4 Deep Foundations - F2017

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DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017
Pile Foundation
Pile foundation is the most common type of deep
foundations.
It is used to transfer the structural loads acting at the
foundation level into deeper layers of soil.
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Pile Foundation
The pile length is determined such that the soil layers
surrounding the pile have adequate shear strength to safely
support these structural loads.
Pile Foundation
Pile foundation is more expensive than shallow foundation.

However, it may be the best solution for the following
reasons:
To increase the load carrying capacity of the site by reaching the
lower soil layers with higher resistance than the upper soil layers.
To reduce the total and differential settlements.

To avoid excavation under water for sites where G.W.T. is
relatively high.
To densify cohesionless loose soil layers using compaction piles.

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Pile Classification
Pile Material
Methods of Pile Placement in Soil
Transmission of Pile Loads to Soil
Pile Material
Timber piles
Steel piles
Concrete piles
Precast
Cast-in-place
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Pile Material
Timber piles
Timber Piles
Used in woody countries where tree trunks of good timber
quality are available.
Minimum diameter = 30 cm.

Load capacity = 15 t 25 t.
End pile Protection
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Timber Piles
Advantages:
Economical.
Easy Handling
Driven rapidly.
Do not need heavy machinery.
Used where piles are likely to the subjected to unusual lateral
forces.
Disadvantages:
Low pile capacity.
Need protection against decay. Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017
Pile Materials
Steel piles
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Steel Piles
H section or steel pipes.
Open-ended or closed-ended.
Steel Piles
Usually filled with concrete after driving.
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Steel Piles
Splices by welding or bolting.
Pile Materials
Precast concrete piles
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Precast concrete piles
Piles are sufficiently reinforced or
prestressed to be able to resist the
handling stresses and the driving
stresses.
May be square or octagonal cross
sections.
Pile Materials
Cast-in-place concrete piles

Constructed in two steps:
Concrete
Step (1): execute a hole in the ground.
Step (2): fill the hole with concrete.
Hole
Step (1) Step (2)

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How to execute a hole (step 1):
Bored cast-in-place pile.
Driven cast-in-place pile.
Bored cast-in-place pile: the hole is drilled
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Driven cast-in-place pile:
The hole is formed by driving a

casing into the ground.
The casing may be closed-

ended or open-ended.
Driven cast-in-place pile:
The casing may be withdrawn or

left to protect concrete.
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Piles have to be reinforced if subjected to lateral loads
causing moment in the pile or tension forces.
If there are no lateral loads or tension forces: at least the
top 4 m of the pile should be reinforced.
Pile Classification
Pile Material
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Pile boring
Drilling is done with a short-flight auger or bucket drill.
Using temporary or permanent casing, bentonite slurry
may be needed during drilling through unstable soils to
maintain the stability of the sides of the hole.
After drilling, the bottom of the hole is cleaned of any
loose material.
Then, the reinforced steel cage is placed. Finally the
concrete is poured using a tremie pipe.
Pile Boring
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Pile Boring
Dry drilling may be used: (CFA)
Pile Boring
Allow to check subsoil conditions.
Necking and squeezing problems.
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Pile Boring
No noise or vibration problems.
Large diameter piles.
Change of soil properties.
Pile driving
Used to insert either the pile itself into the ground
(timber, steel, precast reinforced concrete piles) or the
casing (for cast-in-place pile).
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Pile Driving
Piles are driven by the dynamic

impact of a pile-driving hammer
or a vibratory driver.
Pile Driving
Pile toe should be provided with a metal shoe to facilitate
penetration of the pile in firm soils.
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Pile Driving
Piles may be driven to a predetermined length, to a specified
tip elevation, to a specified minimum penetration resistance
(hammer blows per cm), or according to a combination of
these criteria.
Pile Driving
Problems associated with pile driving:

Effect on neighboring structures.
Overdriving
Obstructions
Heaving
False driving resistance.
Piles not reaching same depth
Piles inclined or dislocated during driving.
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Pile Driving
Effect on neighboring structures

Driving vibration may be harmful to neighboring
structures especially those founded on shallow
foundations.
Driving through loose sand may cause settlements to
neighboring structures.
Pile Driving
Overdriving
Overdriving to overcome soil resistance and reach required
pile tip level may cause damage to driven pile and decrease
in its carrying capacity
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Pile Driving
Overdriving
Pile Driving
Obstructions
Fill soils containing wooden or stone pieces cause
obstruction to the pile driving.
They should be removed by first excavating the fill
layer, if having a reasonable thickness. Otherwise,
these obstructions could be displaced away from the
pile path with jets of water.
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Pile Driving
Heaving
Driving in a dense sand or stiff clay layer may cause
heaving of already driven piles.
Heaved piles resting on sand should be re-driven to
prevent severe settlements of the structure.
Pile Driving
False Driving Resistance
Piles driven in silts and very fine sands under water
show high resistance to driving because of the built-up
of excess pore water pressure.
If piles are left for some time and then driven again,
their resistance reduces because of pore water pressure
dissipation.
Similarly, piles driven in fill containing stone pieces or
natural boulders.
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Pile Driving
Piles not reaching same depth

Piles are resting on an underlying sand layer which is
not horizontal.
Pile Driving
Piles inclined or dislocated

during driving
Maximum allowable inclination
from vertical= 1.5%
Maximum allowable dislocation =
50 mm or 1/10 pile diameter
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Pile jacking
The jacking force is resisted
by a superimposed
deadweight or soil anchors.
Economical solution for piles
constructed in weak soils.
Pile Jacking
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Water jetting
To facilitate driving of piles in
sandy soils.
Water jetting from small pipes at
the pile tip allows the penetration
of the pile under its own weight.
Water Jetting
Then, a hammer is used to carry out the pile penetration
for the last 1.5 m to ensure that the pile tip is resting on
undisturbed soil.
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Bored Pile
Pile Classification
Pile Material
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Pile Classification
Pile Material
Vertical loads
Column loads
Uplift forces
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Inclined loads
Retaining walls
Horizontal loads
Harbor structures
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Negative skin friction loads:

When a pile penetrates through very soft layer, sensitive
clay, or moderately compressible recent fills.
Negative skin friction loads:

The downward settlement of these layers induces
additional vertical load.
This additional downward soil load should be taken
into contact in the design of piles
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Piles can transmit:
Vertical loads
Inclined loads
Horizontal loads
Negative skin friction loads
Transmission of Vertical Pile Loads to Soil
Transmission of pile loads to soil by:

Skin resistance (friction)
End bearing
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Skin friction (friction):

Friction piles transfer their loads to the surrounding
soil through skin resistance or friction developed along
their sides.
End Bearing:
If a pile penetrates a soil of low resistance then ends
inside a layer of much higher resistance, most of the
load will be transferred to the soil through its base.
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Estimation of Pile Bearing Capacity
1. Static Bearing Capacity Formulae P
2. Pile Material Capacity

L
1. Static Bearing Capacity Formulae : P
Pult = Pf + Pb
Pult: ultimate pile load capacity

L
Pf : skin friction resistance along pile length
P b: end-bearing resistance at pile tip
Pall1 = Pult/FS
FS = 2.5 3.0
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2. Pile Material Capacity : P
For reinforced concrete pile

Pall2 = (cu/F.S) A
L
cu = ultimate compressive strength of concrete (= 2500 t/m2)
A = cross section area of pile
F.S = 5.0
Pall = smaller of Pall1 & Pall2
Pf in Clay: P
Pf = ca L Per.
ca = adhesion = cu
Per. = pile perimeter L
L = pile length
= 0.3 0.4 for bored piles
Clay
For driven piles:
Very soft to soft 1.0
Medium stiff 0.8
Stiff 0.6
Very stiff to hard 0.4 Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017
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Pb in Clay: P
Pb = c Nc c A
c = cohesion L
A = pile cross section area

Nc c = 10
Pf in Sand: P
Pf = L2 ko Per. tan
ko = lateral earth pressure coefficient at-rest
= 1 sin L
= friction angle between soil and pile

= 2/3
Per. = pile perimeter
L = pile length
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Pb in Sand: P
Pb = ad Nq A
ad = effective overburden pressure at pile tip L
A = pile cross section area

(o) 25 30 35 40
Nq =
Nq 15 30 75 150
Types of Piles according to how pile loads are

transmitted to soil :
Friction Pile
End-Bearing Pile
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Friction Pile:
Pile tip is in clay layer or sand layer ( 34o)
P
Pult = Pf + Pb
Clay layer
Sand layer ( 34o)
End-Bearing Pile:
Pile tip is in sand layer ( > 34o)
P
Pult = Pb
Sand layer ( > 34o)
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Pile Group Considerations
A pile cap is cast over a group of piles supporting a

column in order to transmit the applied load to all the
piles in the group.
No. of piles = 1.1N/Pall

The spacing between piles (S) in a group should be kept as large
as possible to avoid overlap between stresses, which may cause
reduction in allowable pile load or excessive settlements.
On the other hand, large spacing requires massive and heavy pile
caps, the weight of which must also be carried by the piles.
N
S = (2.0 3.0) times the pile diameter
S
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Pile Arrangement
Group Action of Friction Piles

Friction pile groups may fail as a unit before the
load per pile reaches the maximum capacity of a
single pile.
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Thus, the load-carrying capacity of a group of
friction piles could be less than the sum of the
calculated individual pile capacities.
Consider the group to act as one large pile whose
length is equal to the length of the individual piles.
The cross-sectional area is equal to the area
enclosed within the outer perimeter of the group.

Pultg= Pfg + Pbg
Ag = cross section area of pile group

Perg = perimeter of pile group
Pallg= Pult/F.S = ?? 1.1N

y
If unsafe:
increase pile length or pile diameter
X
reduce load capacity of the pile group Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017
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Settlement of Pile Foundation
After checking the group action of the friction pile group,

the load supported by the pile foundation is assumed to be
acting at the lower third point of the pile length on an area
equal to the area enclosed by the piles.
The settlement will be considered due to the consolidation

of the clay below this point.

Y
X
S = mv p H
Ag
mv = coefficient of volume compressibility of clay N
H = thickness of layer
q = N/Ag
p = N/Ac Ac Ag
L q
H/4
1
L/3
2
Y H/2
p
H Ac
H/4
H/4 X
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Y
X
or cc/(1+eo) H log [(Po + p)/Po]
cc = compression index
Ag
H = thickness of layer N
Po = effective overburden pressure at H/2

q = N/Ag
Ac Ag
p = N/Ac L
H/4 q
1
L/3
2
Y H/2
p
H Ac
H/4
H/4 X H/4
Negative Skin Friction
Negative skin friction: is the force developed between

the soil and the pile in the downward direction due to
compressibility of soil, occurs in:
P
Very soft or sensitive clays: due to consolidation.
Dry fill
Recent dry fills: settle when saturated. Very soft clay
Sensitive clay
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Estimated by adding the weight of settling soil to the

structure loading and both should be resisted by the pile
group.
Wadd. = (A1 + A2) h N
h tan 20
Dry fill A2
Very soft clay h Wadd
Sensitive clay 20o
A1
A1
A2 Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017
Wadd. = (A1 + A2) h

Ppile = (Wadd. + 1.1 N )/No. of piles
Ppile Pall/pile
N
h tan 20
Dry fill A2
Very soft clay h Wadd
Sensitive clay 20o
A1
A1 Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

A2
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Eccentric Loads
.

.

My
- +
N = load acting on G.S. xi i +
M x = N ey yi
N
ey Mx
My = N ex
ex
-
Pile Load Tests
The most acceptable method to determine the load capacity

of a pile is to load it in a pile load test.
For important projects, pile load tests are carried out on

both preliminary non-working piles as well as working piles.
EC recommends to carry out one test for each 200 working

piles.
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Pile Load Tests

Pile Load Tests

The test load 1 %25
= (1.5 2.0) times the design load per pile. 1 %50

1 %75
Two conditions should be satisfied
3 %100
0.50Pd Pd 1.50Pd
0.25Pd 0.75Pd 1.25Pd 3 %125
12 %150
15 %125
15 %100
15 %75
15 %50
15 %25
4
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Pile Load Tests
Pile Load Tests
Condition (1): Pd Pw
0.16
Draw S/P S curve 0.14
0.12
S/P (mm/ton)
Pult = 1/(1.2b) 0.1 b

0.08 1
0.06
Pw = Pult/FS 0.04
0.02
FS = 2.0 0
0 10 20 30
Settlement (mm)
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Pile Load Tests
Condition (2): Sat P Smax
P = 1.5Pd
Smax = 0.02D + 0.5PL/EA
Sat P (from pile load test results)
D = pile diameter
L = pile length
A = pile area
E = Youngs modulus of concrete
43

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23/02/1439

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Pile foundation is more expensive than shallow foundation.

To reduce the total and differential settlements.

To densify cohesionless loose soil layers using compaction piles.

Methods of Pile Placement in Soil

Transmission of Pile Loads to Soil

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Used in woody countries where tree trunks of good timber

quality are available.

Minimum diameter = 30 cm.

End pile Protection

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

H section or steel pipes.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Usually filled with concrete after driving.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Splices by welding or bolting.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Precast concrete piles

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Precast concrete piles

Piles are sufficiently reinforced or

prestressed to be able to resist the

handling stresses and the driving

May be square or octagonal cross

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Cast-in-place concrete piles

Step (1): execute a hole in the ground.

Step (2): fill the hole with concrete.

Step (1) Step (2)

Cast-in-place concrete piles

How to execute a hole (step 1):

Bored cast-in-place pile.

Driven cast-in-place pile.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Cast-in-place concrete piles

Bored cast-in-place pile: the hole is drilled

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Cast-in-place concrete piles

Driven cast-in-place pile:

The hole is formed by driving a

The casing may be closed-

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Cast-in-place concrete piles

Driven cast-in-place pile:

The casing may be withdrawn or

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Cast-in-place concrete piles

Piles have to be reinforced if subjected to lateral loads

causing moment in the pile or tension forces.

If there are no lateral loads or tension forces: at least the

top 4 m of the pile should be reinforced.

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Methods of Pile Placement in Soil

Transmission of Pile Loads to Soil

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017

Methods of Pile Placement in Soil

Dr. Asmaa Moddather Foundations Fall 2017