Anatomy of

Cardiovascular
System
The Cardiovascular
System consists of:
Blood:
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets,
plasma, serum albumin, blood clotting factors,
antibodies, hormones, CO2, proteins,
electrolytes, blood lipids.
Heart:
2 atria, 2 ventricles, 4 valves.
Blood vessels:
Aorta Arteries Arterioles
Capillaries Venules Veins Vena cava.
Heart

Shaped like a blunt cone

Located in thoracic cavity between the lungs
The size of a closed fist, weight around 250
gram - 350 gram.
The blunt, rounded point of the cone
apex (the lowest superficial part of the heart)
The larger, flat part at opposite end of the cone
base (part of the heart that lies opposite the
apex)
 Pericardium / pericardial sac is a double-layered
closed sac that surrounds the heart:
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium:
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
 Heart wall is composed of three layers of
tissue:
Epicardium (serous membrane /
visceral pericardium)
Myocardium (cardiac muscle)
Endocardium (squamous epithelium)
 Heart chambers:
Right atrium
Receiving blood from vena cava & heart itself
Right ventricle
Receiving blood from right atrium
Left atrium
Receiving blood from pulmonary veins
Left ventricle
Receiving blood from left atrium
 Heart has four valves:

Atrioventricular valves:
1. Tricuspid > between right atrium & right ventricle
2. Bicuspid / mitral > between left atrium & left ventricle
Semilunar valves:
3. Aortic > between left ventricle & aorta
4. Pulmonary > between right ventricle & pulmonary trunk
Cardiovascular
System
 Major arteries to heart tissue:
Right coronary artery

Left coronary artery

Major veins from heart tissue:

Coronary sinus

Great cardiac vein

Small cardiac vein

Auscultation
Heart sound
 Superior &
Right Pulmonary
Inferior Tricuspid Right Semilunar Pulmonary Pulmonary
Vena cava Atrium Valve Ventricle Trunk Arteries
Valves
Coronary sinus
Cardiac veins
Body tissues Lung tissue
(systemic Heart tissue (pulmonary
circulation) circulation)
Coronary
Arteries
Aortic Left
Left Bicuspid Pulmonary
Aorta Semilunar Atrium Veins
Ventricle Valve
Valves

Blood flow through the heart

 Conducting System
1. Sinoatrial node / SA node
(The pacemaker)
2. Atrioventricular node / AV node
3. Common AV Bundle
4. Right & Left Bundle Branches
5. Purkinje fibers

5
 Conduction System
Specialized nerve tissues for creating and
transporting the electrical impulse.
The final result is myocardial contraction.
SA node as pacemaker creates electrical impulse
by rapid influx of Na into the cells and out-flux
of K. ----action potential.
The electrical impulse travels from atria to the
AV node. pauses briefly to allow contractions
and emptying of the atria.
 The excitation moves through the bundle of His
and along the intraventricular septum by way of
the left and right bundle branch then diffuse
widely through Purkinje fibers.
This triggers a uniform myocardial contraction.
The electrical activity of the heart can be
detected and recoded by electrocardiogram
(ECG).
 Mechanical System
The electrical system triggers mechanical activity
: systole and diastole.
Cardiac Output (CO) is the measurement of
mechanical activity.
CO is the amount of blood pumped by each
ventricle in 1 minute.
Normal adult : 4-8 L per minute.
CO = SV x HR
 Factors affecting CO
1. Preload
The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of
diastole before the next contraction.
Preload determines the amount of stretch placed on
myocardial fibers.
2. Contractility.
It can be increased by noreepinephrine released by
SNS, as well as epinephrine.
Increase contractility raises SV by increasing ventricular
emptying.
Afterload.
3. Afterload.
Peripheral resistance against which the left
ventricle must pump.
It is affected by the size of ventricle, wall
tension and arterial blood pressure.
If the arterial BP increased the ventricles will
meet increased resistance ejection of blood,
increased the work demand.
 Vascular System
1. Arteries :
The large arteries have thick walls with elastic tissues

travel away form the heart, carry oxygenated blood.

2. Veins :
Large diameter, thin walled vessels.

travels toward the heart, carry deoxygenated blood.

Capillaries :

Thin capillary walls made up of endothelial cells, no

elastic or muscle tissue present.
 Blood Pressure
It is a measure of the pressure exerted by blood
against the wall of the arterial system.
Systolic : the peak pressure exerted against the
arteries when the heart contracts.
Diastolic : the residual pressure of the arterial
system during ventricular relaxation.
BP = CO x SVR
SVR : the force opposing the movement of the
blood.
 Innervated by: parasympathetic and sympathetic
nerve fibers

Parasympathetic nerve through vagus nerves

(cranial nerves X) : sending impulse that slowdown
heart rate / decreasing heart contraction by
decelerating SA node

Comes from medulla oblongata via right and left

side of vagus nerves (CN X)

Sympathetic nerve : sending impulse that stimulate

SA node to increase heart contraction.

Comes from T1-T5 segment in spinal cord come

into sympathetic ascendant and end up in ganglia to
the heart through cardiac nerves.
 Good bye

Have a nice day

mate !

See you next time !