Powers and Exponent Laws What You'll Learn * Use powers to show repeated multiplication. Evaluate powers with exponent 0. Write numbers using powers of 10 Use the order of operations with exponents. Use the exponent laws to simplify and evaluate expressions, Why It's Important Powers are used by * lab technicians, when they interpret a patient's test results * reporters, when they write large numbers in a news story Key Words integer exponent opposite squared positive cubed negative standard form factor product power quotient baseD 2.1 Skill Builder Mu Itiplying Integers When multiplying 2 integers, look at the sign of each integer: ‘* When the integers have the same sign, their | product is positive. oO lA] o (+) ) (+) ‘© When the integers have different signs, their product is negative. ‘When an integer 6x (-3) These 2 integers have different signs, so their product is negative. 6 x (-3) = -18 (10) x (-2) These 2 integers have the same sign, so their product is positive. (=10) x (=2) = 20 Is positive, we do not have to write the + sign in front, Check 1. Will the product be positive or negative? a) 7x4 ©) (-9) x 10 2. Multiply. a) 7x4= Ox 10= ) 3)xCS)=_ g) 8) x2 b) 3x (-6) ) (-5) x (-9) oa b) 3 x (-6) = d) (—5) x (-9) = #) 2x (-5)= hy) (-4) x3 =Mul plying More than 2 Integers _ We can multiply more than 2 integers. Multiply pairs of integers, from left to right. (1x2) x 3) (1.x (52) x (-3) x (4) 2x(-3) x (—3) x (-4) bestbad = (-6) x (4) =24 The product of 3 negative factors is The product of 4 negative factors is negative, positive. Multiplying Integers ‘When the number of negative factors is even, the product is positive. When the number of negative factors is odd, the product is negative. ‘We can show products of integers in different ways: (-2) x (-2) x 3 x (—2) is the same as (-2(-2)(3-2). So, (~2) x (2) X 3 x (~2) = (—2X-23X-2) =-24 Check 1. Multiply. a) (-3) x (-2) x (-1) x1 Is the answer positive or negative? How ‘can you tell? b) (—2X— 1-222) ©) (—2X-2K- 1-2-2) d) 3x 3x2D 2.1 What Is a Power? [ZI Show repeated multiplication as a power. We can use powers to show repeated multiplication 2x2K2x2K2 0 = Repeated multiplication 5 factors of 2 We read 25 as "2 to the Sth.” Here are some other powers of 2 2s the base. 5s the exponent. 2 isa power. | Power | Readas... 2! | 2to the 1st In each case, the : exponent in the ieee power is equal to the ‘number of factors in 2x2 2 | 2 to the 2nd, or 2 squared he eg 2 factors of 2 multiplication. 2x 2x2 2B | 2 tothe 3rd, or 2 cubed Bactors of 2 2x2x2Xx2 2 | 2to the 4th 4 factors of 2 Example 1 | Writing Powers Write as a power. a) 4x4xaxaxaxd Solution a) The base is 4. 4x4xK4xK4x4x4= 48 erect oft $0,4X4x4x4x4x4=48 b) The base is 3. 3 “T factor of 3 So, 3 = 3!Check 4. Write as a power. a) 2X2xX2X2X2X2 b)5x5x5x5 © (-10\-10X— 10) d) 4x4 ©) (7X 71-1 2{-T\-U-TX-7) = 2. Complete the table. Repeated Multiplication | Power Read as... a) [8xaxexs | 8 to the ath b) |7x7 I oO |3x3x3x3x3x3 3 to the 6th d) |2x2x2 Power Repeated Multipli Standard Form a 2x2xX2xK2x2 32 ( Example 2 | Evaluating Powers ‘Write as repeated multiplication and in standard form, a) 24 Solution a) 24=2x2x2%2 6 b) 59=5x5x5 =125 b) 5? As repeated multiplication Standard form As repeated multiplication Standard formcee 4. Complete the table. [Power Repeated Multiplication | Standard Form 2B 2x2x2 e 36 3 104 8 squared 7 cubed ‘To evaluate a power that contains negative integers, identify the base of the power. Then, apply the rules for multiplying integers. Example 3 | Evaluating Expressions Invol ig Negative Signs Identify the base, then evaluate each power. a) (-5) b) -5* Solution a) (-5)" The brackets tell us that the base of this power is (—5). (5) = (5) x (8) x (45) x (-5) There is an even number of negative integers, so the product is positive b) -54 There are no brackets, So, the base of this power is 5. The negative sign applies to the whole expression = -(5X5X5X5) = -625Check 1. Identify the base of each power, then evaluate. a) (-17 b) —10° The base is The base is The first negative sign applies to the whole expression. °) (-77 a) -(-5* The base is —(-5)8= 1. Write as a power. a) 8X8XBX8X8XBXB dU] 7 factors of 8 ‘The base is 8. There are __ equal factors, so the exponent is 8X BX8XBX8X8X8=8— b) 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 ——e—eeeaeooerrve—'—: 5 factors of 10 The base is There are ___ equal factors, so the exponent is So, 10 x 10 X 10 x 10x 10 = (2K 2x-2) 3 factors of The base is There are __equal factors, so the exponent is, So, (—2(-2X-2) dl) (— 13-13 13X—-13X-13X-13) factors of The base is There are equal factors, so the exponent is So, (=13X~13)(— 13-13-1313) = _ 2. Write each expression as a power. a) 9x9x9x9= a b) (SX5X5N5K5)(5) = cE ae eee ed) (—12)(— 12-12-1212) =3. Write each power as repeated multiplication. a) #= b) 34= Q 2= d) 108 = Identify the base 4, State whether the answer will be positive or negative. first a) (3 b) 6 (-10) d) -47 5. Write each power as repeated multiplication and in standard form. Predict. Will the answer be positive or negative? a) (-3? b) 6 OG) = ae 6. Write each product as a power and in standard form. a) (—3-3)(-3) = b) (-8)(-8) od -8x 8x8) = q & L t 7 = 7 7 1 i oe 7. identify any errors and correct them. a) 4 =12 b) (-2)° is negative, ©) (9)? is negative. ad) = 25 e) (-10)? = 100