Chapter 5:

Finite Control Volume Analysis

5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics
The Energy Equation
5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation
5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation
5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with the
Bernoulli Equation
 5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation

The first law of thermodynamics for a system is:

In symbolic form, this statement is

Total stored energy per unit mass is the combination of internal, kinetic and
potential energies per unit mass of the system

(5.56)
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 5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation
For a control volume that is coincident with the system at any instant of time

(5.57)

Reynolds transport theorem for total energy

(5.58)

Combining eqs. we get the control volume formula for the first law of
thermodynamics:

(5.59)
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 5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation

Types of work considered here are:

Shaft work

(5.60)

Work due to pressure or Flow work:

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 5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation

(5.59)

By using relations for shaft work and flow work, above equation is given as

(5.63)

When the equation for total stored energy (Eq. 5.56) is considered with Eq. 5.63, we
obtain the energy equation:

(5.64)

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 5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation

For uniform properties across the inlet and exit cross-sections

(5.65)

Simplified Energy Equation for uniform properties across the inlet and exit cross-
sections, steady flow, single stream entering and leaving the control volume

(5.67)

In enthalpy form

(5.69)

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 5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with Bernoulli Equation

If the flow is steady and incompressible, and the shaft work is zero

(5.72)

Dividing Equation with mass flow rate and rearranging terms

(5.73)

where

is the heat transfer rate per mass flowrate, or heat transfer per unit mass.

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 5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with Bernoulli Equation

Bernoulli Equation

(5.74)

Dividing by density we get

(5.75)

A comparison of Eqs. 5.73 and 5.75 prompts us to conclude that

(5.76)

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 5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with Bernoulli Equation

Bernoulli Equation

(5.75)

Energy Equation

(5.73)

For steady incompressible flow with friction, we learn from experience (second law
of thermodynamics) that

(5.77)

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 5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with Bernoulli Equation

as equal to useful or available energy.

represents the loss of useful or available

energy that occurs in an incompressible
fluid flow because of friction.

It is often convenient to express Eq. 5.73 in terms of loss as

(5.77)

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 5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with Bernoulli Equation

An important group of fluid mechanics problems involves one-dimensional,

incompressible, steady-in-the-mean flow with friction and shaft work. Included in
this category are constant density flows through pumps, fans, and turbines.

(5.82)

It is sometimes called the mechanical energy equation or the extended Bernoulli

equation.

This can be written in terms of heads as:

(5.84)

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5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with Bernoulli Equation

(5.84)

where

(5.85)

is the shaft work head and hL = loss/g is the head loss.

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 Problem 5.114 Munson 7e / Problem 5.109 Munson 6e

The pumper truck shown in given Fig. is to deliver 0.04 m3/s to a maximum
elevation of 18 m above the hydrant. The pressure at the 10 cm diameter outlet of
the hydrant is 70 kPa. If head losses are negligibly small, determine the power that
the pump must add to the water.

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 Problem 5.112 Munson 7e / Problem 5.108 Munson 6e

What is the maximum possible power output of the hydroelectric turbine shown in
Fig.

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 Problem 5.116 Munson 7e / Problem 5.111 Munson 6e

A pump is to move water from a lake into a large, pressurized tank as shown in Fig.
at a rate of 4000 liters in 10 min or less. Will a pump that adds 2.2 kW to the water
work for this purpose? Support your answer with appropriate calculations. Repeat
the problem if the tank were pressurized to 300, rather than 200 kPa.

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 Problem 5.131 Munson 7e / Problem 5.127 Munson 6e

Water flows steadily down the inclined pipe as indicated in Fig. Determine the
following: (a) the difference in pressure p1 - p2, (b) the loss between sections (1) and
(2), (c) the net axial force exerted by the pipe wall on the flowing water between
sections (1) and (2).

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