Dinamika Sedimentasi

Budianto Toha , Dept.
of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling
Dynamic of Sedimentation
(Basin Infilling)
Compiled by :
Budianto Toha
Department Geology
Gadjah Mada University
Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

Nevertheless, I persist in the claim that cratons, their margins,
and their interior basins do not just lie there passively
waiting to be encroached upon by rising sea levels
or laid bare to erosion as sea levels fall.
Students and practitioners of sequence stratigraphy are,
for the better or worse,
recorders and interpreters of tectonic evolution.
L.L. Sloss Forty years of sequence stratigraphy

Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100. p. 1661-1665, Nov. 1988
Water flows downhill

G.P. Allen
.and the sediment supply with it as well
(adopted from Irfan Cibaj, June 2011)
1
points to remember
FACIES ANALYSIS
OBSERVASION INTERPRETATION PREDICTION
Geometry
Depositional Environment Location ,
Lithology and Paleogeography Geometry and
Economic Aspects
Fossil
Sedimentary structure
Paleocurrent
FACIES MODEL
Dynamic of Sedimentation
and
Sequence Stratigraphy
How sedimentary rock is accumulated

Factors controlling process
Stratigraphic Record
and its pattern
2
PRINCIPAL OF LATERAL ACCRETION

Sedimentary rocks are formed in
a depositional environment with initial
surface relatively inclined to the center
of the basin
Additional sediment supply
will be accommodated in the basin
such as prograding or retrograding
fashion (side growth)
(progradation/retrogradation)
Actually . DEPOSITIONAL DYNAMICS

AGGRADATION
RETROGRADATION
PROGRADATION
3
DYNAMICS OF SEDIMENTATION
SL7
13
12 12 SL5 SL6
9 9 SL4
8 10 11
7 7 SL1 SL2
1 6 6
2 5 SL3
3
4
EROSION SURFACE
PROGRADATION
RETROGRADATION
Stratigraphic Record Dynamic of Sedimentation

Stratigraphic record
4
Factors Controlling Sedimentation

1. Subsidence
2. Eustacy
3. Sediment supply/ sediment flux
4. (Climate)
Sediment flux
Carbonate sedimentation
Etc.
References :
Posamentier, H.W., Jervey, M.T. and Vail, P.R., 1988, Eustatic controls on clastic deposition I- conceptual framework, in
Wilgus, C.K. et al., (eds.) Sea level changes : an integrated approach. SEPM Spec. Publ. 42, p. 109-124.
_____________ and Vail P.R., 1988, Eustatic controls on clastic deposition II, in Wilgus, C.K. et al. (eds), Sea level changes :
an integrated approach. SEPM Spec. Publ. 42, p. 125-154.
( After Allen, 1997)
5
Dynamic Sedimentation
Accommodation
Space
The interaction of eustacy, subsidence, sediment supply, basin physiography, and climate
largerly control basin sedimentation. One or more variables may be dominant
Sed Supply constant
Eustacy constant CONSTANT SHORELINE AGRADATION
Tectonics constant
Sed Supply
Eustacy constant PROGRADATION REGRESSION
Tectonics constant
Sed Supply
Eustacy constant CONSTANT SHORELINE AGRADATION
Tectonics
Sed Supply
Eustacy CONSTANT SHORELINE AGRADATION
Tectonics constant
Sed Supply
Eustacy TRANSGRESSION
Tectonics constant
6
Sed Supply
Eustacy constant TRANSGRESSION
Tectonics constant
Sed Supply Constant ( )

Eustacy Constant ( ) STARVED BASIN
Tectonics
Sed Supply
Eustacy constant ???
Tectonics
Sed Supply
Eustacy ???
Tectonics constant
Sed Supply
Eustacy ???
Tectonics etc..
Non-marine
Marine Sequence Stratigraphy
Sequence Stratigraphy (Tectonostratigraphy)
Chronostratigarphy Chronostratigarphy
Stratal packages Stratal packages
Controls of sedimentation Controls of sedimentation
Accommodation space Accommodation space
Tectonics Tectonics
Eustacy (sea level changes) Basin geometry
Basin geometry Topography
Physiography Sediment supply
Sediment supply Provenance
Provenance Climate
Climate
Pseudo-stasis
Accom. Space
Local Sagging
Late-rift
Initiation
Regional Faults
Coalesce
Climax
Time
7
DEPOSITIONAL FACIES
AND ENVIRONMENT
Various depositional environments occurring across the edge

of a continental and the adjacent margin of an ocean basin
(After Skinner and Porter, 1987 )
EUSTACY DEFINITION
8
Orbital variations and their

force climatic changes and
the formation of Milankovitch
cycles
9
WHAT IS SEDIMENT ACCOMMODATION ?
SEDIMENT ACCOMMODATION IS
THE POTENTIAL SPACE AVAILABLE FOR SEDIMENT
TO ACCUMULATE
on the shelf, accommodation is controlled by

RELATIVE SEA LEVEL
in fluvial environments, accommodation is controlled

by THE FLUVIAL EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE
( After Allen, 1997 )
Definition :
10
Alluvial Coastal Plain and Fluvial Equilibrium Profile
Accommodation in Fluvial Environment

11
Accommodation in Fluvial Environment

RELATION BETWEEN
ACCOMMODATION AND FACIES PATTERNS
IN FLUVIAL AND SHELF DEPOSITS
In any given interval, if the rate and nature

of sediment influx is constant, the sand / shale ratio
is inversely proportional to the ratio between :
rate of increase of accommodation

and
sediment supply
12
Fluvial Stacking Pattern : an effect of increasing accommodation space
Effects of accommodation rates on fluvial aggradation

13
EFFECTS OF ACCOMMODATION RATES ON FLUVIAL
AGGRADATION AND SAND/SHALE RATIO
SB
SB
SEISMIC CENTRAL SUMATRA BASIN
14
SEISMIC CENTRAL SUMATRA BASIN
15
Facies Stacking Patterns :
in a marine transition of depositional environment
Effects of varying accommodation rates on coastal

and shelf sediment patterns, and sand / shale ratio
A low rate of accommodation (i.e. RSL rise) on the shelf results in low rates of coastal plain
aggradation, rapid shoreline progradation and high rate of sand amalgamation on the coastal plain.
High rates of shelf aggradation (i.e. RSL rise) result in higher rates of coastal plain aggradation
and decreased sand amalgamation
(After Allen, 1999)
16
Model Illustrating Prograding Delta with rapid increasing of

accommodation space , and higher sediment supply
(rapid RSL rise, higher sed.supply)
(After Allen, 1999)
Model Illustrating Prograding Delta with slow increasing of

accommodation space , and higher sediment supply
(slow RSL rise, higher sed.supply)
(After Allen, 1995)
17
Parasequence-stacking pattern
Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada in Infilling
University : Basin parasequence sets ; cross-section and
well-log expression (Van Wagoner et al., 1991)
STRATIGRAPHIC PATTERNS
( Facies Succession )
REGRESSION and TRANGRESSION

( increasing or decreasing Acc Space vs Sed. Supply )
SEDIMENTARY CYCLES
EROSIONAL SURFACE
(UNCONFORMITY ?) and /or
DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES / FACIES
18
TRANSGRESSION
and
REGRESSION
REGRESSIONS :
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF
REGRESSIONS :
1. NORMAL REGRESSION
relative sea level is constant or rising and
the coast migrates seaward because there is an
overabundance of sediment supply with respect
to accommodation
2. FORCED REGRESSIONS
relative sea level falls and as a result
the coastline migrates seaward regardless of
sediment supply
19
NORMAL
and FORCED
REGRESSIONS
SEDIMENTARY CYCLES
All shelf deposits are characterized
by cyclic sedimentation patterns
These cycles occur at several scales
These patterns are the result of cyclic

patterns of regression and transgression
which are formed by changes in relative
sea level (accommodation space)
20
Can you define this outcrop stacking pattern ?

Multicolored layered sedimentary rocks
in Capitol Reef National Park, Utah.
(Skinner & Potter, 1987)
Can you define this outcrop stacking pattern ?
Cross-stratified sandstone,
Utah. (Skinner & Potter, 1987)
21
Formation ofGadjah
Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, superimposed
Mada University : Basin Infilling deltaic cycles or sequences
(after Allen and Chambers, 1998)
SHALLOW-MARINE
BEACH CYCLES :
Well-Log
Responses
for
Beach Parasequences
( from Van Wagoner et al., 1992)
22
SHALLOW-MARINE
DELTAIC CYCLES :
Well-Log
Responses
for
Deltaic Parasequences
well-log expression
23
Stacking pattern ?
Flooding Surface ?
Sequence Boundaries ?
Maximum Flooding
Surface ?
System Tracts ?
Potential reservoir ?
Additional data needed ?
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
Definition :
Sequence stratigraphy is the subdivision of

sedimentary basin fills into genetic packages
bounded by unconformity and their correlative
conformity
It is used to provide a chronostratigraphic framework
for the correlation and mapping of sedimentary
facies and for stratigraphic prediction
24
SEQUENCE DEFINITION
A RELATIVELY CONFORMABLE , GENETICALLY
RELATED SUCCESSION OF PARASEQUENCES
AND PARASEQUENCE SETS BOUNDED BY
UNCONFORMITY AND THEIR CORRELATIVE
CONFORMITIES
It is used to provide a chronostratigraphic framework for the correlation
and mapping of sedimentary facies and for stratigraphic prediction
A SEQUENCE IS DEFINED BY THE PHYSICAL

RELATIONSHIPS OF THE STRATA ALONE ;
NOT BYTHICKNESS , DURATION , OR
INTERPRETATION OF GLOBAL OR
REGIONAL ORIGIN (i.e. scale independent)
( Van Wagoner , August 1994 )
Sequence stratigraphy concepts

Duration of stratigraphic cycles
1st order > 50 Megasequence / Wilson
2nd order 5 to 50 Supersequence / Sloss
3rd order 0.5 to 5 Sequence / Vail
4th order 0.1 to 0.5 Parasequence / Milankovitch
5th order 0.01 to 0.1 Parasequence / Milankovitch
6th order < 0.01 Parasequence / Milankovitch
1st through 3rd order sequences can be resolved on seismic
The Pematang Group is consistent with a 2nd order sequence

(also known as a supersequence or a Sloss sequence)
25
SEQUENCE SYSTEM TRACTS

* Their position within the sequence
* Stacking patterns parasequences and parasequence sets
PARASEQUENCE :
* A relatively conformable succession of genetically related

beds or bed-sets , bounded by marine flooding surfaces and
their correlative surfaces
* R sedimentation > R accommodation : coarsening / shallowing

upward (mostly)
* Boundary : marine-flooding surface
SEQUENCE BOUNDARY ATTRIBUTES

* SEPARATES ALL STRATA ABOVE FROM
ALL BELOW
* FORMS RELATIVELY RAPIDLY ( PERHAPS LESS

THAN 10,000 YRS. ) AND HAS A CHRONO-
STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE
* ROCKS ABOVE SEQUENCE BOUNDARY ARE NOT

TEMPORALLY OR PHYSICALLY RELATED TO
ROCKS BELOW
* FORMED BY RELATIVE FALL IN SEA-LEVEL
( Van Wagoner , August 1994 )
26
CONCEPT OF LATERAL ACCRETION > DEPOSITIONAL PACKET >

STRATAL ARCHITECTURE
1 100 Km SEQUENCE
STRATIGRAPHY
PARASEQUENCE BOUNDARY ATTRIBUTES
* Marked by deeper water strata resting sharply on shallower

water strata
* Separates all strata above from all below
* Approximately a time line
* Marked by minor submarine erosion , is a planar surface

without erosional relief
* Not commonly marked by transgressive lag
27
well-log expression
Stratigraphic Components I
28
Stratal Units in Hierarchy : Definitions and Characteristics
SCALE IN
SEDIMENTARY
SYSTEMS
After Soegaard, 1994
29
SCALE IN
SEDIMENTARY
SYSTEMS
After Soegaard, 1994
Representative cores from X-Well

Facies description and Interpretation
A. Varicolored of sandy mudstone, predominantly reddish

brown to purple with variation of grayish green, moderate
brown, gray and yellow. Massive, blocky, mottled reddish
brown, some reveals subwaxy slickensided surfaces.
This facies is interpreted as palaeosol developed in a low
relief waterlogged flood plain setting.
B. Cross-bedded sandstone rapidly changes upwards into

interbedded of very fine to fine grained light gray sandstone
and muddy siltstone to silty-mudstone. A part of sandstone
reveals wavy to current ripple structure, locally appearance
of bioturbation and sediment deformation as well.
This facies is interpreted as overbank sediments due to
channel avulsion, which may close to the active fluvial system,
A B C or possibly as backshore/mudflat lagoon
C. Low angle X-bedded sandstone, rests sharply on

muddy-wavy-rippled siltstone. Sandstone is strongly
X-bedded which becoming rippled to the top; fine to
medium grained; light to moderate brown; bioturbation
are identified quite similar to rootlets, especially shown by
hydrocarbon staining. This sandstone is interpreted as
upper shoreface, or possibly channel (fluvial ?).
GR reading of the underlying layer indicates of coarsening
upward, which suggests possible offshore-bar or lower
shoreface
B
30
Core correlation to well-log
A
6764
6794

K ( Permeability )
K ( Permeability )
100 101 102 103 104
100 101 102 103 104
GR + FACIES Thickness GR + FACIES
Seal MS MS
Seal
Carbonate
Carbonate
15 - 30 15 - 30
MB MB
Baffle LSH Baffle LSH
10 - 15 TCF 10 - 15 TCF
15 - 30 AC1 / AC2 15 - 30 AC1 / AC2

Seal Seal
MS MS
Marine Shale :
MS widespread lateral distribution
K ( Permeability )
Prograding Mouth Bar :
100 101 102 103 104 MB CU of fine to medium muddy/silty bioturbated sandstone. Cleaner ,
Bioturbation decreases, ripple laminated and highly cemented at the top.
GR + FACIES MS
Seal
Lenses Shale :
Carbonate LSH local distribution (isolated)
15 - 30 MB Transgressive Channel Fill ( Estuarine ) :

TCF FU of medium to fine and silty bioturbated sandstone
Baffle LSH
10 - 15 TCF Amalgamated Braided Channels :
AC2 multistory , coarse-medium grained , erosive based , X-bedded sandstone ,
15 - 30 AC1 / AC2 isolated
Seal Amalgamated Braided Channels :
AC1 multistory , coarse grained , erosive based , X-bedded sandstone ,
MS widespread lateral distribution
Core and Facies Model
31
CORRELATION
Type Log High Resolution Seq. Strat. SCHEM ATIC HIGH RESOLUTION Regional CSB
Flooding Surfaces Seq. Strat. Markers
4D - 46A STRATIGRAPHY FRAM EWORK ( 3rd Order )
755
0 MFS
NPHI
GR LLD RHOB
2
0 SB
1 MFS
3
2
3.5
3.6
3 3.7
3.5
3.8
3.6
3.7
3.8
4 SB
MFS
SB
5 MFS
St ep I :
Iden t ify 3 r d Or der Seq . St rat . M arkers Channel - Fill ( includes distributary channels & incised fluvial channel ) SB : Sequence Boundary
Iden t if y Facies Lit holog y e.g. Chan nel s, Bars MFS : Maximum Flooding Surface
Ident ify f looding Surfaces Mouth Bars No Orientation
Subdivid ed int o Individual Par asequen ces Mudstone - Mainly Delta front to shelf No Scale
SW STEP 2 NE
Co r r el at e M ar i n e Fl o o d i n g Sur f aces
Co r r el at e Faci es
4D - 46A M ap p i n g w i t h i n Ch r o n o st r at i g r ap h i c Un i t s
755
FEET
GR
MD
200
TVDSS
0.2 LLD
0. 48
N PH I
RHO B 0. 0 9 4D - 37 4D - 38
120 0 0 2. 5
746 752
FEET
MD TVDSS NPH I
0. 4 8 RH OB 0. 0 9 FEET
GR 200 0.2 LLD
12 00 0 2. 5 MD TVD SS NPH I
0.4 8 RH O B 0.0 9
GR 200 0.2 LLD
12 0 00 2. 5
MFS
0
SB
MFS
3
?
?
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
SB
MFS
32
Wells Log Correlation
SAND ISOPACHS
2D 2E 2F
Section D
RESERVOIR M3-M3.5 ( UPPER)
MOUTHBAR 427
Section 20
B
493
Section B
20
20
258 816
888
33 39 34
40
3E
812
41
3D 36
886
CHANNEL
811 839
40
40 443
40 844 847
43
Section 765 335 23
A 754
28 46
35
20
479 779 785
32 15
90
33
492 18
444 736
461 20 21 10
171
17
22
790
336 33
748 20
4 24
780 798
10 10 65 743 65
15
14
0 20 16 BAR
10 822 807 769 451
10 12 10 10
CHANNEL
825 805
45
8 14 767
15
806 808
18 BAR
809
4C 4D 4E
20
838
836
28
40 33 466 774
810
N 42 35 21 20
832 CHANNEL
30 771 796
35 33
20
420 803 801
5 9 12
421 10
407 1008
5
4 6
905
1004
MOUTHBAR CHANNEL 3
BAR
1011
< 10' < 20' 20
7
286 20
29
10' - 20' 20' - 40' CHANNEL
Zone of erosion by > 40' 0 500 1000 meters

by overlying reservoir
33
SAND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
2D 2E 2F
Section D
MOUTHBAR
Section B
427 RESERVOIR M3-M3.5 ( UPPER)
Section C
493
258 816
888
812
3D 886 3E
Permeability Trend 811 839
CHANNEL
443
Mouth Bar 844 847
Section A 765 335 754
479 779 785

90
Permeability Trend
461 444
492
736
Channel
171
790
336 748
780 743 65 798

65
MOUTH BAR
822 807 769 451
825 805
No sandstone 45
767
808
4C 838
4D 836
810
809
4E
466 774
CHANNEL
N 832
771 796
420 803 801
421 1008
905
MOUTH BAR 1004
1011
Erosive contact
with overlying reservoir 286
Fluvial/Distributary Channel CHANNEL
0 500 1000 meters

Delta Front/Mouth Bar
Beach Parasequence
34
WAVE-BEACH
PARASEQUENCE

Deltaic Parasequence
35
Fluvial-Dominated Shoreline Parasequence

Tidal Parasequence
36
Development of a Parasequence Boundary
Parasequence and Sequence Boundaries

37
Lateral facies relationship and postulated core and well-log reponses
For beach parasequence

Outcrop expression of a parasequence set boundary

38
STYLES OF CHRONO- vs LITHO-STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION
for progradational parasequence set (Van Wagoner et al., 1992)

STYLES OF CHRONO- vs LITHO-STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION
for retrogradational parasequence set (Van Wagoner et al., 1992)
39
Maximum Flooding Surface (MFS)
Recognition ( After Sangree , 1997 )
40
END SLIDES FOR THE CLASS
THANK YOU !
TERIMAKASIH !
MATUR NUWUN !
ADDITIONAL SLIDES
FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION
IF NECESSARY AND TIMES ALLOWED
41

Dinamika Sedimentasi

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Budianto Toha , Dept.

of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

L.L. Sloss Forty years of sequence stratigraphy

Water flows downhill

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

How sedimentary rock is accumulated

PRINCIPAL OF LATERAL ACCRETION

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

Actually . DEPOSITIONAL DYNAMICS

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

Stratigraphic Record Dynamic of Sedimentation

Factors Controlling Sedimentation

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

( After Allen, 1997)

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

Sed Supply Constant ( )

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

Basin geometry Topography

Physiography Sediment supply

Sediment supply Provenance

Various depositional environments occurring across the edge

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

Orbital variations and their

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

WHAT IS SEDIMENT ACCOMMODATION ?

on the shelf, accommodation is controlled by

in fluvial environments, accommodation is controlled

( After Allen, 1997 )

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

Accommodation in Fluvial Environment

( After Allen, 1997 )

( After Allen, 1997 )

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

In any given interval, if the rate and nature

rate of increase of accommodation

( After Allen, 1997 )

Effects of accommodation rates on fluvial aggradation

AGGRADATION AND SAND/SHALE RATIO

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

SEISMIC CENTRAL SUMATRA BASIN

SEISMIC CENTRAL SUMATRA BASIN

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

Effects of varying accommodation rates on coastal

Model Illustrating Prograding Delta with rapid increasing of

(rapid RSL rise, higher sed.supply)

(After Allen, 1999)

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

Model Illustrating Prograding Delta with slow increasing of

(slow RSL rise, higher sed.supply)

(After Allen, 1995)

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

REGRESSION and TRANGRESSION

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

( After Allen, 1997 )

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

These cycles occur at several scales

These patterns are the result of cyclic

( After Allen, 1997 )

Can you define this outcrop stacking pattern ?

Budianto Toha , Dept. of Geology, Gadjah Mada University : Basin Infilling

Can you define this outcrop stacking pattern ?