UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

Malaysian Institute Of Chemical & Bioengineering

Technology

ASSIGNMENT 1
JUNE 2016 SESSION

SUBJECT CODE: CPB 40003

SUBJECT TITLE : INTRODUCTION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY

LEVEL : BACHELOR

NAME : MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN ABDULLAH

SECTION : L01/T2

ID NO : 55213114001

LECTURER : DR ROBERT THOMAS BACHMANN

1
Contents
TASK 1.1 ................................................................................................................................................ 3
TASK 1.2 ................................................................................................................................................ 4
TASK 1.3 ................................................................................................................................................ 5
TASK 1.4 ................................................................................................................................................ 7
TASK 1.5 .............................................................................................................................................. 10
REFERENCE ............................................................................................................................................ 14

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Comparison of Green Energy and Non Green Energy 8

Figure 2: Total Primary Energy Carrier Supply (TPES), EJ 8
Figure 3: Daily Electricity Consumption By Commonly Electrical Appliances In 12
Household

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Utilization Factor 4

Table 2: Unit Conversion 5
Table 3: Comparison Of Total Primary Energy Carrier Supply (TPES) 7
Table 4: List of Electrical Appliances That Is Commonly Used in Households 10
Table 5: GST Calculation 11
Table 6: Energy Efficient Appliance 13
Table7: Energy Saving 13

2
TASK 1.1
The Renewable Energy Act 725 was enacted by the Malaysian parliament in 2011. State the
purpose of the act, explain the feed-in-tariff system and the meaning and consequences of grid
parity.
[10 marks]
Answer:

The purpose of Renewable Energy Act 725 was to provide for the establishment and
implementation of a special tariff system to catalyse the generation of the renewable energy
and to provide for related matters. The act was enacted by the Malaysia Parliament in 2011.

The Feed-in Tariff system is a standard offer contract. It is an advanced renewable tariff
or also known as renewable energy payments. The FiT is a policy mechanism that is designed
to increase the investment in renewable energy technologies with the objective to achieve grid
parity. This can happen either when the fossil fuels subsidies were gradually being removed,
or when the generation of the renewable energy becomes cheaper.

There are 5 key terminologies in the FiT system.

1. Distribution Licensees is the companies holding the licence to distribute electricity

such as TNB and etc.
2. Feed-in approval holder is an individual or a company who holds a feed-in approval
certificate issued by SEDA Malaysia. The holder is eligible to sell renewable energy at
the FiT rate.
3. FiT rate is the fixed premium rate payable for each unit of renewable energy sold to
Distribution Licensees. The FiT rate differs for different renewable resources and
installed capacities. Bonus FiT rate applies when the criteria for bonus conditions are
met.
4. Indigenous is the renewable resources must be from within Malaysia and are not
imported from other countries.
5. Duration is the period of which the renewable electricity could be sold to distribution
licensees and paid with the FiT rate. The duration is based on the characteristics of the
renewable resources and technologies. The duration is 16 years for biomass and biogas
resources, and 21 years for small hydropower and solar photovoltaic technologies.

Grid parity is the time at which the FiT rate are applicable to that renewable energy
installation that is either equal to or cheaper than the displaced cost. The displace cost is
the average cost of generating and supplying one KW/hr of electricity from resource other
than the renewable resources through the supply line up to the point of interconnection with
the renewable energy installation. The grid parity occurs during the cost of generating
renewable is equivalent/ lower than the cost of generating electricity form conventional
fossil fuels. The FiT approval holders will be paid according to the prevailing displaced
cost for the remaining effective period once it is achieved.

3
TASK 1.2
Using online data provided by Malaysias Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA),
complete Table 1. Determine the utilization factor for each RE source and give one (1) reason
why some RE sources have a lower utilization factor than others.

Table 1: Utilization Factor

RE sources Allocated Cumulated Theoretical Actual RE Utilization
installed installed RE generation factor [%]
capacity capacity Generation (2016)
(2016) [MW] (2016) [MW] (2016) [MWh]
[MWh]

Solar PV 0.64 250.96 180691.2 43443.82 24.04

Biogas 0.00 20.24 14572.8 6988.19 47.95

Biomass 0.00 77.30 55656.0 12327.96 22.15

Small hydro 0.00 18.30 13176.0 8749.13 66.40

Geothermal 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Formula:
hr
Theoretical RE generation [MWh] = Cumulated installed capacity [MW] 30dy 24

Actual RE generation [MWh]

Utilization factor = 100%
Theoretical RE generation [MWh]

Reason why some RE sources have a lower utilization factor than others.

In Malaysia, due to the climate change and weather of surrounding influence by the
development of technology nowadays showed geothermal regeneration were zero causes
utilization factor. This mean in Malaysia geothermal source were in minimum state. In
addition, volcano was not existed in Malaysia which were main source of geothermal energy.
In Malaysia small hydro were identify as main source this support by the number dam surround
Malaysia.

[12 marks]

4
TASK 1.3
Unit Conversion

Table 2: Unit Conversion

Number 10^ Number

0.023m 0.023m = 23 103m 0.023m

1000
=
1
23mm

1
590kW 590 = 590 100 590 1000 =
103
= 590 103 W 0.59MW
1
1
14.3mA 14.3mA = 143 101 mA 14.3m 1000 =
1A 109 nA
= 143 0.0143A
103 mA 1A
5
10 nA
32.7Ncm-2 N N 100cm2
32.7 cm2 = 327 101 32.7 cm2 =
1m2
102 cm2 N N 1
= 327 103 m2 327000 m2 12 =
1m2
1 3 1MPA
= 327 10 Pa 327000Pa 1000Pa =
12
327MPa

1 101 t = 0.1t
1000000g
= 1 101 t 1 101 t = 0.1t
1t 1000000g
100000g = 100000g
1t
1000
= 100000000mg
1g

1.102 100 t(short) = 1.102 100 t(short) 1.102 100 t(short) =

0.907185 1.102t(short)
1.102t(short) 1t(short) =
0.892857
0.9997t(metric) =
1t(short)
0.9839t(long)

10
51.3cm 51.3cm = 513 101 cm 51.3cm =
1m 1km 1
103 m = 0.000513 513mm
102 cm
5.13 104 km
2.9 105 m2 = 2.9 105 m2 2.9 105 m2 =
100cm2 10dm2
0.000029m2 = 0.000029m2 =
1m2 1m2
0.29cm2 0.0029dm2

159gcm2 159gcm2 = 159 159gcm2 1000g

1kg
1kg 1m2
100 gcm2 103 g 102 cm2 = 10mm2
= 15.9kgmm2
5 2 1cm2
1.59 10 kgm

5
0.01km2
100ha
= 1ha 0.01km2 = 1 102 km2 0.01km2
1km2 103 m2
= 1.0 104 m2
1km2

7430mm3 74303 = 7430 13

74303 1003 =
13 13
100 3 103 102 3 = 0.00743dm3
7.43 106 m3

35.6kg cm-1 kg kg kg 1t
35.6 cm = 356 101 cm 35.6 cm 1000kg
103 g 102 cm 100cm
= 356 104 1m
= 3.56tm-1
1kg 1m
gm-1

1.92 102 dm3 = 1.92 102 dm3 1.92 102 dm3 =

10cm3 100mm3
0.0192dm3 = 19.2cm3 0.0192dm3 =
1dm3 1dm3
19200mm3
47.2Wcm-2 W W W 1kW
47.2 cm2 = 472 101 cm2 47.2 cm2 = 1000W
1kW 102 cm2 10cm2
103 W
1m2 = 4.72 = 4.72kWdm-2
1dm2
2
10 kWm-2

63.4kJm-3 kJ kJ kJ 1000J
63.4 m3 = 634 101 m3 63.4 m3
1kJ
103 J 1m3 1m3
6.34 =
1kJ 102 cm3 1000mm3
2 -3
10 Jcm 0.0000634Jmm-3
1 100 kWh = 1kWh 1 100 kWh 1 100 kWh =
3412.14BTU 1000w
= 3412.14BTU 1kWh 1kW
1kWh
3600s 1Js
1w =
1h
3600000J
90molL-1 mol mol mol 1kmol
90 = 9 101 90 1000mol
L L L
1kmol 102 L 1L
= 9 100 kmol 1000hL
= 0.00009kmol
103 mol 1hL
hL -1 ml-1

90molL-1 mol mol mol 1kmol

90 = 9 101 90 1000mol
L L L
1kmol 1L 1000L
103 cm3 = 9 = 90kmolm-3
103 mol 1m3
5
10 kmolcm-3
1000000000
0.18EJ 0.18EJ = 18 102 EJ 0.18EJ =
1018 J 1EJ
17
= 1.8 10 J 180000000GJ
1EJ

6
TASK 1.4
Compare the absolute (in Exajoule-EJ) and relative (in % contribution) total primary energy carrier supply (TPES) mix in Malaysia with China,
Germany, India, France and USA. Use IEA statistics and a spreadsheet. Identify the country that has the most greenest TPES mix.

Table 3: Comparison of Total Primary Energy Carrier Supply (TPES)

Country
Malaysia China Germany India France USA
EJ % EJ % EJ % EJ % EJ % EJ %
Non- Coal 0.6406 17.1955 84.7562 67.2665 3.4181 25.7002 14.2929 44.0235 0.5212 4.9141 18.0926 19.7469
Green Crude oil 1.1968 32.1254 20.3852 16.1786 3.9885 29.9889 9.8691 30.3978 2.3546 22.2002 37.2445 40.6500
Energy Oil 0.0978 2.6252 -0.0450 -0.0357 0.3198 2.4045 -2.5040 -7.7126 0.6198 5.8438 -4.5715 -4.9895
Products

Natural Gas 1.5966 42.8571 5.8814 4.6678 3.0598 23.0062 1.8620 5.7351 1.6327 15.3938 25.5294 27.8637
Nuclear 0 0 1.2178 0.9665 1.0615 7.9813 0.3735 1.1504 4.6229 43.5868 8.9689 9.7890
Hydro 0.0381 1.0227 3.2752 2.5994 0.0828 0.6226 0.5100 1.5708 0.2538 2.3929 0.9753 1.0645
Green Geothermal 0.0005 0.0134 1.5370 1.2198 0.3284 2.4692 0.1520 0.4682 0.0891 0.8401 1.0945 1.1946
Energy , solar, etc

Biofuels 0.1543 4.1418 9.0333 7.1692 1.1569 8.6986 7.8909 24.3047 0.6866 6.4736 4.0763 4.4490
and waste

Electricity 0.0007 0.0188 -0.0404 -0.0321 -0.1159 -0.8714 0.0201 0.0619 -0.1745 -1.6453 0.2124 0.2318
Total 3.7254 126.0007 13.2999 32.4665 10.6062 91.6224

7
 Green Energy Non-Green Energy

110.9778

76.295
23.52

15.3274
15.0229

10.7862

8.9465

5.4779

5.1283
3.5318

2.5137
0.1936

MALAYSIA CHINA GERMANY INDIA FRANCE USA

Figure 1: Comparison of Green Energy and Non Green Energy

Total primary energy carrier supply (TPES), EJ

USA 91.6224

France 10.6062

India 32.4665

Germany 13.2999

China 126.0007

Malaysia 3.7254

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Total primary energy carrier supply (TPES), EJ

Figure 2: Total Primary Energy Carrier Supply (TPES), EJ

8
Based on figure 1, France was identified as the country that has the greenest TPES mix. This
is because green and non-green energy in France were balance with a value of 5.4779EJ and
5.1283EJ. Although in term of green energy USA was identify contain highest green energy
but the country was not balance by obtaining second highest in term of non-green energy based
figure 2. As refer figure 1 china (126.0007EJ) was identified as the leader between country
selected for total primary energy carrier supply while Malaysia (3.7254EJ) is lowest among
value of total primary energy carrier supply.

9
TASK 1.5
Carry out a simple energy audit for your parents flat or house. List down all electrical
appliances, their number, the power rating and average usage per day.

Table 4: List of Electrical Appliances That Is Commonly Used in Households

Total Power
Number of Power Usage per Usage/day
Electrical appliance appliances [W] appliance [hr/d] [Whr/d]

TV (tube type, 60 cm
screen diagonal) 1 67 2 134

Light (fluorescent) 6 36 8 1728

Fan 3 50 6 900

PC 1 120 4 480

Printer 0 0 0 0

PC screen (LCD) 1 50 4 200

Music station 0 0 0 0

Shower 0 0 0 0

Fridge (conventional, 600 L) 1 500 24 12000

Rice cooker 0 0 0 0

Iron 0 0 0 0

Washing machine 0 0 0 0

Air con (1 HP, conventional) 0 0 0 0

Total 13 823 48 15442

a) Based on the information provided in Table 1, estimate the monthly and annual
electricity consumption. Using the appropriate electricity tariff determine the annual
electricity cost for the household.
[6 Marks]
Total Electricity Consumption = 15.442 kWhr/d

kWhr 30d
Monthly Electricity Consumption= 15.442 1month = 463.26 kWh/month
d

kWhr 12 month
Annual Electricity Consumption = 463.26 month 1 year
= 5559.12 kWhr/year

10
 Table 5: GST Calculation
200 21.80 = RM 43.60
First 200 kWh (1-200 kWh) per month:
100
100 33.40 = RM 33.40
Next 100 kWh (201-300 kWh) per month:
100
163.26 51.60 = RM84.24
Next 300 kWh (301-600 kWh)per month:
100
0 54.60 = RM 0.00
Next 300 kWh (601-900 kWh) per month:
100
Estimated bill: = RM 161.24
Tariff Calculation with 6% GST
Details GST Not GST Applicable Total
Applicable
Consumption (kWh) 300 223.38 463.26

Consumption (RM) RM 77.00 RM 84.24 RM 161.24

ICPT (-RM 0.0152 per kWh) RM -4.65 RM -2.48 RM -7.04

Current Month Consumption (RM) RM 70.25 RM 81.76 RM 154.20

6% GST (6% x RM 81.76) RM4.91

Current Bill inclusive of GST RM 159.11

RM 159.11 x 12 month = RM 1909.32

11
 b) Display the contribution of each appliance to the electricity consumption in a suitable
graph.

14000

12000

10000
Power (W.hr/d)

8000

6000

4000

2000

Electrical Appliances

Figure 3: Daily Electricity Consumption by Commonly Electrical Appliances in

Household

c) Compare the estimated monthly electricity consumption with the actual electricity bill.
Discuss two (2) reasons for any differences.
[4 Marks]

Estimated electrical consumption = 463.26 kWhr/month

Actual Electricity bill = 263 kWhr/month

The estimated electrical consumption was calculated to be at 463.26kWhr/Month.

However, the actual electrical bill obtain from the TNB is only at 263kWhr/month. Factor
influence the difference between actual and estimation are, usage per appliances were not
accurately measure. These meant by, certain electrical appliances stated were not used up to
maximum estimated usage per appliances which recorded in the table 4. Secondly, the
reference bill used is applied to May usage of electric which in May the electrical appliances
were not used due to the semester break.

12
 d) Identify 4 (four) electrical appliances that could be replaced with more energy efficient
appliances (e.g. refer to www.st.gov.my for list of energy efficient appliances). State
manufacturer, model and power of selected energy efficient appliance!

[4 Marks]

Table 6: Energy Efficient Appliance

Appliance Manufcturer Model Power of selected
energy
PC Screen Samsung LS24D300HS/ZA 30W
TV (tube type, 60 cm Pensonic PLCD-4201 60W
screen diagonal)
Fan Pensonic AF-30B 35W
Refrigerator Midea MS-93 296W

e) Estimate how much electricity (kWh/a) and money [RM/a] could be saved per year if
the energy efficient appliances were used instead.
[4 Marks]

Table 7: Energy saving

Electrical Conventional Efficient Energy saving Energy saving
Appliance Appliance (w) Appliance (w) (w) per day [kWh/d]

PC Screen 50 30 20 0.08

TV (tube type, 60 67 60 7 0.014

cm screen
diagonal)

Fan 150 105 45 0.27

Refrigerator 500 300 200 4.8

Total energy saving per day (kWh/d) = 5.164 kWh/d

kWh 30day
Total energy saving per month (kWh/m) = 5.164 = 154.92 kWhm
1day 1month

kWh 12month
Total energy saving per year (kWh/yr) = 154.92 1month = 1859.04 kWhyr
1year

Assume 1kWh = RM0.55

Monthly saving = 154.92kWh RM0.55 = RM85.21

Yearly saving = 1936.8kWh RM0.55 = RM1065.24

13
REFERENCE
IEA Energy Atlas. (2016). Retrieved June 25, 2016, from International Energy
Agency: http://energyatlas.iea.org/

SEDA. (2016). Retrieved June 25, 2016, from Sustainable Energy Development
Authority Malaysia: http://seda.gov.my/

TNB (2016). Retrieved June 26, 2016 from Tenaga Nasional Berhad :
https://www.tnb.com.my/residential/pricing-tariffs/

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (2016). Retrieved June 26,2016 from

IEA.ORG:
http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=USA&product=balances
&year=2013

14