P R o B L e M S o F P R A C T I C e S O F B A S I C A N D A P P L I e D T H e R M o D y N A M I C S I - C - E N G I N e

Problems of Practices
Of
Basic and Applied Thermodynamics
I. C. Engine
Pre par ed By
Brij Bhooshan
Asst. Professor
B. S. A. College of Engg. And Technology
Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, (India)
Supported By:
Purvi Bhoos han
Please welcome for any correction or misprint in the entire manuscript and your
valuable suggestions kindly mail us brijrbedu@gmail.com.
1. Determine the theoretical horse-power of an Otto cycle engine with a maximum

cycle temperature of 1395C. The engine has a bore of 87.32 mm and a stroke of
108 mm. The clearance volume is 108.15 cm 3. The engine operates of a 4-stroke
cycle at a speed of 3600 rpm. The pressure and temperature of the surrounding air
are 1 kg/cm2 and 4.5 C respectively. The engine has 6 cylinders and the volumetric
efficiency is 80%.
To increase the mass of air intake the above engine has been equipped with a
super changer that raises the inlet pressure to 122 cm of Hg (absolute). Determine
the new theoretical HP of the engine and the effective cycle efficiency. Assume Rair
= 29.7 kg m/kg K and Cv = 0.24.
2. A stoichiometric mixture of fuel and air has an enthalpy of combustion of
approximately-670 kcal/kg of mixture. In order to approximate an actual spark
ignition engine using such a mixture, consider an air-standard Otto cycle that has
a heat addition of 670 kcal/kg of air: a compression ratio of 8, and a pressure and
temperature at the beginning of compression process of 1.0 kgf/cm 2 and 27C.
Determine the maximum pressure and temperature in this cycle, the thermal
efficiency and the mean effective pressure. Assume CP = 0.24 and C V = 0.17.
3. An ideal gas internal combustion engine operates on a cycle which when
represented on a P-v diagram is a rectangle, P1 and P2 are the lower and higher
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Copyright by Brij Bhooshan @ 2013 Page 1
2 Problems of Practices on I. C. Engine
pressures respectively, v1 and v2 are the lower and higher volumes respectively.
Show that the thermal efficiency of the engine is
4. A six cylinder four stroke petrol engine has a swept volume of 300 cm 3 per cylinder,
a compression ratio of 10, and operates at speed of 3500 rev/min. If the engine is
required to develop an output of 75 KW at this speed, calculate the cycle efficiency,
the necessary rate of heat addition, the mean effective pressure and the maximum
temperature of the cycle. Assume that the engine operates on the Otto cycle and
that the pressure and temperature before isentropic compression are 1 bar and 15
C respectively. Take CP = 0.718; = 1.4.
5. If the above engine is a compression ignition engine operating on the Diesel cycle
and receiving heat at the same rate, calculate the efficiency, maximum
temperature of cycle, cycle efficiency, power output and the mean effective
pressure.
6. An experimental four stroke petrol engine of 1710 cm 3 capacity is to develop
maximum power at 5400 rpm. The volumetric efficiency at this speed is assumed to
be 70 percent and the air-fuel ratio is 13 :1. Two carburetors are to be fitted and it
is expected that at peak power, the air speed at choke will be 107 m/sec. The
coefficient of discharge for the venturi is assumed to be 0.85 and that of the main
petrol jet 0.66. An allowance should be made for the emulsion tube, the diameter of
which can be taken as 1/2.5 of the choke diameter. The petrol surface is 6 mm
below the choke at this engine condition. Calculate the sizes of suitable choke and
main jet. The specific gravity of petrol is 0.75 Atmospheric pressure and
temperature are 1.013 bar and 27 C respectively.
7. A single-cylinder 4-stroke gas engine with a hit and miss governing has 200 mm
bore and 400 mm stroke. It recorded a gas consumption of 153 liter/min at 8.75 cm
of water above atmospheric pressure, when barometer reading was 759 mm of
mercury, atmospheric and gas temperature was 17 C. The gas used had gross
calorific value of 18200 kJ/m3 and density 0.592 kg/m3 both at N.T.P. hydrogen
present in the gas was 12 per cent by mass, air consumed was 0.0242 kg/s, for dry
exhaust gas was 1.05 kJ/kg K. The mean effective pressure of positive loop was
5.72 and of negative loop 0.274 bar in firing and 0.38 bar in missing strokes, the
engine speed as 285 rpm; and explosions per minute 114. The brake torque was
330 Nm. Cooling water used was 9.2 kg per minute with its temperature raised by
20 C. Exhaust temperature was 400 C. The total heat of steam at atmospheric
pressure is 2676 kJ per kg and Cp for superheated steam 1.8 kJ/Kg K.
Calculate the percentage of the indicated power used for pumping work and for
mechanical friction and draw up an energy balance for the engine.
8. An eight cylinder petrol engine is to deliver 160 b.h.p. at a piston speed 750 m per
minute with an indicated thermal efficiency of 23 percent. The stroke to bore ratio
is 1.25 the volumetric efficiency is 85 percent (1.0 kg/cm 2 and 40 C intake
condition) and mechanical efficiency is 83 percent. Assume petrol contains 10,200
kcal of heat kcal of heat of combustion per kg and requires 14 kg of air per k g for
complete combustion. The engine uses a mixture having 10 per cent excess air.
Calculate the diameter of the cylinder and stroke, the brake specific fuel
consumption and the brake mean effective pressure.

Problems of Practices on I. C. Engine By Brij Bhooshan 3
9. What is the percentage change in the efficiency of Otto cycle having a compression
ratio 7, if the specific heat at constant volume increases by 1%?
10. A two stroke engine subjected to full load test gave the following results:
Cylinder dia 22 cm
Stroke 27 cm
Brake dia 1.5 m
Speed 450 rev/min
brake load 4.6 kg
imep 2.9 kgf/cm2
fuel consumption 5.4 kg/hr
rise in temperature of jacket water 36 C
jacket water flow 440 kg/hr
air/fuel ratio by mass 31
temperature of exhaust gas 355C
room temperature 20 C
atmospheric pressure 76 cm Hg
calorific value of fuel 10500 kcal/kg
proportion of hydrogen by mass in fuel 15
Take R = 29.27 for air CP = 0.24 for exhaust gas CP = 0.49 kcal/kg K for dry steam.
Determine:
(i) the indicated thermal efficiency
(ii) the specific fuel consumption in gm/BHP hr
(iii) the volumetric efficiency
(iv) Draw up the heat balance on percentage basis.
11. A four cylinder two stroke cycle diesel engine running at 3000 rpm has a bore of
120 mm and stroke of 125 mm. The brake torque was measured as 420 Nm. The
volumetric efficiency of the engine is 0.62. The air fuel ratio is 21 : 1. Calorific
value of the fuel is 45000 kJ/kg. The density of air at suction was 1.1 kg/m 3.
Determine the brake thermal efficiency and brake mean effective pressure. If an
orifice tank with orifice diameter of 90 mm was used, determine the water head
across the orifice. Take coefficient of discharge for orifice (Cd) =0.60.
12. A single cylinder, two-stroke oil engine gave the following lest data:
Cylinder bore = 150 mm, stroke = 250 mm, engine speed 420 rev/min, the brake
consists of a belt carrying a dead load of 48 kg on one end while the other end is
attached to a sprig balance reading 3 kg, the mean diameter of the friction brake =
1 m, area of indicator diagram = 2.8 cm2, length of indicator diagram = 6.75 cm, the
indicator spring rating is 0.92 mm/bar.
Calculate the mechanical efficiency of the engine.
13. The mass analysis of the petrol used in an engine was 85% C and 15% H 2. The dry
exhaust gas analysis showed that the parentage by volume of carbon dioxide was
six times that of oxygen and that no carbon-monoxide was present Calculate:
(i) The air-fuel ratio by mass,
(ii) The percentage excess air supplied
Assume air contains 23.2% O2 by mass or 20.9% O2 by volume.
14. The following data related to a test trial of a single -cylinder four-stroke gas
engine:
(i) Cylinder dia. 24 cm. stroke length 48 cm.

(ii) Compression ratio = 5.9

(iii) Net brake load applied at brake wheel having an effective circumference of
3.86 m is 1260 N at average speed of 227r.p.m.
(iv) Number of explosions/minute = 77.
(v) Gas used/mt at 771 mm of mercury and 15C = 0.217
(vi) Lower calorific value of gas at NTP = 49350 kJ/m 3.
(vii) Mean effective pressure from indicator card = 7.5 bar
(viii) Weight of Jacket cooling water/mt = 11 kg
(ix) Temperature rise of cooling water = 34.2 C
(x) Specific heat of water = 4.2 kJ/kg C
Estimate (i) mechanical efficiency, (ii) indicated thermal efficiency and (iii)
efficiency ratio, and draw a heat balance sheet for the engine assuming that
exhaust gases carry away 24% of heat.
15. A four cylinder engine of a truck has been converted to run on propane fuel. A dry
analysis of the engine exhaust gives the following volumetric percentages:
CO2 = 4.90; CO = 9.79 and O2 = 2.45.
Calculate the equivalence ratio at which the engine is operating.
16. A three liter V 6 S.I. engine operates on a four stroke cycle at 3600 rpm. The
compression ratio is 9.5, the length of the connecting rod is 16.6 cm and the engine
is square (bore = stroke). At this speed, the combustion ends at 20ATDC.
Calculate:
(i) cylinder bore and stroke length
(ii) average piston speed
(iii) clearance volume of one cylinder
(iv) piston speed at the end of combustion
(v) Distance the piston has travelled from TDC at the end of combustion.
(vi) Volume in the combustion chamber at the end of combustion.
17. Derive an expression for the air-fuel ratio delivered by a simple carburetor. Discuss
its limitations. What are the systems incorporated to overcome the limitations of a
simple carburetor?
18. The exhaust gas analysis of an engine using Octane (C8H18) as fuel gives equal
volumes of CO2 and unused O2. Compute the actual and stoichiometric air-fuel
ratios. For equivalence ratio of 1, calculate:
(i) the volume of mixture per kg of fuel at pressure of 100 kPa and
temperature 70 C
(ii) The volume of the products of combustion per kg of fuel when the
temperature of products of combustion is 127 C at pressure 1 bar.
19. A 4-stroke petrol engine of 2 liters capacity is to develop maximum power at 4000
rpm. The volumetric efficiency at this speed is 0.75 and the air-fuel ratio is 14 : 1.
The venturi throat diameter is 28 mm. The coefficient of discharge of venturi is
0.85 and that for fuel jet is 0.65. Calculate:
(i) the air velocity at the throat and
(ii) The diameter of the fuel jet.
The specific gravity of petrol is 0.76. Atmospheric pressure and temperature are 1
bar and 17C respectively.
20. The brake thermal efficiency of a diesel engine is 30%. If the air to fuel ratio by
weight is 20 and the calorific value of fuel is 41800 kJ/kg, find brake mean effective
pressure at S.T.P. (15C and 760 mm of Hg).
21. A six cylinder, four stroke petrol engine with a bore of 120 mm and stroke of 180
mm under test, is supplied petrol of composition: C = 82% and H 2 = 18% by mass.
The Orsat gas analysis indicated that CO 2 = 12%, O2 = 4% and N 2 = 84% by
volume. Determine (i) that air-fuel ratio and (ii) the percentage of excess air.
Also calculate the volumetric efficiency of engine based on intake conditions when
the mass flow rate of petrol 32 kg/min at 1600 RPM. Intake conditions are 1 bar
and 17C. Consider the density of petrol vapour to be 3.5 times that of air at same
temperature and pressure. Air contains 23% oxygen by mass.
22. The venturi of a sample carburetor has a throat diameter of 20 mm and the fuel
orifice has a diameter of 1.12 mm. The level of petrol surface in the float chamber
is 6.0 mm below the throat venturi. Coefficient of discharge for venturi and fuel
orifice are 0.85 and 0.78 respectively. Specific gravity of petrol is 0.75. Calculate (i)
the air-fuel ratio for a pressure drop of 0.08 bar, (ii) petrol consumption in kg/hr
and (iii) the critical air velocity. The intake conditions are 1.0 bar and 17C. For air
Cp = 1.005 and Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg-K.
23. An eight cylinder automobile engine of 80 mm diameter and 90 mm stroke with a
compression ratio of 7, is tested at 4000 RPM on a dynamometer of 600 mm arm
length. During a ten minutes test period at a dynamometer scale reading of 450 N,
4.8 kg of gasoline having a calorific value of 45000 kJ/kg was burnt and air at 27C
and 1.0 bar was supplied to the carburetor at the rate of 6.6 kg/min. Find (i) the
brake power delivered, (ii) the brake mean effective pressure, (iii) the brake specific
fuel consumption, (iv) brake thermal efficiency, (v) the volumetric efficiency and
(vi) the air-fuel ratio.
24. Determine the air-fuel ratio at 6000 m altitude in a carburetor adjusted to give an
air-fuel ratio of 15 : 1 at sea level where air temperature is 27 C and pressure is
1.013 bar. The temperature of air decreases with altitude and is given by the
expression
where h is height in meters and ts is the sea level temperature in C.

The air pressure decreases with altitude as per the relation
where P is in bar.
25. The air flow to a four cylinder 4-stroke oil engine is measured by means of a 4.5 cm
diameter orifice, having Cd = 0.65. During a test the following data was recorded:
Bore =1.0 cm,
Stroke =1.5 cm,
Engine speed = 1000 RPM,
Brake torque = 135 Nm,
Fuel consumption = 5.0 kg/hour,
CVfuel = 42600 kJ/kg,
Head across orifice = 6 cm of water,
Ambient temperature and pressure are 300 K and 1.0 bar respectively.
Calculate:
(i) Brake thermal efficiency
(ii) The brake mean effective pressure
(iii) The volumetric efficiency
Take R = 287 J/kg K for air.

26. An 8-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine has a power output of 368 kW at 800 RPM.
The fuel consumption is 0.238 kg/kW-hr. The pressure in the cylinder at the
beginning of injection is 35 bar and the maximum cylinder pressure is 60 bar. The
injector is adjusted to operate at 210 bar and the maximum pressure in the injector
is set at 600 bar. Calculate the orifice are a required per injector if the injection
takes place over 12crank angle. Assume the coefficient of discharge for the injector
= 0.6, specific gravity of fuel = 0.85 and the atmospheric pressure = 1.013 bar. Take
the effective pressure difference to be the average pressure difference over the
injection period.
27. An I.C. engine fuel has the following composition:
C = 89%, H2 = 5%, O2 = 4% and rest N 2.
Determine the chemically correct air-fuel ratio. If 40% excess air is supplied, find
the percentage of dry products of combustion by volume.
28. A six-cylinder, 4-stroke petrol engine has a swept volume of 3.0 liters with a
compression ratio of 9.5. Brake output torque is 205 N-m at 3600 r.p.m. Air enters
at 85 N/m2 and 60 C. The mechanical efficiency of the engine is 85% and air-fuel
ratio is 15 : 1. The heating value of fuel is 44,000 kJ/kg and the combustion
efficiency is 97%. Calculate:
(i) Rate of fuel flow
(ii) Brake thermal efficiency
(iii) Indicated thermal efficiency
(iv) Volumetric efficiency
(v) Brake specific fuel consumption
29. A 4-stroke petrol engine has a swept volume of 20 liters and is running at 4000
r.p.m. The volumetric efficiency at this speed is 0.75 and the air-fuel ratio is 14 :1.
The venturi throat diameter of the carburettor fitted to the engine is 30 mm.
Estimate the air velocity at the throat if the discharge coefficient for air is 0.9.The
ambient conditions are: pressure = 1.0 bar, temperature = 20 C. Calculate the
diameter of the fuel jet if the fuel density is 760 kg/m 3.
For air Cp = 1.005 kj/kg K and R = 287 J/kg K. Assume Cdf = 1.0.
30. Derive an expression for air-fuel ratio delivered by a simple carburetor, neglecting
the effect of compressibility. Discuss the limitations of simple carburetor. What are
the modifications incorporated for its use in automotive vehicles?
31. A four-stroke petrol engine develops 30 kW at 2600 r.p.m. The compression ratio of
the engine is 8 and its fuel consumption is 8.4 kg/h with calorific value of 44 MJ/kg.
The air consumption of the engine as measured by means of a sharp edge orifice is
2 m3 per min. If the piston displacement volume is 2 liters, calculate:
(i) Volumetric efficiency
(ii) Air-fuel ratio
(iii) Brake mean effective pressure
(iv) Brake thermal efficiency
(v) Relative efficiency
The ambient temperature of air can be taken as 27 C, R for air as 287 J/kg-K and
= 1.4. The barometer reads 755 mm of mercury.
32. A simple carburetor has a venturi throat diameter of 20 mm and the coefficient of
flow is 0.8. The diameter of the fuel orifice is 1.14 mm and the coefficient of fuel is
0.65. The gasoline surface is 5 mm below the throat. Calculate-
(i) the air-fuel ratio for a pressure drop of 0.08 bar when the nozzle tip is
neglected;
(ii) the air-fuel ratio when the nozzle tip is taken into account;
(iii) the minimum velocity of air or critical air velocity required to start the f uel
flow when the nozzle tip is provided.
Assume the density of air and fuel to be 1.20 kg/m 3 and 750 kg/m3 respectively,
33. The following set of observations refer to a trial on a Single-cylinder, Four-stroke,
Solid injection diesel engine of 200 mm-bore and 400 mm stroke:
Gross mean effective pressure = 6.2 bar
Pumping mean effective pressure = 0.44 bar
Speed of the engine = 262 rpm
Brake torque = 668 N-m
Fuel supply rate = 4.5 kg/hr
Calorific value of the fuel = 52,000 kJ/kg
Cooling water flow rate = 6 kg/min
Cooling water temperature gain = 47C
Calculate the Indicated Power, Brake Power and Mechanical efficiency of the
engine.
Draw up a heat balance sheet for the trial expressing various quantities in kJ/min,
if the fuel contains 13.5% H2 (by mass) and air supply to the engine is 2.71 kg/min
at 17C. The exhaust gases leave the engine at 400C. The following data may be
used:
Mean specific heat of exhaust gases = 1 kJ/kgK
Specific heat of steam = 2.1 kJ/kgK
Latent heat of steam = 2250 kJ/kg
Estimate the heat carried away by steam in exhaust gases.
34. During a test on a two stroke engine on full load, the following observations were
recorded:
Speed = 350 rpm
Net brake load = 590 N
Mean effective pressure = 2.8 bar
Fuel oil consumption = 4.3 kg/h
Cooling water required = 500 kg/h
Rise in cooling water temperature = 25C
Air used per kg of fuel = 33 kg
Room temperature = 25C
Exhaust gas temperature = 400C
Cylinder diameter = 220 mm
Stroke length = 280 mm
Effective brake diameter = 1 m
C.V. of fuel oil = 43900 kJ/kg
Proportion of hydrogen in fuel = 15%
Mean specific heat of exhaust gases =1.0 kJ/kg-K
Specific heat of steam = 2.09 kJ/kg-K
Calculate the following:
(i) Indicated power
(ii) Brake power
(iii) Draw heat balance sheet on the basis of kJ/min.
35. Two identical petrol engines having the following specifications are used in
vehicles:
Engine 1: Swept volume = 3300 cc, Normally aspirated, bmep = 9.3 bar, rpm
= 4500, Compression ratio = 8.2, Efficiency ratio = 0.5, Mechanical
efficiency = 0.9, Mass of the engine = 200 kg.
Engine 2: Super charged, Swept volume = 3300 cc, bmep = 12.0 bar, rpm =
4500, Compression ratio = 5.5, Efficiency ratio = 0.5, Mechanical
efficiency = 0.92, Engine mass = 220 kg.
If both the engines are supplied with just adequate quantity of petrol for the test
run, determine the duration of test run so that the specific mass per kW of brake
power is same for both the engines. Calorific value of petrol = 44000 kJ/kg,
Assume both the engines operate on four stroke cycle.
Also compare two engines and suggest their applications with reasoning.
36. An energy using 10 moles of diatomic ideal gas works on the reversible cycle
having the following processes:
(i) Adiabatic compression from 1 bar pressure and 300 K temperature to
pressure of 9 times the initial value,
(ii) Constant pressure transformation upto temperature of 1000 K,
(iii) Adiabatic expansion upto 3 bars,
(iv) Constant pressure transformation such that temperature of 1000 K is
reached,
(v) Adiabatic expansion,
(vi) Constant pressure transformation upto the original state.
For this engine,
(a) Represent the cycle on a p-v diagram.
(b) Calculate pressure, temperature and volume at salient points.
(c) Calculate the efficiency of the engine summarizing results in a tabular form.
Compare the efficiency of the engine operating on Carnot cycle between the same
extreme temperatures. Give comments.
37. A taxicab is equipped with a flexible four cylinder S.I. engine running on a mixture
of methanol and gasoline at an equivalence ratio of 0.95. How must the air-fuel
ratio change as the fuel flow to the engine shifts from 10% methanol (M10) to 85%
methanol (M85)?
38. During a trial of a single cylinder, 4 stroke diesel engine the following observations
were recorded:
Bore = 340 mm
Stroke = 440 mm
rpm = 400
Area of indicator diagram = 465 mm2
Length of diagram = 60 mm
Spring constant = 0.6 bar/mm
Load on hydraulic dynamometer = 950 N
Dynamometer constant = 7460
Fuel used = 10.6 kg/h
Calorific value of fuel (C) = 49500 kJ/kg
Cooling water circulated = 25 kg/min
Rise in temp, of cooling water =25C
Mass analysis of fuel:
Carbon = 84%
Hydrogen =15%
Incombustible =1%
Volume analysis of exhaust gas:
Carbon dioxide = 9 %
Oxygen =10%
Temp, of Exhaust gases = 400C
Sp. heat of exhaust gas =1.05kJ/kgC
Partial pressure of steam in exhaust gas = 0.030 bar
Sp. heat of superheated steam =2.1kJ/kg C
Saturation temp, of steam at 0.030 bar = 24.1C
Draw up heat balance sheet on minute basis.
39. What is meant by firing order in internal combustion engines?
What are the firing orders used in 4 and 6 cylinder inline engines?
What are the three purposes of firing order in V engines?
40. In a 4-stroke, 2-cylinder diesel engine, the following data was collected:
Piston stroke = 60 cm
Diameter of the cylinder = 40 cm
Speed of the engine = 250 r.p.m.
Indicated mean effective pressure = 8 bar
Brake power of the engine = 220 kW
Fuel consumption = 80 kg/hr
CV of fuel used = 43000 kJ/kg
Hydrogen content in fuel = 13% and remaining is carbon
Air consumption = 30 kg/min
Cooling water circulated = 90 kg/min
Rise in temperature of cooling water = 38 C
Piston cooling oil used = 45 kg/min
Rise in temperature of cooling oil = 23 C
Cp of water = 4.18 kJ/kg-K
Cp of cooling oil = 2.2 kJ/kg-K
Cp of exhaust gases = 1.1 kJ/kg-K
Cp of superheated steam = 2 kJ/kg-K
Latent heat of steam = 2520 kJ/kg
Exhaust gas temperature = 450 C
Ambient temperature = 27 C
Find the following quantities per minute:
(i) Heat converted to useful brake power (BP)
(ii) Heat carried away by cooling water
(iii) Heat carried away by cooling oil
(iv) Heat carried away by dry exhaust gases
(v) Heat carried away by steam formed
(vi) Heat supplied by fuel
Draw up also a heat balance sheet on minute basis and percentage basis.
41. A 2-stroke oil engine was subjected to a test at room temperature of 20 C with fuel
oil of calorific value 44000 kJ/kg. Calculate the indicated and brake, power,
mechanical and brake thermal efficiency, and draw the heat balance sheet using
the following data:
Cylinder bore = 20 cm; Stroke-bore ratio = 1.3 : 1; Speed = 500 r.p.m.; Brake drum
diameter = 120 cm; Rope diameter = 3 cm; Net brake load = 460 N; Indicated MEP
= 2.8 bar; Oil consumption = 3.7 kg/hr; Jacket cooling water rate = 456 kg/hr with a
rise in temperature of 27 C; Exhaust gas temperature entering calorimeter is 320
C and leaving 220 C; Temperature rise in calorimeter water is 8 C with a rate of
flow 8 kg/min
42. The following data refer to a 4-stroke, 4-cylinder diesel engine:
Cylinder diameter = 36 cm; Stroke = 40 cm; Speed = 315 r.p.m.; Indicated MEP = 7
bar; Brake power = 250 kW; Fuel consumption = 80 kg/hr; Calorific value = 44
MJ/kg; Air consumption = 30 kg/min; Cooling water circulated = 90 kg/min with
rise in temperature 38 C; Exhaust gas temperature = 324 C and Room
temperature = 45 C kJ/kg K; Cpair = 1.005 kJ/kgK, Cpgas = 1.05 kJ/kg K, CPsteam =
2.093 kJ/kg K. In exhaust gases, partial pressure of steam is 0.03 bar and fuel
contains 13% H2.
Find mechanical efficiency, indicated thermal , brake specific fuel consumption:
Draw heat balance sheet for the engine in hourly basis.
43. A nine (9)-cylinder, 4-stroke petrol engine of bore 14.5 cm and stroke 18 cm, has a
compression ratio of 7:1 and develops 350 kW at 2000 rpm when running on a
mixture of 15% weak. The fuel used has a heating value of 47 MJ/kg and contains
85.2% C and 14.8 H2. Assuming a volumetric efficiency of 76% at 15C and 1 bar
and mechanical efficiency of 90%, calculate the indicated thermal efficiency of the
engine. Given, R = 287 J/kg-K.
44. A 2-stroke motor cycle petrol engine cylinder consists of 15 fins on its outer surface.
If the outside and inside diameters of each fin are 200 mm and 100 mm
respectively, the average fin surface temperature is 475C and the atmospheric air
temperature is 25C, calculate the heat transfer rate from the fins for the following
cases:
(i) the motor cycle is stationary;
(ii) when the motor cycle is running at a speed of 60 kmph.
The fin may be idealized as a single horizontal plate of the same area, and the
significant length may be taken as L = 0.9 d0, where d0 is the outer diameter of the
fin. Assume d0 as 200 mm.
The properties of air may be taken as follows:
k = 4.266 l02 W/mC; = 40.61 l06 m2/s; Pr = 0.677
For turbulent flow (forced convection) : Nu = 0.036 (Re) 0.8 (Pr)0.33
For natural convection :
Nu = 0.54. (Gr. Pr)1/4 if (Gr. Pr) < 109
Nu = 0.10 (Gr. Pr)0.33 if (Gr. Pr) > 109.
45. Determine the diameter of a fuel orifice for a 4-stroke engine working on diesel
cycle developing 18 kW per cylinder at 2000 revolutions per minute, using 0.27
kg/kW-hr fuel of 30 API. The duration of the crank injection is 30 of crank travel.
The fuel injection pressure is 125 bar and the combustion chamber pressure is 35
bar. Take velocity coefficient as 0.9 and
141.5
P
131.5 API
46. Determine, the air-fuel ratio at 6000 m altitude in a carburetor adjusted to give an
air-fuel ratio of 15 : 1 at sea level where the air temperature is 300 K and pressure
of 1.013 bar.

The temperature of air decreases with altitude and is given by the expression
t = ts 0.0065h
where h is altitude in meters and ts is the temperature at sea level in C.
The air pressure decreases with altitude as per the relation
h = 19220 log10(1.013/P)
where, p is in bar.
What remedies would you suggest to compensate for the decrease in air fuel ratio
at high altitudes? Discuss them giving justification.
47. The following observations were made during a 30-minute trial of a single-cylinder,
four- stroke gas engine having cylinder diameter of 18 cm and stroke 24 cm,
running at 300 rpm.
Indicated mean effective pressure = 5, bar,
Total number of explosions = 4425,
Total gas consumption = 2.4 m3,
Calorific value of gas = 19000 kJ/m3,
Density of gas = 1.275 kg/m3,
Air consumption = 32.1 m3.
Density of air = 1.29 kg/m3,
Temperature of exhaust gases = 350 C,
Specific heat of gases = 1.0 kJ/kg-K,
Mass of cooling water circulated = 120 kg;
Rise in temperature of cooling water = 30C.
Net load on the brake drum is 38 kg and the effective diameter of the brake
drum is 1 m.
Assuming room temperature of 27 C, calculate
(i) Indicated power,
(ii) Brake power,
(iii) Indicated thermal efficiency,
(iv) Mechanical efficiency, and
(v) Brake thermal efficiency.
Also draw up a heat balance sheet on per minute basis as well as percentage basis.
48. The venturi of a simple carburetor has a throat diameter of 20 mm and the fuel
orifice has a diameter of 1.12 mm. The petrol surface in the float chamber is 6 mm
below the throat of venturi. Coefficient of discharge for venturi and fuel orifice are
0.85 and 0.78 respectively. Density of petrol is 750 kg/m3. Calculate
(i) the air-fuel ratio for a pressure drop of 0.08 bar
(ii) the minimum air velocity at which petrol starts flowing into venturi
throat, and
(iii) petrol consumption in kg/hr.
Intake air condition is 1 bar and 17C. For air take CP = 1.005 kJ/kg-K and Cv =
0.718 kJ/kg-K.
49. A 10 cm dia 12 cm stroke, 4-cylinder. 4-stroke engine running at 2600 RPM has a
carburetor venturi of 3.2 cm throat. Determine the suction pressure at the throat
assuming the volumetric efficiency of the engine to be 70%. Assume density of air
to be 1.2 kg/m3 and coefficient of airflow 0.82. Neglect compressibility of air.
50. A diesel engine has a diameter of 20 cm and stroke of 30 cm. The clearance volume
is 10 percent of the swept volume. Estimate the compression ratio and the air-

standard efficiency of the engine if the cut-off takes place at 10 percent of the
stroke.
51. During the trial of a single-cylinder. 4-stroke oil engine, the following observations
were made:
Cylinder diameter = 20 cm;
stroke; = 45 cm;
mean effective pressure = 6 bars;
torque = 500 N-m;
speed = 260 RPM;
oil consumption = 4.5 kg/hr;
calorific value of fuel = 44000 kJ/kg;
cooling water flow rate = 5 kg/min;
air used/kg of fuel = 30 kg;
rise in cooling water temperature = 40 C;
temperature of exhaust gases = 400 C;
room temperature = 25 C;
mean specific heat exhaust gases = 1.0 kJ/kg-K;
Specific heat of water = 4.18 kJ/kg-K.
Determine i.p., b.p., and draw a heat balance sheet for the test in kJ/hour.
52. The following data pertain to the testing of a four-cylinder, four-stroke diesel
engine:
Bore = 40 cm, Stroke = 44 cm, Speed = 400 r.p.m., bp = 380 kW, mep = 7.5 bar,
Fuel consumption = 85 kg/hr, Lower calorific value of fuel = 44 MJ / kg, Air
consumption = 35 kg/min, Mass of jacket water = 98 kg/min, Rise in temperature of
jacket cooling water = 40C, Amount of piston cooling oil = 54 kg/min, Temperature
rise of cooling oil = 24 C, Specific heat of cooling oil = 2.09 kJ/kg-K, Room
temperature = 20 C, Exhaust gas temperature = 320 C, Cp of dry exhaust gas =
1.045 kJ/kg-K.
Draw up the heat balance and calculate mechanical efficiency and brake specific
consumption at half-load if friction power remains the same. Comment on the
results in the light of modern diesel engines.
53. A four-cylinder, four-stroke square engine running at 40 rev/sec is with a
carburettor which is required to supply 5 kg of air and 0.5 kg of fuel per minute.
The fuel specific gravity is 0.75. The air is initially at 1 bar and 300 K. Calculate
the throat diameter of the choke for a flow velocity of 100 m/sec. Velocity coefficient
is 0.8. If the pressure drop across the fuel metering orifice is 0.80 of that of choke,
calculate the orifice diameter assuming Cdf = 0.60 and = 1.4. If the carburettor
venturi has a 3 cm throat, assuming the bore to be 10 cm, volumetric efficiency of
75%, the density of air to be 1.15 and coefficient of airflow to be 0.75 , calculate the
suction at the throat.
54. A four-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine develops a power of 180 kW at 1500
r.p.m. The brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) is 0.2 kg/kWh. At the beginning of
injection, pressure is 30 bar and the maximum cylinder pressure is 50 bar. The
injection is expected to be at 200 bar and maximum pressure at the injector is set
to be about 500 bar. Assume the following:
Cd for injector = 0.7
SG of fuel = 0.875
Atmospheric pressure = 1 bar
Effective pressure difference = Average pressure difference over the

injection period.
Determine the total orifice area required per injector if the injection takes place
over 15 crank angles.
55. A four-stroke cycle gas engine has a bore of 20 cm and a stroke of 40 cm. The
compression ratio is 6. In the test on the engine the indicated mean effective
pressure is 5 bar, the air to gas ratio is 6 : 1 and the calorific value of the gas is 12
MJ/m3 at NTP. At the beginning of the compression stroke, the temperature is
77C and pressure 0.98 bar. Neglecting residual gases, determine the indicated
power, the thermal efficiency and the relative efficiency of the engine at 250 r.p.m.
56. The pressure on the compression curve of a diesel engine are, at l/8 th stroke 1.4 bar
and at 7/8th stroke 14 bar. Estimate the compression ratio. Calculate the air
standard efficiency of the engine if the cut-off occurs at l/15th of the stroke. Also
find the fuel consumption per kWhr if the indicated thermal efficiency is 0.5 of
ideal efficiency, mechanical efficiency is 0.8 and the calorific value of the fuel is
41,900 kJ/kg. Take = 141.
57. An automobile has a 3.2 liter, five cylinder, four stroke cycle diesel engine
operating at 2400 RPM. Fuel injection occurs from 20 b TDC to 5 a TDC. The
engine has a volumetric efficiency of 0.95 and operates with fuel equivalence ratio
of 0.80. Light diesel fuel is used.
Calculate: (i) time for one injection, (ii) fuel flow rate through an injector.
Take stoichiometric air-fuel ratio as 14.5.
58. Prove that for the same compression ratio the Otto is more efficient than Diesel
cycle.
59. In a simple carburetor, the petrol in the float chamber stands 6 mm below the jet
opening. The engine consumes 6.4 kg fuel/h. The fuel jet diameter is 1.25 mm and
the discharge coefficient of the fuel orifice is 0.64. If the air-fuel ratio is 16 : 1,
estimate
(i) the air velocity at the throat;
(ii) the throat diameter;
(iii) the pressure drop in cm of water.
The coefficient of discharge for air is 0.85 and the ambient conditions are pressure
= 1 bar and temperature = 288 K. Take the density of fuel and air as 770 kg/m 3 and
1.1122 kg/m3 respectively. Neglect compressibility effect.
60. The following data relates to a two-cylinder four-stroke coal gas engine:
Bore and stroke of cylinder = 380 mm and 585 mm respectively
At 240 rpm, torque developed = 5.16 kNm
Coal gas to air mixture ratio = 1 to 7 by volume
Estimated volumetric efficiency = 85%
Net calorific value of coal gas = 16800 kJ/kg
Calculate the brake power, brake mean effective pressure, piston speed in meter
per second and brake thermal efficiency.
61. The cylinder volume of an I.C. engine is 3000 cm 3. It contains products of
combustion in gaseous form, which can be assumed to be an ideal gas. The
combustion products, just before the exhaust valve opens, are at a pressure of 6 bar
and temperature of 1123 K. Assuming specific heats at constant volume an d
constant pressure as 0.718 and 1.005 kJ/kg-K respectively, analyse and discuss the
availability of specific energy of the gas. The initial pressure and temperature of
gas can be taken as 1 bar and 15C respectively.

62. A petrol engine with a compression ratio of 7 uses a mixture of isooctane and
hexane as fuel. The pressure and temperature at the beginning of the compression
process are 1 bar and 55.22 C respectively. If the fuel-air mixture is 19.05% rich
and the maximum pressure developed is 115.26 bar, evaluate the composition of
the mixture (in percentage weight).
Take, Cv = 0.717 kJ/kg-K, (C V)hexane = 43 MJ/kg, (CV)isooctane = 42 MJ/kg and PV1.31 is
constant for the expansion and compression processes.
63 Petrol used in SI engine is assumed to have a chemical formula C7H16; Determine:
(i) stoichiometric A/F ratio.
(ii) If 50% excess air is supplied then find the volumetric composition of dry
exhaust products.
Air contains 23% of O2 & 77% of N2 by Mass.
64. A test on a single cylinder engine, four stroke having bore 180 mm and stroke 360
mm yielded the following results:
Speed : 285 rev/min.

Brake Torque : 393 Nm
IMEP : 7.2 bar
Fuel consumption : 3.5 kg/hr
Cooling water flow : 4.5 kg/ min
Cooling water temp, rise : 36 C
A/F ratio by mass : 25
Exhaust gas temp. : 415 C
Barometric pressure : 1.013 bar
Room temperature : 21 C
Fuel has a calorific value 45200 kj/kg and contains 15% by mass of hydrogen.
Determine:
(i) indicated thermal efficiency.
(ii) The volumetric efficiency based on atmospheric conditions.
(iii) Draw up a heat balance in terms of kJ/min explaining clearly the
content of such term.
Take R = 0.287 kJ/kgK,
CV for dry exhaust gases = 1.005 kJ/kgK
Cp for superheated steam = 2.05 kJ/kgK.
65. A 4 stroke single cylinder diesel engine develops a 36 kW when running at 800
rpm and consumes 240 gms/kWh. The pressure of the air in the cylinder at the
beginning of injection and at the end of injection are 40 bar and 60 bar. The
injection pressure at the beginning and end of injection are 200 bar and 600 bar
respectively.
Determine the diameter of the nozzle if the injection is carried out during 15
rotation of the crank. The ambient pressure and temp, are 1.013 bar and 27C. Cdf
= 0.6 and f = 800 kg/m3.
66. An automobile has 3.2 liter five cylinder, four stroke cycle diesel engine operating
at 2400 rpm. Fuel injection occurs from 20 b TDC to 5 a TDC. The engine has a
volumetric efficiency of 0.95 & operates with fuel equivalence ratio of 0.80. Light
diesel fuel is used. The pressure is 101 kPa, Temp. 298 K, R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
Calculate

(i) Time for one injection.

(ii) Fuel f1ow rate through an-injector.
67. Derive an expression for air standard efficiency of dual combustion cycle in terms
of compression ratio, cut-off ratio, and ratio of specific heats.
68. The compression ratio of an air standard Otto cycle is 8. At the beginning of
compression process the pressure is 1 bar and temperature 300 K. The heat
transfer to the air per cycle is 1900 kJ/kg of air. Calculate thermal efficiency and
mean effective pressure.
69. The following data is given for a 4 stroke, 4 cylinder diesel engine:
Diameter of cylinder = 35 cm, Piston stroke = 40 cm, Speed = 315 rpm, I mep = 7
bar, BP = 260 kW, TFC = 80 kg/hr, CV of fuel used = 43000 kJ/kg, Hydrogen
content of fuel = 13% and remaining is carbon. Air consumption 30 kg/min,
cooling water circulated 90 kg/min, Rise in temperature of cooling water 38C,
piston cooling oil used 45 kg/min. Rise in temperature of cooling oil 23C, for
cooling oil Cp = 2.3 kJ/kgK, exhaust gas temperature 322C and C p for exhaust
gas 1.1 kJ/kgK, Ambient temperature 22C, Cp for superheated steam 2 kJ/kgK
and latent heat of steam 2520 kJ/kg. Find: (i) Mechanical and indicated thermal
efficiency, and (ii) Draw up the heat balance sheet on minute basis.
70. A two-stroke CI engine delivers a brake power of 368 kW, while 73.6 kW is used to
overcome friction losses. It consumes 180 kg/hr of fuel at an air-fuel ratio of 20:1.
The heating value of the fuel is 42000 kJ/kg. Calculate (i) indicated power, (ii)
mechanical efficiency, (iii) air consumption, (iv) indicated thermal efficiency and (v)
brake thermal efficiency.
71. A six-cylinder petrol engine develops 62 hp at 3000 RPM. The volumetric efficiency at
NTP is 85%. The bore is equal to the stroke and thermal efficiency of 25% may be
assumed. Calorific value of petrol is 10500 kcal/kg. Air-fuel ratio is to be 15:1.
Calculate cylinder bore and stroke.
72. A four-cylinder four-stroke petrol engine was subjected to a laboratory test and the
following data were obtained:
Cylinder diameter = 64 mm
Stroke length - 90 mm
Fuel consumption = 7.5 liters/hr
RPM = 2400
Calorific value of fuel = 11400 kcal/kg
Specific gravity of fuel = 0.717
Brake drum diameter = 73.5 cm
Rope diameter = 2.5 cm
Load on brake drum running at one-third engine speed by belts, spring
balances read 60 kg and 8 kg. Mechanical efficiency = 80%
Determine (i) brake thermal efficiency and (ii) indicated mean effective pressure.
73. A full load test on a two-stroke engine yielded the following results:
Speed = 440 rpm
Brake load = 490.5 N
IMEP = 3 bar
Fuel Consumption = 5.4 kg/hour
Rise in jacket water temperature = 36 C
Jacket water flow = 450 kg/hour
Air fuel ratio by mass = 30 : 1
Temperature of exhaust gas = 360 C
Temperature of the test room = 19 C

Barometric pressure = 76 cm of Hg
Cylinder diameter = 22 cm
Stroke = 25 cm
Brake diameter = 1.20 m
Calorific value of fuel = 43000 kJ/kg
Proportion of hydrogen by mass in the fuel = 15%
Given,
Rair = 0.287 kJ/kgK, Cp of water = 4.18 kJ/kgK
Specific heat of dry exhaust gases = 1 kJ/kgK
Specific heat of dry steam = 2 kJ/kgK
Assume enthalpy of superheated steam to be 3180 kJ/kg, Calculate,
(i) the indicated thermal efficiency
(ii) the specific fuel consumption in kg/kWh
(iii) volumetric efficiency based on atmospheric conditions.
Draw up a heat balance for the test on the percentage basis indicating the content
of each item in the balance.
74. Derive an expression for the air-standard efficiency of a Diesel cycle in terms of
the compression ratio (the ratio of the volumes at the beginning and end of the
compression process), the cut-off ratio (ratio of volumes at the end and beginning
of the constant pressure beat addition process) and the ratio of specific heats at
constant pressure and constant volume. Draw a neat sketch of the cycle on the p-
V diagram.
75. An ideal Diesel engine operates with air as the winking substance. The
temperature and pressure of the air at the beginning of the compression process
are 25C and 1.005 bar. The compression ratio is 18 and the cut-off occurs at 6.5%
of the expansion stroke.
(i) Draw the p-V and the T-s diagrams for the cycle indicating clearly each of
the processes;
(ii) Determine the pressure and temperature at the end of each process;
(iii) Determine the air-standard efficiency of the cycle assuming = 1.4 for air;
(iv) The work done per cycle (assume CP =1.0 kJ/kgK);
The mean effective pressure.
76. An engine working on the ideal Otto cycle takes in air at 1 kg/cm 2 and 30C which
is compressed to 15 kg/cm2 at the end of the compression stroke. The temperature
attained at the end of constant volume heat addition is 900C. Assuming
adiabatic index to be 1.4 determine (i) the compression ratio, (ii) the thermal
efficiency, (iii) the temperature at the end of compression, (iv) the pressure at the
end of constant volume heating and (v) the mean effective pressure.
77. Show that the temperature at the end of the compression process in an ideal Otto
cycle is the geometric mean of the maximum and minimum temperatures
attained in the cycle if the work done is to be a maximum.
78. The diameter and stroke of a gas engine cylinder are 18 cm and 30 cm
respectively. The ratio of expansion is 5. The pressure and temperature of the
mixture at the beginning of compression are 1.04 kgf/cm 2 and 100C respectively.
Find the index of the compression process and the weight of the mixture in the
cylinder, if the pressure at the end of compression is 7 kgf/cm 2. Also calculate the
work done and heat transferred during the process, indicating the direction of

flow. Assume, R = 29.3 kgf-m/kg-K and ratio of specific heats equal to 1.4 for the
mixture.
79. The following data were obtained during the trial of a single cylinder 2-stroke
cycle diesel engine:
Cylinder bore 23 cm; stroke 45 cm; RPM 350; fuel consumed 0.3 kg/min with a
calorific value of 10000 kcal/min; area of indicator diagram 6.0 cm 2; length of
diagram 7.8 cm; spring constant 8.5; load on the brake drum 115 kgf at 1.25 m
radius; cooling water used 18 kg/min; temperature of water entering and leaving
18C; air fuel ratio 28; exhaust gas temperature 410C; mean specific heat of
exhaust gases 0.25. Calculate: DTP, BHP, mechanical efficiency, indicated
thermal efficiency and brake thermal efficiency.
Also draw up a heat balance sheet on minute basis.
80. The mass analysis of a hydrocarbon fuel is as follows:
C = 84%, H2 = 15% and the balance is incombustible material.
Find (i) mass of air required per kg of fuel for complete combustion, (ii) analysis of
wet exhaust gases, by mass and volume, if 20 kg fuel are supplied, (iii) partial
pressure of the steam formed in the exhaust gases if the total pressure of the
exhaust gases is 1.03 kg/cm2, (iv) heat carried away by dry exhaust gases formed
per kg of fuel if the temperature of exhaust gas is 375C and the ambient
temperature is 24C. Take Cp for dry gases = 0.24 kcal/kgK.
81. A four stroke limited pressure cycle (diesel) engine draws 1.2 kg/ sec of air at 1.03
kg/cm2 and 27C. Compression ratio of the cycle is 16. Pressure ratio during
constant volume heat addition is 2.0. Total heat added is equal to 550 kcl/kg of air
in the cylinder. Determine (i) pressure, volume and temperature at all salient
points, (ii) % of heat added during constant pressure process, (iii) cut-off ratio,(iv)
thermal efficiency, (v) mean effective pressure.
Represent the cycle on pV and T-s planes. Assume Cp = 0.24 kcal/kgK and CV =
0.17 kcal/kgK.
82. A 6-cylinder, four-stroke cycle, 10 cm 12.5 cm stroke, diesel engine develops 50
kW at 1000 r.p.m. The various efficiencies are mechanical 76%; volumetric 80%
under room conditions; indicated relative 88%; theoretical thermal 52%. The
lower calorific value of the liquid fuel is 45000 kJ. Compute (a) b.m.e.p.; (b) air
fuel ratio; (c) specific fuel consumption.
Assume air density as 0 12 kg/m2 under room conditions.
83. A simple jet carburettor has to supply 5 kg of air per minute. The air is at a
pressure of 1.013 bar and at a temperature of 27C. Calculate the throat diameter
of the choke for air flow velocity of 90 m/s. Take velocity coefficient to be 0.8.
Assume isentropic flow. Assume the flow lo be compressible.
84. In an I.C. engine operating on the dual cycle (limited pressure cycle), the
temperature of the working fluid (air) at the beginning of compression is 27C.
The ratio of the maximum and minimum pressures of the cycle is 70 and the
compression ratio is 15. The amounts of heat added at constant volume and at
constant pressure are equal. Compute the air standard thermal efficiency of the
cycle. State three main reasons why the actual thermal efficiency is different from
the theoretical value.
85. The following data refer to a steam turbine power plant employing one stage of
regenerative feed heating:

State of steam entering H.P. stage: 10 MPa, 600C

State of steam entering LP. stage: 2 MPa, 400C
State of steam entering condenser: 0.01 MPa, 0.9 dryness fraction.
The correct amount of steam is bled for feed heating at exit from the H.P. stage.
Calculate the mass of steam bled per kg of steam passing through the H.P. stage
and the amount of heat supplied in the boiler per second for an output of 10 MW.
Neglect pump work.
86. A spark-ignition engine, designed to run on octane (C8H18) fuel, is operated on
methane (CH4). Estimate the ratio of the power output of the engine with
methane fuel to that with octane. In both cases the fuel-air ratio is stoichiometric,
the mixture is supplied to the engine at the same c onditions, the engine runs at
the same speed, and has the same volumetric and thermal efficiencies. The
heating value of methane is 50,150/kJ/kg while that of octane is 44,880kJ/kg.
87. Prove that for the same compression ratio the Otto cycle is more efficient than the
Diesel cycle.
88. The volume ratios of compression and expansion for a Diesel engine as measured
from an indicator diagram are 15.3 and 7.5 respectively. The pressure and
temperature at the beginning of compression are 1 bar and 27 C. Assuming an
ideal engine, determine the mean effective pressure, the ratio of maximum
pressure to mean effective pressure and the cycle efficiency. Also find the fuel
consumption per kWh if the indicated thermal efficiency is 0.5 of ideal efficiency,
mechanical efficiency 0.8 and calorific value of oil 42000 kJ/kg.
89. During the trial of a single-acting oil engine, cylinder diameter 20 cm, stroke 28
cm, working on the two-stroke cycle and firing every cycle, the following
observations were made:
Duration of trial, 1 hour
Total fuel used, 4.22 kg;
Calorific value,44670 kJ/kg;
Proportion of hydrogen in fuel, 15%
Total number of revolutions, 21000
Mean effective pressure, 2.74 bar
Net brake load applied to a drum of 100 cm diameter, 600N
Total mass of cooling water circulated, 495 kg
Temperature of cooling water: inlet 13 C, outlet 38C
Air used, 135 kg.
Temperature of air in test room, 20C and temperature of exhaust gases, 370C
Assume: Cp gases = 1.005 kJ/kg K and CP steam at atmospheric pressure = 2.093 kJ/kg
K.
Calculate the thermal efficiency and draw up the heat balance.
100. Derive an expression for air standard efficiency of the following cycle in terms of
compression ratio, R, CV and .
(i) an isothermal compression, compression ratio, y
(ii) an increase of pressure at constant volume
an adiabatic expansion.
101. Calculate the percentage loss in the ideal efficiency of a diesel engine with
compression ratio 14 if the fuel cut-off is delayed from 5% to 8%.
102. A 16-cylinder diesel engine has a power output of 800 kW at 900 revolutions per

minute. The engine works on the four stroke cycle and has a fuel consumption of
0.238 kg/kW hr. The pressure in the cylinder at the beginning of injection is 32.4
bar and the maximum cylinder pressure is 55 bar. The injector is set at 214 bar
and maximum pressure at the injector is around 600 bar. The coefficient of
discharge for the injector is 0.6. The specific gravity of the fuel is 0.86. Calculate
the orifice area required per injector if the injection takes place over 10 degree
crank angle.
103. An automobile carburetor having its float chamber vented to the atmosphere is
tested at sea level conditions in the factory without an air cleaner. The main
metering system of this carburetor is found yield a fuel-air ratio of 0.065. The
venture throat pressure is 0.84 bar. This carburetor is now installed in an
automobile and air cleaner is placed on the inlet to carburetor. The air flow rate
with and without the air filter is 230 kg/hr. The pressure drop through the filter is
found to be 0.035 bar at sea level conditions. Assuming z = 0 and orifice coefficient
to be constant calculate
(i) the venturi throat pressure with the air cleaner
(ii) fuel-air ratio with the air cleaner.
Assume incompressible flow.
104. A six cylinder, four stroke spark-ignition engine of 10 cm 12 cm (bore/stroke)
with a compression ratio of 6 is tested at 4800 rpm on a dynamometer of arm 55
cm. During a 10 minutes test, the dynamometer reads 45 kg and the engine
consumed 5 kg of petrol of calorific value 45 MJ/kg. The carburettor receives the
air at 29C and 1 bar at the rate of 10 kg/min. Calculate:
(i) the brake power
(ii) the brake mean effective pressure
(iii) the brake specific fuel consumption
(iv) the brake specific air consumption
(v) the brake thermal efficiency
(vi) the air-fuel ratio
105. Derive an expression for the diameter of the injector orifice to spray fuel Q
cm3/cycle/cylinder in terms of injection pressure pinj (kN/m2), combustion chamber
pressure pcyl (kN/m2), density of fuel pf(kg/cm3) and period of injection t seconds.
Calculate the diameter of the injector orifice of a six- cylinder, 4-stroke CI engine
using the following data:
Brake power = 250 kW, Engine speed = 1500 r.p.m.; BSFC = 0.3 kg/kW; Cylinder
pressure = 35 bar; Injection pressure = 200 bar; Specific gravity of fuel = 0.88;
Coefficient of discharge of the fuel orifice = 0.92; Duration of injection = 36 of
crank angle.
106. The following data are known for a four cylinder four stroke petrol engine:
Cylinder dimensions: 11 cm bore, 13 cm stroke; engine speed: 2250 rpm; brake
power: 50 kW; friction power: 15 kW; fuel consumption rate: 10.5 kg/h; calorific
value of fuel: 50,000 kJ/kg; air inhalation rate: 300 kg/h; ambient condition: 15 C,
103 bar. Estimate (i) brake mean effective pressure (ii) volumetric efficiency (iii)
brake thermal efficiency, and (iv) mechanical efficiency.
107. Derive an expression for air/fuel ratio of a carburetor by
(i) Neglecting compressibility of air
(ii) Taking compressibility effects into account.
108. A four stroke diesel engine of 3000 cc capacity develops 14 kW per m 3 of free air
induced per minute. When running at 3500 rev/min it has a volumetric efficiency
of 85 per cent referred to free air-conditions of 1.013 bar and 27C. It is proposed
to boost the power of the engine by supercharging by a blower (driven
mechanically from the engine) of pressure ratio 1.7 and isentropic efficiency of 80
per cent. Assuming that at the end of induction the cylinders contain a volume of
charge equal to the swept volume, at the pressure and temperature of the delivery
from the blower, estimate the increase in bp to be expected from the engine. Take
overall mechanical efficiency as 80 per cent, r for air = 1 4, R = 0.287 kJ/kg K.
109. A liquid fuel C7H16 is burned with 10% more air than the stoichiometric air.
Assuming complete combustion, calculate
(i) the mass of air supplied per kg of fuel and
(ii) the volumetric analysis of the dry products of combustion, Assume air
contains 21 per cent O2 by volume.
110. A four - cylinder engine of an automobile is converted to run on propane (C 3H8)
fuel. A dry analysis of engine exhaust gives volumetric percentage of CO, CO 2 and
O2, respectively at 9.79%, 4.90% and 2.45%. Write the resulting chemical reaction
and find the equivalence ratio.
111. The spark plug is fixed at 18 before top dead centre (TDC) in an SI engine
running at 1800 r.p.m. It takes 8 of rotation to start combustion and get into
flame propagation mode. Flame termination occurs at 12 after TDC. Flame front
can be approximated as a sphere moving out from the spark plug which is offset 8
mm from the centre line of the cylinder whose bore diameter is 8.4 cm. Calculate
the effective flame front speed during flame propagation. The engine speed is
increased to 3000 r.p.m. and subsequently as a result of which the effective flame
front speed increases at a rate such that it is directly proportional to 0.85 times of
engine speed. Flame development after spark plug firing still takes 8 of engine
rotation. Calculate how much engine rotation must be advanced such that the
flame termination again occurs at 12 after TDC.
112. An engine fitted with a single jet carburettor having a jet diameter of 1.25 mm
has a fuel consumption of 6 kg/hr. The specific gravity of fuel is 0.7. The level of
fuel in the float chamber is 5 mm below the top of the jet when the engine is not
running. Ambient conditions are 1 bar and 17C. The fuel jet diameter is 0.6 mm.
The discharge coefficient of air is 0.85. Air-fuel ratio is 15. Determine the critical
velocity of flow at throat and the throat diameter. Express the pressure at throat
in mm of water column. Neglect compressibility effect. Assume discharge
coefficient of fuel flow is 0.60.
113. Find the percentage increase in the efficiency of a Diesel Cycle having a
compression ratio r of 16 and cut off ratio 'rc' is 10% of the swept volume, if Cv
decreases by 2%. Take Cv = 0.717 kJ/kgK and = 1.4.
114. A four stroke single cylinder petrol engine mounted on a motor cycle was put to
load test. The load measured on dynamometer was 30 kg with drum diameter and
speed respectively at 900 mm and 2000 rpm. The engine consumed 0.15 kg of fuel
in one minute, the calorific value of fuel being 43.5 MJ/kg. The fuel supply to the
engine was stopped and was driven by a motor which needed 5 kW of power to
keep it running at the same speed, the efficiency of the motor being 80%. The
engine cylinder bore and stroke are respectively at 150 mm and 200 mm.
Calculate

(i) brake power,

(ii) Indicated power,
(iii) mechanical efficiency,
(iv) brake thermal efficiency,
(v) Indicated thermal efficiency,
(vi) brake mean effective pressure and
(vii) Indicated mean effective pressure.
115. In an oil engine, working on dual combustion cycle the temperature and pressure
at the beginning of compression are 90C and 1 bar. The compression ratio is 13 :
1. The heat supplied per kg of air is 1675 kJ, half of which is supplied at constant
volume and half at constant pressure. Calculate (i) the maximum pressure in the
cycle, and (ii) the percentage of stroke at which cut-off occurs.
Take for compression 1.4, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK and C for products of combustion is
0.71 + 20 105 T where T is in K.
116. In an air standard Otto cycle the maximum and minimum temperatures are 1400
and 15C. The heat supplied per kg of air is 800 kJ. Calculate the compression
ratio and cycle efficiency. Also calculate the maximum to minimum pressure ratio
in the cycle.
117. A four cylinder 4 stroke diesel engine has a bore of 212 mm and stroke 292 mm.
At full load at 720 rpm the break mean effective pressure is 5.93 bar and specific
fuel consumption is 0.226 kg/kWH. The air fuel ratio as determined by exhaust
gas analysis is 25 : 1. Calculate the break thermal efficiency and volumetric
efficiency of the engine. Atmospheric conditions are 1.01 bar and 15C. The
calorific value of fuel may be taken as 44200 kJ/kg.
118. A 100 cc petrol Engine with a compression ratio of 6 compresses the air fuel
mixture to 900 kPa and 375C. At the end of compression the ignition is started
and the pressure rises along a straight line and attains the highest value of 3.0
MPa after the piston has travelled 4% of the working stroke. The air fuel ratio is
15 :1. Take R for mixture as 0.275 kJ/kg-K, calorific value of fuel = 44 MJ/kg and
Cv = 0.965 kJ/kg-K. Find the heat loss per kg of charge during explosion. Flue
gases and air has same gas constant.
119. A certain mass of air is initially at 260C and 700 kPa and occupies 0.028 m 3. The
air is expanded at constant pressure to 0.084 m 3. A polytropic process with n =
1.50 is then carried out, followed by a constant temperature process which
completes the cycle. All the processes are reversible processes.
(i) Sketch the cycle on P-v and T-s coordinates and
(ii) find the efficiency of the cycle.
120. The output of an engine is given as input to an agricultural pump set. The pump
is used for lifting water from a depth of 30 m at the rate of 200 litres/minute. The
transmission efficiency between the engine and the pump is 100% and the pump
is considered to be 100% efficient. The brake thermal efficiency of the engine is
35%, the calorific value of the fuel is 43 MJ/kg, the cost of fuel is Rs 53.00 per litre
and the density of the fuel is 780 kg/m 3. Estimate the running cost of the fuel for
1000 m3 of water lifted.


P R o B L e M S o F P R A C T I C e S O F B A S I C A N D A P P L I e D T H e R M o D y N A M I C S I - C - E N G I N e

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Problems of Practices

1. Determine the theoretical horse-power of an Otto cycle engine with a maximum

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(ii) Compression ratio = 5.9

where h is height in meters and ts is the sea level temperature in C.

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Effective pressure difference = Average pressure difference over the

gas can be taken as 1 bar and 15C respectively.

Speed : 285 rev/min.

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(i) Time for one injection.

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State of steam entering H.P. stage: 10 MPa, 600C

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(i) brake power,

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