EE6004 FACTS Unit-3 TCSC and Applications

K.RAMAKRISHNAN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, TRICHY

Department of EEE (Final Year 7th SEM)

EE6004 FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

UNIT-3 THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES CAPACITOR (TCSC) AND

APPLICATIONS

PART-A (Two Marks) Questions and answers

1. Draw the VI Capability curves for Single Module TCSC.

2. List the advantages of TCSC.

Rapid , continuous control of transmission-line, series-compensation level
Dynamic control of power flow in selected transmission lines within the network
to enable optimal power flow conditions and prevent the loop flow of power
Damping of the power swings from local and inter area oscillations
Suppression of synchronous oscillations
Decreasing DC offset voltages.

3. What is the application of TCSC?
Mitigation of sub synchronous resonance
Enhancement of system damping
Power system stability improvement
To increase power transfer capability

4. What is meant by bypassed thyristor mode?
In this bypassed mode, the thyristor are made to fully conduct with the

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EE6004 FACTS Unit-3 TCSC and Applications

conduction angle of 180 degree. The TCSC module behaves like a parallel
capacitor-inductor combination. However the net current through the module is
inductive, for the susceptance of the reactor is chosen to be greater than that of the
capacitor. Also known as the thyristor switched reactor (TSR) mode

5. What is the indication of voltage collapse points?

The Collapse points are indicative of the maximum load ability of the
transmission lines or the available transfer capability (ATC)

6. What is the effect of TCSC in SSR problem?

At sub synchronous frequency the TCSC presents an inherently resistive-
inductive reactance. The sub-synchronous oscillations cannot be sustained in the
situations and consequently get damped.

7. What are different modes of operation of TCSC?

Bypassed thyristor mode
Blocked thyristor mode
Partially conducting thyristor (Capacitive-Vernier) mode
Partially conducting thyristor (inductive-Vernier) mode

8. What is the need for variable-series compensation?WW.VIDYARTHIPLUS.COM

Enhanced base power flow and load ability of series compensator line
Additional losses in the compensator line from the enhanced power flow
Increased responsiveness of the power flow in the series compensated line from
the outage of other lines in the system

9. List the models of TCSC.

Modeling for sub-synchronous resonance SSR studies
Variable reactance model
Transient stability model
Long term stability model

10. How is the variation of capacitive reactance achieved in TCSC?
By varying the firing angle of the anti-parallel thyristor connected in series with
the reactor in the TCR, the fundamental frequency inductive reactance of the TCR can
be changed. This affects a change in the reactance of TCSC and it can be controlled to
produce either inductive or capacitive reactance.

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EE6004 FACTS Unit-3 TCSC and Applications

11. Draw the impedance vs. delay angle characteristics of TCSC.

12. Define sub synchronous resonance (SSR)

It is an electric power system condition, where the electric network exchanges
energy with the turbine generator at one or more of the natural frequencies of the
combined system below the synchronous frequency of the system.

13. What are the causes of series compensation in long transmission lines?
Sub-synchronous oscillations, caused by interaction between the electrical
network and the generator torsional system.
Low frequency (1Hz-10Hz) oscillations caused by interaction between the series
capacitors and the shunt inductors, especially during line switching and faults.
These oscillations have large magnitudes and last for long periods because of
high shunt reactor Q factors.
Switching oscillations, caused by the switching of lines.

14. What is TCSC?

TCSC is a capacitive reactance compensator, which consists of a series
capacitor bank shunted by a thyristor controlled reactor. The basic conceptual TCSC
module comprises a series capacitor, C,in parallel with a thyristor controlled reactor,
Ls, in order to provide a smoothly variable series capacitive reactance.

15. What is the basic principle of TCSC?

The basic operating principle behind the TCSC is that, it can provide a
continuously variable capacitor by means of partially cancelling the effective
compensating capacitance of the thyristor controlled reactor.

16. What are symptoms of voltage collapse?

The main symptoms of voltage collapse are low voltage profiles, heavy reactive
power flows, inadequate reactive support, and heavily loaded systems.

17. How is voltage instability identified in the power system?

Voltage instability problem is mainly because of insufficient reactive capacity of

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EE6004 FACTS Unit-3 TCSC and Applications

power systems during disturbances like line outage contingencies.

Voltage collapse is mathematically indicated when the system Jacobian
becomes singular.

18. What does voltage collapse means?

Voltage collapse is a loss of stability in large scale electric power systems
which causes blackout when voltages decrease terribly.

19. How is system voltage stability limit improved?

Voltage stability is primarily associated with the reactive power support.
FACTS devices can regulate the active and reactive power control as well as
adaptive to voltage magnitude control simultaneously because of their flexibility
and fast control characteristics.

Placement of these devices in suitable location and proper coordination

between FACTS controllers can leads to control in line flow and maintain bus
voltages in desired level and so improve voltage stability margins and of the power
systems.

20. What is Bang Bang control?

Bang Bang control is a discrete control form in which the thyristor are
either fully switched on (=90) or fully switched off (=180)
Thus, TCSC alternates between a fixed inductor and a fixed capacitor,
respectively, and it is advantageous that such control is used not only for
minimizing first swings but for damping any subsequent swings as well.
Bang bang control is employed in face of large disturbances to improve the
transient stability.

21. Draw the VI capability characteristics for a two module TCSC.

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EE6004 FACTS Unit-3 TCSC and Applications

22. Draw a block diagram of the variable reactance model of the TCSC.

23. What are the needs of the damping control of a TCSC?

Stabilize both post disturbance oscillations and spontaneously
growing oscillations during normal operations
Obviate the adverse interactions with high frequency phenomena in power
system such as network resonance
Preclude local instabilities within the controller bandwidth
Be robust in that it imparts the desired damping over a wide range of
system operating conditions
Be reliable

24. What are the locations to place TCSC in a power system?

S. The TCSC should be located in lines that experience limiting power oscillations
The swing of voltage on each side of the TCSC must be within acceptable
limits otherwise multiple sides may be necessary
The control action of the TCSC in one transmission path should not cause
undue power swing in a parallel path.
Sometimes it may be advisable to distribute the control action among
multiple TCSCs rather than confining the control action to one large rating
TCSC

PART-B Questions

1. Explain the TCSC Controller module with neat schematic diagram.

2. Explain the operating principle and different modes of operation in TCSC.

3. Explain the principle and V-I characteristics of TCSC with suitable diagrams

4. Explain the modeling of TCSC for load flow and stability studies.

5. Apply TCSC in the improvement of System stability limit.

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EE6004 FACTS Unit-3 TCSC and Applications

6. Apply TCSC in Enhancement of system Damping. (or) Explain how the system
damping is enhanced with the help of TCSC.

Reference Book:

R.Mohan Mathur, Rajiv K.Varma, Thyristor Based Facts Controllers for Electrical
Transmission Systems, IEEE press and John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002.

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