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SYNCHRONOUS STARTING OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

a a
K. RAJAMANI & M. V. HARIHARAN
a
Tata Consulting Engineers , 414 V. S. Marg Prabhadevi, Bombay, 400 025, India
b
Department of Electrical Engineering , I.I.T. Bombay , Powai, Bombay400 076, India
Published online: 24 Oct 2007.

To cite this article: K. RAJAMANI & M. V. HARIHARAN (1993) SYNCHRONOUS STARTING OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE, Electric
Machines & Power Systems, 21:6, 647-661, DOI: 10.1080/07313569308909690

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07313569308909690

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 SYNCHRONOUS STARTING OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

Tala Consulling Engineers

414 V. S. Marg
Prabhadevi. B o m b a y 400 025. lndia

Department of Electrical Engineering

I.I.T. B o m b a y
Powai, B o m b a y 400 076,lndia
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ABSTRACT

synchronous starting is one of the methods for starting large

synchronous motor8 by small eynchronou~generatore. The equations for
Concordia's interlocked generator-motor block logic for eynchronous
etsrting are derived in detail. The equations for oftw ware
implementation including saturation and motor friction torque are
presented. Alternative procedure, to overcome numerical
differentiation in motor equatione,ie suggested. Simulation results
based on software developed are given.

1. INTRODUCTION

In recent years there has been a tremendoue growth, especially in

developing countries, in demand for electrical power. The utilities,
though sufficient in energy, are unable t o meet peak demand. Pumped
etorage echeme is one o f the alternatives to meet the peak demand. In
thie echerne, the arduous part in etartlng the big synchronoue machine
as a motor for pumping mode. one of the methods, proposed by Concordla
111, is synchronous starting in which a small generator will be able
to start a motor whose rating can be as high ae ten timea the
generator rating. Basically, it is a back t o back connection with
gsnerator-motor stators tied together and excitation applied to both
machinea initially. when the generator is driven by external torque
the generator speeds up and under certain conditions the motor also
npeeds u p in unison and both accelerate together. The start is
succeeaful if both generator and motor accelerate together and in
uneucceeeful if the epeede fall apart.

SLmilar procedure is employed when starting s cross compounded unit.

The statore of alternators on HP turbine and RH turbine which are on
two independent shafts are tied together. RH turbine alternator is
speeded up synchronously by HP turbine generator.

The block logic for back to back connection is given by Concordia in

which generator output is current which is fed into the motor and the
output voltage from motor is fed back into the generator.Detailed
machine equations t o achieve the above interconnection are given in
the sequel. Next,proceduee for software implementation is discussed.
Finally simulation results are presented.

Electric Machines and Power Systems. 21547-661, 1993

Copyright 0 1993 Taylor 8 Francis
0731-356x193 $10.00 + .OO
 648 K. RAJAMANI A N D M . V. HARIHARAN

2. HACHINE EQUATIONS

Using s t a n d a r d n o t a t i o n ( 2 1 , t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n s a r e obtainedr
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s u f f i x e e G/g and U/m d e n o t e g e n e r a t o r and motor. Gl,C2. .. are

... a r e
P A; - r; 1: -
g e n e r a t o r c o n a t a n t s and u l , u 2 , . .
-w G9 1;
motor c o n s t a n t s . From ( 2 )
(11)

- 0 r ;1; - n9 1; 1121

Prom ( 4 )
p A: - - w 0 r: 1: - ~ 1 i0
: (13)

P :A - - wo :r 11 - U l O 1: (14)

Prom ( 9 )

1: - ( :A + L:~1
: ) f L: (15)

1
: - I :A + L:~ 1
: ) :
L (16)

Prom ( 6 ) and ( 7 )
2

l F.-
1 A F ID -
AD L A D
DR
+
i d ( L A DLD - L A DI (17)
 SYNCHRONOUS STARTING

From (10) and (18)

:I - 84 :i + H5 ( :A - E V m)
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P r o m (5),(10),(17) and (18)

-
- L F lD E + lF L A D A D
OR
i
d
( ld DR + L A D I F lD)

1
:
-
Prom (22) and (23)
G1 Elg
q
+ GZ A: - 63 :A

A; - Hl 6 ' .
q
+ HZ A; - 113 1;

P r o m ( 8 ) and (9)
- OR1 i
A
q
- L A O Aa
La
q

i
a - J :i :i + :
i :i

substituting for iF f r o m ( 5 ) in ( 6 )

AF - LAD( iD - id ) +
L~
- (
'AD
A d + L d id - L A D iD)
 650 K. RAJAMANI A N D M. V. H A R I H A R A N

From (10) and (29)

2
E
q
-- 'AD
F'
(lD-id) + A
d
+ L
d
1
d
- L
AD lD
(30)

F r m (5) and (30)

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Conolderlng saturation
2
L~ D
Lmir. E
q
( l + B ) + - ( id - iD )
L'
P - eaturatlon factor

LLi: -E8'(1+s ) + 66(1: -1; )

q 0

L~I: -Eem( l + e m ) + I46 ( 1 ; -1;)

q

From (1) and (3)

PA: P W Iv:+F:~:+ W
' 'A q
1

PA: - w
o
~ v O + r O ~ "u - A'
q . q ' d l

V
m
d
- - r
d 0

The laet set of electrical equatlone are

From the above equatlona block dlagrama ( Pigs 1 and 2 ) can be

constructed.
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FIGURE 1
GENERATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
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FIGURE 2
MOTOR BLOCK DIAGRAM
 SYNCHRONOUS STARTING

3.1. Generator

The electromechanical equations are

. T;
P O
0
- T,,
2H e

p a - u
0
u
0

Where

- -
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T: A: i
: 'A io
q d

T,, - Mechanical power input to generator

H - Inertia constant, BeC.

Equations (11),(13),(34),(35),(38),(40) and (41) are to be integrated

by any numerical technique. The input torque is a ramp starting from
zero to a specified value in specified time. Also, torque pulestione
around the ramp can be represented.

3.2. Generator - notor Convereion

K - KV 1 KV
0

Prom (42)

:i - -K ( LO
d
COQ 6 - LO
q
sin 6 )

The above currents are used for input to motor w d e l (Pig.3)

 K. RAJAMANI AND M. V. HARIHARAN

3.3. Motor
The electromechanical. e q u a t i o n s a r e

Where
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= - ( T L + T;)
TAC

T: = ~ 1 i : - A"' q
irn

TL - Mechanical f r i c t i o n torque!

Tsf = S t a t i c f r i c t i o n torque

w = S t a t i c f r i c t i o n c u t o f f speed
sf

T = Running f r i c t i o n t o r q u e
rf

Equation ( 4 8 ) must sa.t i s f y t h e :E,ollowing two c o n d i t i o n s [ 3 ] :

(i) When t h e motor i s a t s t a n d s t i l l T i s o p p o s i t e s i g n of T~

and when r o t a t i n g i s of t h e same rsign a s o
(ii) When t h o speed i s , zero, t h e
f r i c t i o n t o r q u e musk b e e q u a l ,to t h a t of
l i m i t i n g v a l u e of T
sf'
1 E
.
a b s o l u t e v a l u e of s t a t i c
a p p l i e d t o r q u e up t o t h e

Sometimes t h e motor h a s t o s t i n r t a g a i n s t significant g a t e leakage

t o r q u e . I n t h i s c a s e t h e brake on t h e motor i s r e l e a s e d only a f t e r a
predetermined time. The s i t u a t i o n i a a l i t t l e complex a s t h e motor
s h a f t can r o t a t e i n b o t h d i r e ' c t i o n s . I n Annexure-1, a routine is
g i v e n which f i n d s a c c e l e r a t i n g t o r q u e f o r motor.

Equations ( 12 ) ,( 1 4 ) ,(39 ) ,( 4 6 ) and (4'7) a r e t o be i n t e g r a t e d . We have

t o e v a l u a t e t.he motor v o l t a g ~ e s u s i n g ( 3 6 ) and ( 3 7 ) Which however
contain d.ifferentia1 terms. One method to avoid numerical
d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n i s g i v e n below:
 SYNC;HRONOUS STARTING

Frorn (25)

PA:
= M l p ~ ' . +
4
M2 p h : - M3 p im
d

p:
:E and p A: are obtained from ( 39) and ( 12 ) .
From (44)
p i : = - K [ pi: COB 6 - i:sin 6 - p igsin 6
9
- igcos 6 ]
9

Frorn (24)
= G1 p Elg + 02 p h: - 03 p h:
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p i
: 4
'9
p E
4
,p A: and p A: are obtained from (38),(11) and (34).

and p X~ can be obtained from (13) and (35). Now (49) can be
p A: 4
evaluated.

For finding p hm in (37), from (27)

9

p hi" is obtained from (14). l?rom (45)

p im=
'q
- K [ p
9
id sin 6 + i:coe 6+ p igcos 6
4
- igain 6
4
] (54)

Ueing (51) and (52) p im can be found. Wow (53) can be evaluated.
4

With the above procedure vm and vm i.n (36) and (37) can be found
id 4
without numerical differentiation.

3.4. Motor - Generator Conversion

where K is defined in (43).

1
Fralm (55)
vg = K, ( :V cos 6 1. v m sin S )
d 4

The above voltages are used for input to generator model in the next
stop (Fig.3).
 K. RAJAMANI AND M. V. HARIHARAN

es GENERATOR
ELECTRICAL b
EQUATIONS
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MOTOR
0.
EQUATIONS

ELECTRICAL
EQUATIONS

FIGURE 3
I EF;
INTERCONNECTION BLOCK DIAGRAM
 SYNCHRONOUS STARTING 657

3.5. Repr~sentation of Saturation

The procedure ie as given in [2]. Saturation at 1.0 and 1.2 pu are

defined (Pig. 4 ) . The eaturatlon function is

(58)

Where

During integration. for every E correepondlng a Le ovalusted and

q
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ueed in (32) and (33).

3.6. Initialisation

Before integration starts, the etate v s r i a b l m are initialleed as

follower

(1) Por given E

Pig.4, Eaie found such that
4
FD
L
ID
1
F
-
for generator and motor,
E
FD.
using (58) and

(11) Since initially all currents are zero, from (19)

(111) Prom (24) with U S - 0

Prom (59) and (61)

(iv) Inltial 6 is user specified.

(v) A11 other state variables are initialised to eero.

3.7. Integration Sequence

Step 1 t T - T + TSTEP
Step 2 r Integrate generator equations as per clause (3.1)
Step 3 t Pind current for input t o motor model as per clause (3.2)
Step 6 r Integrate motor equations are per clause (3.3)
Step 5 r Pind voltage for input t o generator model ae per clauee (3.6)
G O t o step 1.
 658 K . RAJAMANI A N D M . V. HARIHARAN

4. SIHVLATION RESULTS

The data for machines are given in Annexure -

2 [I] .
Using the
oftw ware developed based on equations given above, a number of studies
were done out of which results for four typical cases are ahown in
AnnPxure - 3 and Pige 5 t o 8. Since the main tenet of this paper is on
software implementation and not on parametric analyeie further results
are not presented here.

5. CONCLUSIONS

The eqvatione foe obtaining Concordis's interconnected block diagram

for evnchronoue startino are derived. Proceduree for software
implementation are given in detail. An approach t o obviate numerical
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differentiation in motor model is discussed which result- in a

- -
mathematicallv exvedient formulation. The software can be used to do
parametric analysis for establishing critical requiremente to be met
for successful etart in synchronous starting procedures.

6. REFERENCES

1. C. Concordis, P.J. Brown. W.J. Miller and L. Wuoamaa,

"Synchronoum etarting of motor from generator of m a l l capacity', IEEE
Trann. PAS-86, pp 1215-1226,Oct 1967.
2. P.M.Anderson and A.A.Fouad, P o w e r system control and stability ,
Iowa state University Press, 1981.
3. T.J.Hammons and J.Loughran, "Starting methods for generator/motor
units employed in pumped atorage stations', Proc. IEE ,Vol-117.
No-9.pp 1829-1840, Sept 1970.

accelerating Torque Routine

IF ( TORLEK.EQ.O.0
Oppcsing torque -
) G O TO 10
Leakage torque if time > Break

IP ( T.LE.BRRET1 )
IF ( T.GE.BRRET1 )
TOP
TOP
-- - TELEC
TORLEK
release time

G O TO 50

SPMA -
SPU = HOTSPD
ABS ( SPM )
IF ( SPMA .GT. 1.0 E - 6 ) G O TO 20

-
Motor yet t o atart

---
TAU ABS ( TELEC )
IF ( TAU .GT. M R S F R ) TAU MRSFR
IF ( TELEC .LT. 0.0 ) TOP TAU
IF ( TELEC .GT. 0.0 ) TOP = TAU
G O TO 50
Motor started
IP ( SPMA .GT. WSP ) G O TO 30
TAU TORSFR EXP ( - SPHA / WSF )
GO T O 40
 SYNCHRONOUS STARTING

C If speed > s t a t i c f r i c t i o n cut o f f speed use running

C
30 TAU - TORRFR
f r i c t i o n torque

40

50
I P ( SPM .GT. 0 . 0 ) TOP = TAU
IF ( SPM .LT. 0 . 0 ) TOP
TAC = -
( TOP + TELEC )
-- TAU

ANNEXURE - 2

Machine Data

Generator
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ANNEXURE -3
case studies
Pig.
r T, Start Remarks
T'

5 2 1.18 0.0034 1.4 5.0 0.06 0.0 S Pulsating input

torque
6 2 1.0 0.0018 1.0 0.1 0.03 0.0 U

7 2 1.18 0.0034 1.0 5.0 0.0 0.06 U Brake r e l e a s e d

immediately

8 2 1.18 0.0034 1.0 5.0 0.0 0.06 S Brakereleased

a f t e r 2 see.

Start - s : successrul
u : unsuccesstul
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FIGURE 6
K. RAJAMANI A N D M . V. HARIHARAN
 SYNCHRONOUS STARTING
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FIGURE 7

FIGURE 8

Manuscript received in final form October 13, 1992

Request reprints from M. V. Hariharan