SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EAL 337 PAVEMENT ENGINEERING

TYPES OF
ASPHALT/BITUMINOUS
MATERIALS

TOPIC OUTCOME ASPHALT TYPES

Able to explain the reasons for the variety of
asphalt mix types
Able to elaborate common mix type
characteristics such as hot rolled asphalt,
macadams, asphaltic concrete and porous
asphalt; including their source of strength
Able to appreciate the existence of new asphalt
technologies that includes quiet pavements,
stabiflex, decorative pavements, coloured mix,
rollpave, thin surfacings
Pavement materials comprise of BOUND (using asphalt
cement) and UNBOUND (compacted aggregates)
Raw materials aggregate, filler and binder
Variety of mix types due to variety of:
aggregate types
aggregate grading
binder type
binder grade
Typically differentiated by aggregate grading
Aggregate heated and mixed with bitumen at elevated
temperatures

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 TYPES OF AGGREGATE
TYPES OF ASPHALT
GRADING
Examples of common bound materials:

Hot Rolled Asphalt

Asphaltic Concrete
Macadams
Porous asphalt
Stone Mastic Asphalt
Polymer Modified Asphalt

Mix types specified in JKR SPJ 2008-S4 specifications (revised

Section 4 of JKR SPJ88) include asphaltic concrete, stone mastic
asphalt, polymer modified mixes, porous asphalt, hot-in-place
recycling, cold-in-place recycling, chip seal, micro surfacing,
coloured surfacing

JKR GRADATION LIMITS JKR GRADATION LIMITS

GRADATION LIMITS FOR ASPHALTIC CONCRETE GRADATION LIMITS FOR CRUSHED AGGREGATE ROADBASE
(CRUSHED AGGREGATE/CRUSHER RUN)

Mix Type Wearing Course Wearing Course Binder Course

Sieve Size Percentage by Weight Passing
Mix Designation AC 10 AC 14 AC 28
mm
Sieve Size, mm Percentage Passing (by weight)
50.0 100
28.0 100
37.5 85 - 100
20.0 100 72 90
28.0 70 - 100
14.0 100 90 100 58 76
20.0 60 - 90
10.0 90 100 76 86 48 64
10.0 40 - 65
5.0 58 72 50 62 30 46
5.0 30 - 55
3.35 48 64 40 54 24 40
2.0 20 - 40
1.18 22 40 18 34 14 28
0.425 10 - 25
0.425 12 26 12 24 8 20
0.075 2 - 10
0.150 6 14 6 -14 4 10
0.075 48 4-8 3 -7

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 TYPES OF ASPHALT
JKR GRADATION LIMITS
GRADATION LIMITS FOR SUBBASE

Bound materials for road surfacings that

Sieve Size Percentage by Weight Passing includes asphaltic concrete, macadams, hot
(mm)
rolled asphalt, porous asphalt, open-graded
75 100 friction courses, stone mastic asphalt
37.5 85 - 100
20 65 - 100
10 45 - 100
5 25 - 85
0.600 8 - 45
0.075 0 - 10

TYPES OF ASPHALT

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 TYPES OF ASPHALT

A HOT ROLLED ASPHALT (HRA)

Main mix types used in the UK
Aggregate grading = gap graded
Most dominant component is sand (60%)
Coarse aggregate 30%
Stability derived from the bitumen and sand blend
Chippings spread and compacted but to stand proud
(to increase skid resistance)
Use harder bitumen (50 Pen)

Main ingredients:
1. Coarse Aggregate
Improves mix stability
Crushed aggregates, gravels
Maximum aggregate size not to exceed 1/3 layer
thickness

2. Fine Aggregate
Typically sand
Main material for the mortar

3. Filler
Improves binder stiffness

4. Binder
Bind the entire mix and waterproof

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 B. ASPHALTIC CONCRETE

Very widely used in Malaysia C. POROUS ASPHALT

Continuous aggregate grading
Stability derived from aggregate interlock and internal friction Material with high void content (porous) and permeable
Softer bitumen (100 Pen) used to water
>85% coarse aggregate
Main ingredient:
1. Coarse Aggregate
Prevents ponding water
Main contributor for aggregate interlock Stability derived from the coarse aggregate matrix
Crushed aggregate
2. Fine Aggregate
Fills up voids within the coarse aggregate matrix
3. Filler
Improves bitumen stiffness, hence mitigating the problem of binder runoff
Fills up smaller voids
4. Binder
Provides adhesion and waterproofing

POROUS ASPHALT FOR THE PARKING LOTS

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 The conventional
method to reduce
ADVANTAGES noise is to use noise
barrier but expensive
Variety of noise barrier
Improves skid resistance designs in the
Netherlands
Eliminates the potential for
NOISE IS UNWANTED SOUND
aquaplaning
Reduces glare
Improves traffic safety
Improves resistance to permanent
deformation or rutting Aesthetically unpleasing, expensive

Reduces traffic noise

Noise Barriers
Do not provide total shelter DISADVANTAGES
Upper floors of high rise apartments not protected

Does not reduce noise at Easily clogged

source Traffic overcompaction
Bitumen hardens/aged rapidly
No established mix design method
Short design life
High cost
Easily disintegrates hence ravelling

Courtesy of The Asphalt Pavement Alliance - Asphalt: The Quiet Pavement

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 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF DOUBLE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF DOUBLE
LAYER POROUS ASPHALT LAYER POROUS ASPHALT
Sound Pressure, dB(A)

12mm Dense
But finer graded PA is more prone to clogging
82
12mm Dense The idea of DOUBLE LAYER PA was conceived
80
12mm Porous Double layer PA can reduce traffic at all speeds and better
78 resist clogging
8mm Porous TOP LAYER: FINE MIX
76 18-22% voids - High noise reduction
2,5 cm - Low drain capacity:
74 8mm Porous ---- Sieve - effect ----
>22% voids - Grading: 4-8 mm or 2-6 mm
0 2 4 6 - No or a little bit fine sand
- Polymer modified bitumen
Age, in years
4,5 cm
BOTTOM LAYER: COARSE
PA less noisier as gradation becomes finer MIX
- High drain capacity
---- Drain effect ----
- Grading: 11-16 mm
Courtesy of The Asphalt Pavement Alliance - Asphalt: The Quiet Pavement Courtesy of Mr. Gerbert van Bochove of Heijmanns Infrastructure, the Netherlands

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 Mr. Gerbert van Bochove of Breijn, Heijmans Infrastructure B.V., the
inventor of Twinlay
At the 1996 Conference in Strasbourgh:
TWINLAY HEIJMANNS INFRASTRUCTURE
DOUBLE DRAINING MIX - ITALIAN

JAN
VOSKUILEN
Helmed by Professor
Andre A.A. Molenaar till
30/6/12
Assisted by Assoc Prof Dr.
Martin van de Ven
Clerical support by Ms
Jacqueline Barnhoorn

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Jan Voskuilen took me to many site
visits, seminars, and other
interesting places in the Netherlands
including those rarely known

DANK U WEL

GERBERT VAN BOCHOVE

2010
2000 2005

2011 2012 2013

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 Twinlay (Netherlands)
Courtesy: Heijmans
Infrastructure B.V.
(Research &
Development)

2005

2016

CONSTRUCTION ISSUES
ROTATING SURFACE ABRASION TEST
Most serious problem is ravelling. Van
Bochove of Heijmans developed RSAT to
simulate abrasive action of vehicle tyres
on PA surface similar to a machine
developed at TU Aachen
Test temperature : 20 C.
The resistance to ravelling is expressed
as the total amount of loose material after
24 hours of testing
Construction issues thin layer cools fast (technical weather)
Hot-on-hot construction method suggested by a TU Delft
MSc thesis Effecten Gradering op de Functionele
Eigenschappen Tweelaags Zoab. Publicly lectured by Ton
Courtesy: Heijmans
van der Steen at TU Delft. Also NCAT test track experience. Infrastructure B.V. (Research
& Development)
The transition zone was crucial in determining the coefficient
of permeability values of the DLPA

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 E. OTHER MIX TYPES

D. SAND ASPHALT
Stone Mastic/Matrix Asphalt
Modified Mixes
Combination of well-grade sand and
Mixes with fibers
bitumen
Rubberised Mixes
Use: pedestrian paths, tennis court,
very minor roads Surface dressing
Skid resistance derived from loss of Chip seal
sand particles from road surfacings Thin surfacings
Recycled asphalt pavement (RAP)

OTHER MIX TYPES FROM HEIJMANNS INFRASTRUCTURE B.V. OTHER MIX TYPES FROM HEIJMANNS INFRASTRUCTURE B.V.
THE NETHERLANDS THE NETHERLANDS

Stabiflex Surfacings can

be coloured

Able to carry exceptionally

heavy load Decorative polished
large stone mix

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OTHER MIX TYPES DEVELOPED BY HEIJMANNS OTHER MIX TYPES FROM HEIJMANNS INFRASTRUCTURE B.V.
INFRASTRUCTURE B.V. THE NETHERLANDS THE NETHERLANDS

Another form of decorative

Decoflex pavement

RED COLOURED BICYCLE LANES IN DELFT

Coloured Bitumen/Mixes

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 MODULAR PAVEMENT STRUCTURES - ROLLPAVE
COLOURED by Dura Vermeer Infrastructuur B.V.
BITUMEN/
Rollpave concept - prefabricated asphalt mat,
PAVEMENTS rolled up on a reel, transport to site, material
can be bonded and unbonded to the
DELFT underlying layer very quickly by an innovative
bonding system based on electromagnetic
waves

SPAIN

http://www.flickr.com/photos/freddy/9882264/ Source: Robbert Naus

ROLLPAVE - Prefab road for rapid construction

Flexible asphalt mat

Production of asphalt mat at factory

Anti-sticking foil
Each mat roll 50 x 2.5 m
weighing < 10 tons
Transport Hence do not need heavy
cranes for lifting

Source: Robbert Naus

Source: Robbert Naus Rolling mat on a reel

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 ROLLPAVE - Prefab road for rapid construction ROLLPAVE - Prefab road for rapid construction

BENEFITS
Rapid construction and replacement APPLICATIONS
Constant high quality Wearing courses
Noise reduction of 6 dB(A) at 100 Rapid construction or replacement
km/h Bridge decks
Custom made Temporary pavements
Independent of weather conditions Emergency repairs
Other options such as sensors can
Bonding with electromagnetic waves be built in
Unrolling the mat

Dura Vermeer invented the selective

bonding system. Selective because
only the bituminous bonding layer,
which is made sensitive to
electromagnetic waves, will be heated
and not the asphalt mix. At the end of
the design life, rollpave can be
debonded using a similar system and
taken back to the factory for recycling
Selective and wireless heating of bond-layer
Source: Robbert Naus Source: Robbert Naus

MATERIALS FOR SILENT THIN SURFACINGS

ROADS/QUIET PAVEMENTS (SEMI DENSE ASPHALT)
2. THIN SURFACINGS Marketed by Heijmans as MICROFLEX
(SEMI DENSE ASPHALT)

Dutch thin surfacings are

designed to create negative
textures

Negative texture generates

lower noise levels compared
to those with positive texture
Newly paved thin surfacings MICROFLEX

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 THIN SURFACINGS 3. SILENT RAILS FOR THE TRAMS
(SEMI DENSE ASPHALT) In these troughs, the rails are embedded in a flexible material
(bedding mass). This gives the rail a continuous, stable support
More durable than Twinlay, easier to maintain but
but also flexible to reduce noise and vibrations.
lesser magnitude of noise reduction
The CFPA rests on 200 mm stone asphalt concrete and other
But less noisier than dense mixes at ALL speeds
Suggested for low speed road substructures
85 Design calculations Delft
80
Tram Loading

75
SPB-level [dB(A)]

Bedding
70
Mass
65
Dense asphalt concrete (DAC
60 Porous asphalt (ZOAB) Rail
Two-layered PA (Twinlay M)
55
Thin top layer (Microflex 0/6)
CFPA
50
30 50 70 90 110 130
Speed of vehicle [km /hour] CFPA

Percentage

USE OF CT SCANNER 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0
CT scanner produces images or slices of
specimen by mapping out density 10
differences.
Experimented in Den Haag in 2004

Data processed by AMIRA software

Hoogte t.o.v. bovenzijde deklaag [mm]

20
Question: Which portion of DLPA dictates
its permeability?
30
Answer: At the interface between top and
bottom layers
40

50

60
WATCH VIDEO
Percentage holle ruimte
70 Percentage mortel
Percentage aggregaat

80

Source: Ton van der Steen EFFECTEN GRADERING OP DE

FUNCTIONELE EIGENSCHAPPEN VAN TWEELAAGS
60 ZOAB, MSc Thesis, TU Delft, May 2005

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 CT SCANNER IMAGES OF
MICROSCOPIC STUDY ON ASPHALT DOUBLE LAYER POROUS
ASPHALT
Asphalt properties studied on a micro level via high tech
equipments
Example use of medical CT scanner to study voids profile of TLPA

Percentage
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0

10
Hoogte t.o.v. bovenzijde deklaag [mm]

20

30
WATCH VIDEO
40

Scanned Top, Transition and Bottom Layers of DLPA (Source: DWW )

50

60

Percentage holle ruimte

70 Percentage mortel
Percentage aggregaat
62

80

MICROSCOPIC STUDY ON ASPHALT OTHER ASPHALT INNOVATIONS

Energy From Asphalt (BLACK top)
Self-healing of asphalt Cooling and heating systems developed by Ooms Avenhorn Holding,
mixtures Tipspit and WTH Vloerverwarming, the Netherlands
In the 1970s, introduce
rest period in fatigue
test to simulate vehicle
platoon
Rest period offer
opportunity for cracks
to heal on its own
Two methods proposed
by TU Delft use of
microcapsules and
inductive heating
(Garcia, Schlangen, van de Ven, 2009)
See Video

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THANK
YOU

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