1.

What is it that explains the great diversity in time and space of the status types that have
prevailed in Europe since 990 A.D. and who converged at the end of European States in
different variants of the national State?
CHARLES TILLY.

The answers to this question are not satisfactory for any analyst of the European continent. The
expectations that are based on two points. The initial, in which the intensity is in the hands of the
development of the state of currency and, secondly, the influence of external factors in the
transformation of the state. The author presents a series of alternative conceptions on the state of
Formation, which provides an answer to these approaches.

Statist Analysis
Together with the formation of the state, there has been many analysts of international relations
that have adopted the statist perspective. Of course, it is of vital importance that states act on certain
interests, that the international system is anarchic and that certain actors act on the interaction of
States and their own interests. The explanations that the statists have played an important role
among historians, sociologists and scholars of comparative politics.

Geopolitical analyzes
The geopolitical analysis gives great importance to the international system during the
formation of the state. These are those of which it is composed. As the author suggests, on the
basis of this kind of analysis, the relations of the states possess a logic and an influence, therefore,
the formation of the state is in response to the current system of relations between them.

The analysis of the mode of production

Tilly mentions Gordon Clark and Michael conceived the State as a result of the economic and
political demands of capitalist production. Therefore, the state is involved in the formation and
distribution of surplus value in seeking to preserve their power and fortune. Also argues that the
state organized clarifications are based on the assumption of the capitalist interests that dominate
within the jurisdiction of the state.

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 The analysis of the global system
In this type of theoretical study neomarxist expands the distinctive marxist partition between
capital and labor all over the world. The special features of the state and the relations of the
producers and stockists of the area with the global economy are the insurers of the approach in the
region. As a result of what has been said, the state plays the decisive role of the national ruling
class, working at the service of this kind in the economic field. Researchers Barrington Moore,
Stein Rokkan and Lewis Mumford despite his studies were not able to produce a general
explanation about the variation in the formation of the European states. So we have to, Moore had
as a proposal to explain it because some states have representative systems possibly viable, and
others, in contrast, are characteristic of an authoritarian form of government. Unfortunately, his
studies focused on their time and leaving aside the previous forms of government, thus distorting
the results. For its part, Rokkan entered the variability of European political systems and in the
possible tendency of States to develop similar political structures. Rokkan died before developing
and refining the version or the result of his studies. Finally, Mumford created a theory of the
threshold of urbanism. For him, the critical concentration of power and the expansion of the means
of production drove the development of the cities. However, their analysis was never fully
developed in terms of the transformation of the states.

The logic of capital and coercion

Within the cities, there is a flow of marketing and agriculture, which in turn symbolizes the
economy of the region. Taking into account that requires other people to meet their basic needs;
there is a great development of the cities and involve a series of changes. The coercion determines
a domain zone. The means of coercion are grouped in the armed forces, but extends to prison,
however, dishonor and blackmail. The two groups of coercion in Europe were the soldiers and
landowners, where it crystallized in Aristocracies. In the light of what has been said, the capital
and coercion come together not only to exploit, but also for the master.
The war, the formation and transformation of the State
The means of coercion in the war and internal control that create problems. In the first place,
those who exercise coercion are necessary to manage the land, the people and the property;
likewise committed to the extraction of resources and the distribution of goods and services. The
problem lies in the fact that the administration away from the earth, and sometimes the interests

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are opposed to the war. There have been three types of states that have emerged from several
Europe contradictory since the year 990: empires receivers of taxes, fragmented sovereignty
systems, urban federations and national states. In the first construction of a military apparatus,
however, almost all of the local administration is in command of the powerful national. In the
systems of fragmented sovereignty, the associations are transitory and consultative institutions
play an important role in the war. The coalition of the united national joins military organizations,
which are sometimes administrative and productive in a central structure.

The creation of the state rarely was designed on the basis of an accurate model; in fact, the
European princes only behaved efficiently to produce the state to follow. There are the main
components of the national state, such as courts, treasuries, administrations and other. In fact, it
was the result of the creation and support of an armed force.

2. The CRISIS OF THE STATE ARCHITECTURE

The State is characterized as a form of political organization, beyond the infinite number of
configurations that allows specific policies and has always covered, for certain common and
specific elements that are part of its very essence, which constitute the pillars of its construction
and represent the origin of your establishment. Now, in modern society, these items will not be
clearly understood: in all countries the state is exposed to strong vibrations that shake their
foundations.

The State Model

Appearing in Western Europe at the end of the feudal era, integrating the values of modernity,
the state experienced a progressive globalization and became mandatory in the figure of the
political organization: all entities policies suited to the mold of the state; there is no other
alternative than the state, which, being an emblem of modernity, it seems to exhaust the
possibilities imaginable and appears as the only possible alternative. The requirements of
international life contributed significantly to this broadcast: international relations were structured
at the beginning of the 17th century around the States and the adoption of the state form became a
passport required for access to the international society. Erected as a subject of international law,

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the State will be endowed with different attributes Stable, helping to secure the constituent
elements of the state model to create the right conditions for reproduction.

Construction
1. the specificity of the state model, as it was built in a progressive way in Europe, it is a
combination of five essential elements:

The existence of a human group, the nation, was implanted in a territory and characterized,
beyond the diversity and the opposition of the interests of the members, for a deeper bond of
solidarity.

The construction of an abstract figure, the State, which in turn was built as a repository of social
identity and the source of all authority.

The perception of the State as the foundation of the order and the social cohesion: while the
"civil society" covers the scope of the private activities, and the "interests", the State would be
responsible for expressing the "general interest".

The establishment of a monopoly of force: the State appears as the only legitimate source of
coercion; within their territorial limits, the violence is considered legitimate only to the extent that
the State permits or prescribes.

The existence of a structured and coherent apparatus of domination, was in charge of putting
into practice this power.

2. This building contains the scope and limits of a model of "ideal type" in the weberian sense,
which involves four consequences:

In the first place, the construction of the State did not happen overnight; its construction step
by a series of successive stages.

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 Then, the process of State-building became very important. Hegel showed that the dialectical
tension between the Generalitat and the particularity, present at the beginning of the construction
of the modern state, could lead to different balances.

The form of the State was no more than an artifice, a simple on that covered the existence of an
absolute power. The totalitarianism of the 20th century was radically different from the official
model Classic, to the point of appearing as a genetically different: the "totalitarian state" proposes,
in fact, cover the integrality of the social field and exert an influence on individuals; The principles
of constitution of the State suffer, therefore, a complete denaturation.

Finally, the dissemination of the official model of your cradle of western origin was at the
expense of a series of distortions. Two critical settings, and in no way incompatible. The of the
authoritarian state and the patrimonial state.

Expansion
If the official configurations differ a lot during the 20th century, it is possible to agree on one
point in common: in general, we observe a continuous movement of expansion through which the
State established an increasingly close network of coercion and control over society; while in the
classical liberal model its postulate was to occupy a social space limited, we witnessed, from the
First World War, a continuous extension of its area of intervention, which covered the whole of
society.

The seemingly irresistible and irreversible movement of the expansion of the state has been
questioned in the last quarter of the 20th century, by the combination of two dynamics, one internal
and one external: on the one hand, the different difficulties weighed in the sense of a revaluation
of the state-society relationship; on the other hand, internationalisation will take new forms during
the 1990s, contributing to undermine some of the positions conquered by the State.

The appreciation of the place of the State

This revaluation began in the mid 1970s under the pressure of a set of factors. Ideological
factors: a critique of the movement of expansion of the State develops, through the triple

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denunciation of the totalitarian state, of the dysfunctions of the welfare state and the diversion of
state guidelines in developing countries. Economic factors: The crisis that affects all economies,
based on the two oil shocks, reveals in a tangible manner the reduction in the capacity of State
action, following the process of internationalization. Political factors: there is a strong return of
liberalism and the decline of single-party regimes.

The crisis of the welfare state was developed in two stages.

First, a crisis of representations. The decade of 1970 saw the erosion of the system of
representations over which the State had built his legitimacy throughout the 20th century. The
question of the inefficiency of the State, muted during the glory days of the Welfare State,
reappears then: the economic interventionism would cause misalignment of the delicate
mechanisms of the market economy, delaying the necessary adaptations and creating unbearable
rigidities.

Second, a crisis of policies. The critique of the Welfare State will, during the 1980s, a series of
concrete measures aimed at curbing the growth process of the State.

2 The totalitarian State, which tried to cover all the social field and to carry out a comprehensive
control on individuals, collapsed in the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe at the end of
the 1980s: the combination of economic and political reforms at the end of the model of state
management of social life.

The direction of the evolution is the same: it is to replace the old "managed" by a "market
economy" based on the dominant model in the West during the 1990s; skipping the stage of the
welfare state, in which some had been able to see a possible way out of socialism, these countries
were planning to join immediately to the western countries on the path of neoliberalism, which
were exploring, which increase the amplitude of the transformations.

3 In the 1980s, the question of the hegemony exercised by the state over the economy and
society was also observed during the 1980s. The economic difficulties arising from the collapse of
the market for raw materials and the overwhelming burden of debt will lead to these countries, in

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the context of the "structural adjustment plans imposed by the international financial institutions,
to adopt drastic measures of rigor. The reduction in the number of public officials, and the
privatization of public enterprises.

The dynamics of globalization

Globalization is not a radically new phenomenon. Since ancient times, the domination of
Athens and Rome on the Mediterranean basin and even more: the constitution of great empires is
a prefigurement. During the Middle Ages, trade flows will continue, in spite of the feudal system,
of the major ports and cities. After the discovery of America, Spain built a vast empire, from
Antwerp to Manila: it is a real world market, which integrates resources from different continents,
before the construction of nation-states to block their development. In the 19th century, the
formidable extension of international trade, linked to the industrial revolution and the development
of transport, put Europe at the world trade center; the First World War, then the crisis in the years
1930 and the Second World War, however, will involve the displacement of the international
economy. Then it will be necessary to wait for the post-war period for the process to be reactivated.

1. The internationalisation resulted after the Second World War, first, in the development of
international trade and multinational companies. The growing interconnectedness of economies is
evidenced by the increase in international trade, faster than world output: undertaken after the war,
the movement was later expanded, despite some variations, in particular in principle. Far from
assuming a return to protectionism, which in the 1980s 1930 had caused a true dislocation of
international economic relations, the economic crisis of the 1970s intensified quite the movement
of globalization under the effect of large energy imbalances and food.

2. However, the internationalization experienced a real leap, a change of scale since the 1990s:
the term globalization brought about the existence of a new dynamic which, to a large extent,
escaped the control of states and reaches all the countries and affects all levels of social
organization; the growing interdependence of societies tends to draw the image of a "World
without borders", a "global society".

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 The world economy, in the first place, entered a new era - the era of "globalization". It is
characterized by the combination of three elements: a unified market, due to the creation of a single
space of production and exchange.

Globalization is in the process of crossing a new stage, with the transition to the "information
society", that is, a world in which the information is instantly available on one side of the planet
to another: networks with large capacity, all will be able to carry any type of numerical information
from one point to another in the planet.

Correlatively, globalization implies another face, more sombre, which is a most formidable
challenge for states. First, the explosion of the globalization of trade and finance, resulting from
the elimination of barriers to the movement of capital, has created new opportunities, which helps
prevent the devices supplied by the State. Finally, globalisation has led to the development of
cross-border crime, illustrated by the development of the sex industry, the establishment of
transnational networks, the explosion of the drug market and the recycling of flows of "dirty
money".

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