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EECE 1312

Chapter 1: Introduction to Electronics


Section 10 & 11
Dr Aliza Aini Md Ralib
CONTENT
Electrical vs electronics
History of electronics
Active & Passive component
Digital and analog
Representation of signals
Basic Amplifier Concepts
ELECTRICAL VS
ELECTRONICS?
LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:

1. Understand the difference between electrical and electronic devices


and the history of electronics

3. Describe the concept of passive and active components, digital and


analog signals with its representation

5. Understand the basic amplifier characteristics


ELECTRICAL VS ELECTRONICS
The answer lies in how devices manipulate electricity
to do their work.

Electrical devices : take the energy of electric current and transform


it in simple ways into some other form of energy most likely light, heat, or
motion.

In contrast, electronic devices do much more. Instead of just


converting electrical energy into heat, light, or motion, electronic devices are
designed to manipulate the electrical current itself to coax it into doing
interesting and useful things.
ELECTRICAL DEVICES ELECTRONIC DEVICES
HISTORY OF
ELECTRONICS
light bulb -> vacuum tube -> transistors
INVENTORS OF LIGHT BULB

Thomas Edison and


the first light bulb
In 1879 Albert Edison discovered
the electric bulb and Edison
effect
INVENTORS OF VACUUM TUBE & DIODE
from Edison effect
->John Ambrose
Fleming invented
two element
vacuum tube-
DIODE
Electron flows within the tube
Can convert AC to DC

Lee De Forest
invented two
element vacuum
tube- DIODE
There is a third electrode in a
vacuum tube
Can be used as switch and
amplifier
INVENTORS OF TRANSISTORS
INVENTION OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
WATCH THIS VIDEO
ACTIVE VS PASSIVE
PASSIVE ACTIVE
u The electrical components u The electrical and electronic
which require NO power components which require power
supply for its operation supply for its operation
u The device which electrical
u The device which electrical characteristics depend on the
characteristics does not power supply are called the active
depend on the power supply device
are called the passive u Examples: Transistor, electronic
components. valve, field effect transistor

u Examples: Resistor, capacitor,


inductor ECE 1312 ELECTRONICS

transistors

capacitors
inductor
IC (Integrated
Circuit)

resistors
Power
supply
DIGITAL VS ANALOG
ANALOG DIGITAL
An electrical signal is a time varying In electronic world also uses another kind
voltage or current which bears the of signal, especially for computing purpose
information by altering the called digital signal. Digital signal must
characteristics of the voltage or have discrete value, it is said quantization.
current. In an analog signal the In a digital signal the characteristics of the
characteristics of the voltage or voltage or current which represents the
current which represents the information has only two values and
information can be any value. sometimes it is called binary signal.

Analog signal Digital signal


REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS
A sinusoidal voltage when it is superimposed on a dc voltage can be
represented as

Sinusoidal voltage superimposed on DC voltage VBEQ


WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF TRANSISTOR?
is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.

AMPLIFIER

When it works as an amplifier, it takes in a tiny


electric current at one end (an input current) and
produces a much bigger electric current (an
output current) at the other. In other words, it's a
kind of current booster.
EXAMPLE: HEARING AID, SPEAKER,
TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
a memory chip contains hundreds of millions or even billions of transistors, each of which
can be switched on or off individually.
Since each transistor can be in two distinct states, it can store two different
numbers, zero and one.
With billions of transistors, a chip can store billions of zeros and ones, and almost as
many ordinary numbers and letters (or characters, as we call them).

EXAMPLE: memory chip


BASIC AMPLIFIER
CONCEPTS
WHAT IS AMPLIFIER?
To increase the value of something

To increase the amplitude of a signal waveform, without


changing other parameters of the waveform such as
frequency or wave shape.

Enlarge or extends power, current or voltage


one of the most commonly used circuits in electronics and
perform a variety of functions in a great many electronic
systems.
GLOBAL APPLICATIONS OF AMPLIFIER
CAN YOU FIND THE AMPLIFIER?
BUT, WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRANSFORMER VS TRANSISTOR?

Transformer deals with higher voltage and current eg: home


voltage (220V) large signal

Transistor- small signal eg: loud speaker amplifies


microphone weak signal ( 1mV)
TYPE OF AMPLIFIER MODELS

There are 4 basics analogue amplifier models:


Voltage amplifier
Current amplifier
Transconductance amplifier
Transresistance amplifier
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
OF AMPLIFIER
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS OF AMPLIFIER CONSIST OF

Contain both passive and active component


Need DC power supply, input and output signal Block diagram of an electronic
circuit (Amplifier)
DC: To operate
active components
Input signal Output signal

This input signal characteristics and power can be modified by the electronic circuit with the
presence of its dc operating power supply.
ECE 1312 ELECTRONICS
WHAT IS EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT?
REMEMBER NORTON OR THEVENIN AS AN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
to simplify the circuit
equivalent circuit refers to a theoretical circuit
that retains all of the electrical characteristics
of a given circuit.

Often, an equivalent circuit is sought that


simplifies calculation, and more broadly, that
is a simplest form of a more complex circuit
in order to aid analysis.
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF IDEAL AMPLIFIER
VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER
VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER ~ RELATE TO THEVENIN

Equivalent circuit of a voltage amplifier

The voltage gain of the amplifier is defined as the ratio between output voltage
and input voltage, mathematically
CURRENT AMPLIFIER
CURRENT AMPLIFIER ~ RELATE TO NORTON

Equivalent circuit of a current amplifier

The current gain of the amplifier is defined as the ratio between output current
and input current, mathematically
OTHER TYPE OF
AMPLIFIER
TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER

Equivalent circuit of a transconductance amplifier


The gain of the amplifier is defined as the ratio between output current and input
voltage, mathematically.
The unit of the transconductance amplifier gain is A/V.
TRANSRESISTANCE AMPLIFIER

Equivalent circuit of a transresistance amplifier

The gain of the amplifier is defined as the ratio between output voltage and input
current, mathematically
The unit of the transresistance amplifier gain is V/A.
EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1

Answer: Av = 70
EXAMPLE 2
Ex. 2: The open circuit voltage of a voltage amplifier is 7.5V when its input is
connected to a signal source. Assume that the signal source voltage is 3.0V and its
resistance is 1.5k respectively. If the input resistance of the amplifier is 5k, what
would be the voltage gain of the amplifier.

RS = 1.5k

Ri =
vS = 3V vo = 7.5 V
5k

1. Must calculate vi
2. We know that the open circuit voltage, Av vi = 7.5 V
3. Calculate AV
Answer: Av = 3.25
Ex. 3: The open circuit voltage of a voltage amplifier is 12.5V when its input is
connected to a signal source. Assume that the signal source voltage is 2.5 V and
its resistance is 2.0k respectively. If the input and output resistance of the
amplifier is 5k and 50 respectively. Find open circuit voltage gain
The amplifier output is connected to drive a load resistance 500, determine
the output voltage across the load resistance.
RS = 2.0k R0 = 50

Ri =
vS = 2.5 V 5k
= 12.5 V

1. Find Vi then calculate Av based on AvVi.


2. We know that the open circuit voltage, Av vi = 12.5 V
3. Use voltage divider to calculate output across the load.

Answer: Av = 7
Vo = 11.36 V
EXAMPLE 4
Example 4

Answer: -5.1 mA
EXAMPLE 5
Example 5: A load resistance of 475 is connected with the output of a voltage
amplifier as shown in Fig. The output voltage across the load resistance is 10.5V
when the amplifier input is 150mV. Determine the open circuit voltage gain of the
amplifier. Assume that the output resistance of the amplifier is 25.

1. Given, Vo and RL so we can calculate output current


2. Use KVL to find Av vi (open circuit voltage)
Answer : Av = 73.67

ECE 1312 ELECTRONICS


EXAMPLE 6

1. Must calculate vi
2. Calculate the open circuit voltage, Av vi Answer: 1.6V
3. Then use voltage divider to find out the voltage across RL
PREVIOUS MID TERM QUESTIONS..
LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: Checked!

u Understand the difference between electrical and electronic


devices and the history of electronics
Checked!
u Describe the concept of passive and active components,
digital and analog signals with its representation

u Understand the basic amplifier characteristics Checked!


THE INVENTION THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
MOORES LAW

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