

(2 marks)

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b) Read each of the following statements. Describe whether each statement is a FACT or an
OPINION and explain why. Write your answer in the space provided.

i) Many of us may be unaware that we are already consuming an entire days limit on
sugar or saturated fats in just a single trip to coffee chains. (Paragraph I)

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(2 marks)

ii) The campaign group found that one third of hot drinks served in popular chains
contained the same amount or more sugar than Coca-Cola which contained nine
teaspoons of sugar per can. (Paragraph VI)

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(2 marks)

iii) However, a researcher from Action on Sugar, Kawther Hashem, argued that coffee
shop chains should immediately reduce the unacceptable amount of sugar in these hot
drinks, improve their labelling and stop selling the ridiculously large serving sizes.
(Paragraph XI)
_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(2 marks)

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c) Identify the type of support for each supporting detail with the following options. Use each
option only ONCE.

Scientific fact Observation Explanation

Expert opinion Statistics Expert testimony

Supporting Detail Type of Support

i) The researchers found that 54 per cent of cold beverages,
such as iced coffees and chocolate drinks, contain more than
half of the daily sugar allowance in one serving (Paragraph II)

ii) People have been noted to have a strong culture of eating on

the go and catching up with friends, family and colleagues
over a quick coffee and cake. (Paragraph IV)

iii) The chairman for Action on Sugar, Professor Graham

MacGregor, stated that it was another example of the
scandalous amount of sugar added to our food and drinks
resulting in us having the highest rates of obesity in
Europe. (Paragraph VII)

iv) She added these drinks should be an occasional treat as they

are laden with an unbelievable amount of sugar and calories.
(Paragraph XI)

(4 marks)

d) Write out the implied main idea of Paragraph II.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

(2 marks)

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QUESTION 3 (7 MARKS)
a) Identify the main issue presented in the article.
_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

(2 marks)

b) Identify the authors position on the issue presented in this article.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

(2 marks)

c) Identify the authors overall purpose for writing this article by circling the most appropriate
option.
i) To inform the audience that beverages at coffee joints contain high sugar levels.
ii) To persuade the audience that coffee has the highest content of sugar and saturated
fat.
iii) To inform the audience that measures need to be taken to reduce sugar levels in
beverages.
iv) To persuade the audience that coffee chains and the government have not done
enough to reduce sugar content in beverages.
(1 mark)

d) Identify which of the following best describes the tone of the author by circling the
appropriate option.

i) neutral
ii) anxious
iii) disapproving
iv) sceptical
(1 mark)

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e) Identify two (2) specific categories of people who are the writers intended audience.

i) ___________________________

ii) ___________________________

(1 mark)

QUESTION 4 (15 MARKS)

a) Explain what the author is implying when he states People have been noted to have a
strong culture of eating on the go and catching up with friends, family and colleagues over
a quick coffee and cake. (Lines 24 - 26)
_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

(2 marks)

b) Referring to Paragraph VIII, identify two (2) inferences that can be made about Starbucks
commitment to cut back on the sugar content in its drinks. Circle the appropriate options.

i) Starbucks appears not serious in making its drinks healthier.

ii) Starbucks has joined other coffee chains in addressing the issue of sugary drinks.
iii) Starbucks has become more client-centred through its introduction of healthier
options.
iv) Starbucks has changed its policy and is not reducing the sugar content in its drinks.

(2 marks)

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c) Determine in what way the feeling of bias is demonstrated by the UK-based campaign
group, Action on Sugar, towards coffee chains. Provide four (4) examples from the
language used in the text to support your evaluation:

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

(3 marks)

d) Draw a possible conclusion based on the reasoning used in the following text:

In the UK, a campaign group, Action on Sugar, is calling for new legally binding
targets requiring supermarkets and manufacturers to reduce the sugar content in
food and drinks. The idea has the support of supermarkets through the British
Retail Consortium. Action on Sugar revealed that coffee shops have an
overwhelming influence because there are more than 18,000 outlets selling an
estimated 1.7 billion hot drinks a year.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

(1 mark)

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e) Draw a possible conclusion based on the reasoning used in the following text:

A 12-ounce can of soda contains about 150 calories of sugar. For every
additional 150 calories of sugar available per person per day, the prevalence of
diabetes in the population rose by 1 per cent, even after controlling for obesity,
physical activity, other types of calories and a number of economic and social
variables. The longer a population is exposed to excessive sugar consumption,
the higher its diabetes rates even after controlling for obesity and other factors.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

(1 mark)

f) Evaluate the credibility of the authors argument in the article. Explain your answer
by providing 2 types of evidence from the article.

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(3 marks)

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g) Evaluate the authors argument for completeness. Provide evidence that contributes
to the completeness or incompleteness of the argument in this article.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

(3 marks)

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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