Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OF THE
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Compiled by
with
W.H. Newton-Smith
Sub-Faculty of Philosophy
10 Merton Street
Oxford
September 1998
CONTRIBUTORS
We would like to thank Tony Atkinson, Harvey Brown, Paul Castell, Helena Cronin, Martin Davies, Dorothy
Edgington, Elizabeth Frazer, Miranda Fricker, James Logue, Ana Nettel, John Preston, John Roche, Simon
Saunders, Tom Stoneham, Maricio Suarez, and Adam Swift for their help in compiling this bibliography.
Contents
Pre-Hempel
Alternative models
Statistical explanation
Pragmatics in explanation
Narrative explanation
4. Idealization
5. Verisimilitude
8. Confirmation
9. Underdetermination
17. Experimentation
General Studies
Copernicus
Galileo
Collections
Criticism
Case studies
General reading
Leibnizian physics
31. The philosophy of biology
Darwins arguments
Models in biology
Phylogenetic inference
Creationism
Modularity
Tacit knowledge
Connectionism
Attention
Evolutionary psychology
Behaviorism
Introductions
Collections
Functional explanation
PUBLISHING HOUSES
Chalmers, A.F. (1982) What is this thing called Science? Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Harr, R. (1985) The Philosophies of Science, Oxford: OUP. (2nd enlarged ed.).
* Hempel, C. G. (1966) The Philosophy of Natural Science, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Lambert, K. & Brittain, G. C. (1987) An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Ridgeview: Atascadero,
3rd edn.
Pap, A. (1963) An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.
Papineau, D. (1995) Methodology: The Elements of the Philosophy of Science in A. Grayling (ed.)
Philosophy: A Guide Through the Subject, Oxford: OUP.
Quine, W.V.O. & Ullian, J. (1970) The Web of Belief, N.Y.: Random House.
Salmon, M. ed. (1992) Introduction to Philosophy of Science, Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice-Hall.
Toulmin, S. (1967) The Philosophy of Science, London: Hutchinson.
2. SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION
Pre-Hempel
Duhem, P. (1954) The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, Princeton: PUP.
Salmon, W.S. (1984) Scientific Explanation: Three General Conceptions PSA Vol. 2, pp. 293-305.
* Salmon, W.S. (1990) Four Decades of Scientific Explanation, Minneapolis, Univ. of Minnesota Press.
[Repr. from MinnStud Vol XIII, (eds.) P. Kitcher & W. Salmon.]
Achinstein, P. (1983) The Nature of Explanation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Chs. 1 to 5.
Ackermann, R. (1965) Discussion: Deductive Scientific Explanation, PhilSci. 32, pp. 155-167.
Davidson, D. (1980) Causal Relations, in his Essays on Actions and Events, Oxford: OUP. [Originally JPhil
1967]
Dietl, P. (1966) Paresis and the alleged symmetry between explanation and prediction, BJPS 17, p. 313-318.
Eberle, R., Kaplan, D. & Montague, R. (1961) Hempel and Oppenheim on Explanation, PhilSci 28 , pp.
418-28.
Goodman, N. (1983) The Problems of Counterfactual Conditionals, in Goodman, N, Fact, Fiction and
Forecast, London: Harvard University Press, 4th edition.
* Hempel, C. (1965) Aspects of Scientific Explanation, New York: The Free Press, & London: Collier-
Macmillan, (esp. essay 12 Aspects of Scientific Explanation, essays 8 to 11 are also relevant.)
Jobe, E. (1985) Explanation, Causality and Counterfactuals, PhilSci 52, pp. 357-89.
Miller, R.W. (1987) Fact and Method, Princeton: PUP, Part I esp. Ch 1-3.
Nagel, E. (1961) The Structure of Science, London: Routledge (esp. Chs. 2 & 3).
* Scriven, M. (1962) Explanations, Predictions, Laws, in MinnStud Vol. III, Minneapolis; University of
Minnesota Press, pp. 170-230.
Scriven, M. (1963) New Issues in the Logic of Explanation in Hook, S (ed.), Philosophy and History, New
York: New York University Press.
Alternative models
Cartwright, N. (1983) The Simulacrum Account of Explanation, in How the Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
Dray, W.H. ed. (1966) Philosophical Analysis and History, London: Harper & Row.
Glymour, C. (1984) Explanation and Realism, in Leplin, J (ed.), Scientific Realism, Berkeley: University of
California Press. [Repr. in Churchland, P & Hooker, C (eds.) Images of Science, Chicago: UCP, 1985]
* Lewis, D. (1986) Causal Explanation, in his Philosophical Papers Vol. II, Oxford: OUP.
Sintonen, M. (1990) How to Put Theories to Nature, in D. Knowles (ed.) Explanation and Its Limits,
Cambridge: CUP.
Sober, E. (1985) A Plea for Pseudo-Processes Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 66, pp. 303-9.
Von Wright, G.H. (1971) Explanation and Understanding, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Statistical explanation
Asquith, P D & Nickles, T eds. (1982) PSA,Vol. 2, Part IV, pp. 179-223, (papers by Salmon, Hanna, Fetzer &
Humphreys).
* Hempel, C G (1962) Deductive-Nomological vs. Statistical Explanation, in Feigl, H & Maxwell, G (eds.),
MinnStud, vol. 3, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 98-169.
* Hempel, C G (1965) Aspects of Scientific Explanation, New York: The Free Press, & London: Collier-
Macmillan.
Hempel, C.G. (1968) Maximal Specificity and Lawlikeness in Probabilistic Explanation, PhilSci 35, pp.
116-33.
Niiniluoto, I. (1982) Statistical Explanation, in Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey, vol. 2, Floistad, G
(ed.), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, pp. 157-87.
Railton, P (1978) A deductive-Nomological Model of Probabilistic Explanation, PhilSci, 45, pp. 206-26.
Railton, P. (1978) A Deductive-Nomological Model of Probabilistic Explanation, PhilSci 45, pp. 206-226.
* Salmon, W C (1971) Statistical Explanation and Statistical Relevance, USA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
* Salmon, W. C. (1970) Statistical Explanation, in Colodny, R (ed.), The Nature and Function of Scientific
Theories, USA; University of Pittsburgh Press.
Salmon, W.C. (1965) The Status of Prior Probabilities in Statistical Explanation, PhilSci 32, pp. 137-46.
Pragmatics in explanation
Achinstein, P. (1983) The Pragmatic Character of Explanation PSA Vol.2, p. 275-92.
* Bromberger, S. (1966) Why-Questions, in Colodny, R G (ed.), Mind and Cosmos, USA: University of
Pittsburgh Press.
Kitcher, P. & Salmon, W. C. (1987) van Fraassen on Explanation, JPhil, LXXXIV pp. 315-30.
Lipton, P. (1990) Contrastive Explanation in Explanation and Its Limits (ed.) D. Knowles, Cambridge: CUP.
Putnum, H. (1978) Meaning and the Moral Science, London: Routledge (lecture III).
* van Fraassen, B. (1980) The Scientific Image, Oxford: Clarendon Press (Ch. 5).
Narrative explanation
Goudge, T.A. (1961) The Ascent of Life, Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, pp. 70ff.
Hull, D. (1975) Central Subjects and Historical Narratives, History and Theory 14, p. 253-274.
Roth, P. (1988) Narrative Explanations: The Case of History History and Theory 27, p. 1-13.
Ruse, M. (1971) Narrative Explanation and the Theory of Evolution Canadian JPhil, p. 59.
Aronson, J., R. Harre & E. Way (1994) Realism Rescued, London: Duckworth, Ch. 3-5.
Baur, M. (1990) The Aim of Scientific Theories in Relating to the World: A Defense of the Semantic View,
Dialogue, p. 323.
Carnap, R. (1956) The Methodological Character of Theoretical Concepts MinnStud Vol. I, Minneapolis:
Univ. Minnesota Press, p. 38.
Churchland, P.M. (1990) On the Nature of Theories: A Neurocomputational Perspective, MinnStud XIV,
Minneapolis: Univ. Minnesota Press, pp. 59-101.
de Costa, N.C.A., & S. French (1990) The Model-Theoretic Approach in the Philosophy of Science, PhilSci
57, pp. 248-265.
Downes, S. (1992) The Importance of Models in Theorizing: A Deflationary Semantic View, PSA Vol 1, p.
142.
* Giere, R. (1988) Explaining Science, Chicago: UCP, Ch. 3.
* Hempel, C. (1972) Formulation and Formalization of Scientific Theories: A Summary Abstract in F. Suppe
(ed.) The Structure of Scientific Theories, Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press.
Suppe, F (1972) Whats Wrong With the Received View on the Structure of Scientific Theories? PhilSci 39,
p. 1.
Suppe, F. (1988) The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism, Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press.
Suppes, P. (1969) Studies in the Methodology and Foundations of Science, Dordrecht: Kluwer. [Papers: A
Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences and Models of
Data.]
van Fraassen, B. (1987) The Semantic Approach in N. Nersessian (ed.) The Process of Science, Dordrecht:
Nijhoff, pp. 105-124.
Wartofsky, M.W. (1974) Models: Representation and the Scientific Understanding, Dordrecht: Reidel.
[See also Models vs. axioms in evolutionary theory in The Philosophy of Biology section.]
4. IDEALIZATION
Barr, W.F. (1971) A Syntactic and Semantic Analysis of Idealizations in Science, PhilSci 38, p. 258.
Barr, W.F. (1974) A Pragmatic Analysis of Idealizations in Physics PhilSci 41, p. 48.
* Cartwright, N. (1983) How the Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford: OUP, Essay 6.
Cartwright, N. (1995) False Idealization: A Philosophical Threat to Scientific Method Philosophical Studies
77, pp. 339.
Laymon, R. (1995) Experimentation and the Legitimacy of Idealization, Philosophical Studies 77.
Scwartz, J.R. (1978) Idealizations and Approximations in Physics PhilSci 45, p. 595.
Shrader-Frechette, K.S. (1989) Idealized Laws, Anti-Realism, and Applied Science: A Case Study in
Hydrogeology Synthese 81, p. 329.
Worrall, J. (1982) Scientific Realism and Scientific Change, PhilQuart 32, p. 210.
5. VERISIMILITUDE
Aronson, J., R. Harr, & E. Way (1994) Realism Rescued, London: Duckworth, Ch. 6.
Brink, C. (1989) Verisimilitude: Views and Reviews , History and Philosophy of Logic 10, pp. 181-201.
Cohen, L.J. (1980) What Has Science to Do With Truth? Synthese 45, p. 489.
Kuipers, T. A. F. (1982) Approaching Descriptive and Theoretical Truth, Erkenntnis 18, pp. 343-378.
Newton-Smith, W.H. (1981) The Rationality of Science, London: RKP, Ch. VIII
Niiniluoto, I. (1989) Corroboration, Verisimilitude, and the Success of Science, in Imre Lakatos and
Theories of Scientific Change, K. Gavroglu, Y. Goudaroulis and P. Nicolacopoulos, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Oddie, G. (1978) Verisimilitude and Distance in Logical Space Acta Philosophica Fennica 30.
Resnik, D.B. (1992) Convergent Realism and Approximate Truth, PSA Vol. 1, pp. 421-434.
Urbach, P. (1983) Intimations of Similarity: The Shaky Basis of Verisimilitude BJPS 34, p. 266-273.
6. MEANING AND REFERENCE OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS
Bridgman, P.W. (1960) The Logic of Modern Physics, New York: Macmillan.
* Carnap, R. (1956) The Methodological Character of Theoretical Concepts in Feigl & Scriven (eds.)
MinnStud, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp.38-76.
Cornman, J.W. (1972) Craigs theorem, Ramsey-sentences and Scientific Instrumentalism, Synthese, 25,
pp.82-126.
* Hempel, C. (1965) The Theoreticians Dilemma in his Aspects of Scientific Explanation, New York: Free
Press [orig. in MinnStud Vol 2]
Hesse, M. (1952) Operational definition and analysis in physical theory, BJPS pp.281-94.
* Lewis, D. (1970) How to Define Theoretical Terms, JPhil 67 pp. 427-46 [Repr. in his Philosophical
Papers Vol. 1, Oxford: OUP (1987)]
Putnam, H. (1965) Craigs Theorem, repr. in Mathematics, Matter and Method, Philosophical Papers Vol. 1,
Cambridge: CUP, pp.228-236.
* Putnam, H. (1965) What theories are not reprinted in his Mathematics, Matter & Method, Phil. Papers
Vol. 1, Cambridge: CUP 1975, pp. 215-227.
* Ramsey, F.P. (1931) Theories in Foundations of Mathematics and other Logical Essays, London & New
York: Humanities.
Boyd, R. (1979) Metaphor and Theory Change: What is "Metaphor" a Metaphor For?, in A. Ortony (ed.)
Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge: CUP.
Cummisky, D. (1992) Reference Failure and Scientific Realism: A response to the meta-induction, BJPS, 43,
1, 21-40.
Feyerabend, P. (1965) On the Meaning of Scientific Terms, JPhil 62, pp. 266-74.
Field, H. (1973) Theory Change and the Indeterminacy of Reference, JPhil 70, pp. 462-81.
* Fine, A. (1975) How to Compare Theories: Reference and Change, Nous, 9, pp. 17-32.
Hacking, I. (1983) Representing and Intervening, Cambridge: CUP, ch.6.
* Hesse, M. (1974) The Structure of Scientific Inference, Basingstoke: Macmillan, Chs. 1,2.
Kitcher, P. (1978) Theories, Theorists & Theoretical Change, PhilRev, 87, pp. 519-547.
Kripke, S. (1972) Naming and Necessity, Oxford: Blackwell, esp. Lecture III.
* Kuhn, T. S. (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: UCP, 2nd edn., esp. Sec. 5, 10.
Kuhn, T.S. (1990) Dubbing and Redubbing: The Vulnerability of Rigid Designation in Wade Savage (ed.)
MinnStud XIV, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 298-318.
Nersessian, N. (1984) Faraday to Einstein: Constructing Meaning in Scientific Theories, Dordrecht: Martinus
Nijhoff.
Nola, R. (1980) Fixing the Reference of Theoretical Terms, PhilSci., 47, pp. 505-531.
Putnam, H. (1978) Meaning and the Moral Sciences, London: Routledge, Lectures I-VI.
* Putnam, H. (1979) Mind, Language and Reality, Philosophical Papers Vol. 2, Cambridge: CUP, (esp. The
Meaning of Meaning).
Sampson, C. (1975) Theory Change in a Two-Level Science, BJPS 26, pp. 303-17.
Shapere, D. (1966) Meaning and Scientific Change, in Colodny, R. (ed.), Mind and Cosmos, Pittsburgh:
University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 41-85.
Shapere, D. (1982) Reason, Reference and the Quest for Knowledge, Phil.Sci., 49, pp. 1-23.
Shapere, D. (1989) Evolution and Continuity in Scientific Change, Phil.Sci., 56, pp. 419-437.
Achinstein, P. (1968) Concepts of Science, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, Chs. 5&6.
Achinstein, P. and O. Hannaway (1985) Observation, Experiment and Hypothesis in Modern Physical
Science, Cambridge Mass: MIT Press. [See papers by Sklar, Shapere, and Boyd]
Bogen, J. & Woodward, J. (1988) Saving the Phenomena, PhilRev, 97, pp. 303-52.
Brown, H.I. (1987) Naturalizing Observation in Nersessian, N.J. (ed.) The Process of Science, Dordrecht:
Kluwer.
* Churchland, P. (1979) Scientific Realism and the Plasticity of Mind, Cambridge: CUP (Chs. 1 &2).
* Hesse, M. (1970) Is there an independent observation language?, in Colodny (ed.) The Nature and
Function of Scientific Theories, Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press.
Hesse, M. (1974) The Structure of Scientific Inference, Basingstoke: Macmillan, Chs. 1,2.
* Maxwell, G. (1962) The Ontological Status of Theoretical Entities, in MinnStud, vol. 3, Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press.
Nagel, E., Bromberger, S. & Grnbaum, A. (eds.) (1971) Observation and Theory in Science, Baltimore &
London: John Hopkins Press.
Putnam, H. (1975) What Theories are Not, in Mathematics, Matter and Method, Collected Papers Vol. 1,
Cambridge: CUP.
Quine, W.V.O. (1970) Grades of Theoreticity in Foster, L. & Swanson, J.W. (eds.), Experience and Theory,
Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, pp.1-18.
Sellars, W.F. (1963) Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind, in Science, Perception and Reality, London:
Routledge, pp.127-196.
Shapere, D. (1982) The Concept of Observation in Science and Philosophy, PhilSci, 49, pp. 485-52.
Sklar, L. (1985) Modestly Radical Empiricism, reprinted in his Philosophy and Space-Time Physics,
Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Wright, C. (1993) Scientific Realism and Observation Sentences, International Journal of Philosophical
Studies, 1, 2, pp.231-254.
8. CONFIRMATION
* Achinstein, P. (ed.) (1983) The Concept of Evidence, Oxford: OUP (esp. papers by Salmon, Goodman,
Carnap, Achinstein and Glymour.)
Black, M. (1966) Notes on the Paradoxes of Confirmation, in Hintikka, J & Suppes, P (eds.), Aspects of
Inductive Logic, Dordrecht: Reidel.
Carnap, R. (1968) Inductive Logic and Inductive Intuition in Lakatos, I. (ed.) The Problem of Inductive
Logic, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp.258-314.
Chihara, C. (1987) Some Problems for Bayesian Confirmation Theory, BJPS 38, pp.551-560.
Earman, J (ed.) (1983) Testing Scientific Theories, MinnStud Vol 10, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota
Press.
Earman, J. (1992) Bayes or Bust? A Critical Examination of Bayesian Confirmation Theory, Cambridge,
Mass: MIT Press, esp. Ch. 1-3, 6.
* Glymour, C. (1980) Theory and Evidence, Princeton: PUP, esp. Ch. 1-3.
* Goodman, N. (1983) Fact, Fiction and Forecast, Harvard: HUP (4th ed.), Ch. 3.
* Hempel, C G. (1948) Studies in the Logic of Confirmation reprinted in Aspects of Scientific Explanation,
New York: The Free Press, & London: Collier-Macmillan, 1965.
Hintikka, J. & Suppes, P. (eds.) (1966) Aspects of Inductive Logic, Dordrecht: Reidel (esp. papers by Black
and Suppes).
Horwich, P. (1982) Probability and Evidence, Cambridge: CUP, esp. Ch. 1-4.
* Howson, C. & Urbach, P. (1989) Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach, La Salle: Open Court, esp.
Ch. 1-4.
Lakatos, I. (1968) Changes in the Problem of Inductive Logic in Lakatos (ed.) The Problem of Inductive
Logic, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp.315-417.
Popper, K. & Miller, D.W.(1983) A Proof of the Impossibility of Inductive Probability, Nature 302, pp.687-
688.
Putnam, H. (1963) Probability and Confirmation reprinted in Mathematics, Matter and Method: Collected
Papers Vol. 1 (2nd ed.), Cambridge: CUP, pp.293-304.
Quine, W.V.O. (1969) Natural Kinds, reprinted in Ontological Relativity, New York: Columbia University
Press.
Rosenkrantz, R.D. (1981) Foundations and Applications of Inductive Probability, Atascadero, California:
Ridgeview Press.
Swinburne, R.G. (1973) An Introduction to Confirmation Theory, London: Metheun, esp. Ch. 1-3.
van Fraassen, B. (1988) The Problem of Old Evidence, in Austin, D.F. (ed.) Philosophical Analysis,
Dordrecht: Kluwer.
9. UNDERDETERMINATION
Ben-Menahem, Y. (1990) Equivalent Descriptions, BJPS 41, pp.261-279.
* Boyd, R. (1973) Realism, Underdetermination, and a Causal Theory of Evidence Nous, 7, pp. 1 -12.
Earman, J. (1993) Underdetermination, Realism and Reason, in French, Uehling & Wettstein (eds.) Midwest
Studies in Philosophy Vol. 18, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, pp.19-38.
Hoefer, C. & Rosenberg, A. (1994) Empirical Equivalence and Systems of the World, PhilSci 61, 4, pp.592-
607.
Horwich, P. (1982) How to Choose between Empirically Indistinguishable Theories, JPhil 79, pp.61-77.
Kukla, A. (1994) Non-empirical theoretical virtues and the argument for underdetermination, Erkenntnis 41,
2, pp.157-170.
Leplin, J. & Laudan, L. (1991) Empirical Equivalence and Underdetermination, JPhil, 88, pp.449-472.
* Quine, W. V. O. (1975) On Empirically Equivalent Systems of the World, Erkenntnis, 9, pp. 313-28.
Quine, W.V.O. (1990) Three Indeterminacies, in Barrett, R. & Gibson, R. (eds.) Perspectives on the
Philosophy of Quine, Oxford: Blackwell.
Wilson, M. (1980) The Observational Uniqueness of Some Theories, JPhil 77, pp.208-33.
Barrett, R. (1969) On the Conclusive Falsification of Scientific Hypotheses, PhilSci 36, pp.363-374.
Bremner, A.A. (1990) Holism a Century Ago: The Elaboration of Duhems Thesis, Synthese, 83, 3, pp.325-
336.
* Duhem, P. (1962) The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, New York: Atheneum, Ch. 6-7.
Grnbaum, A. (1971) Can we ascertain the falsity of a scientific hypothesis?, in Nagel, Bromberger and
Grnbaum (eds.) Observation and Theory in Science, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, pp.69-129.
Harding, S. (ed.) (197?) Can Theories be Refuted? Essays on the Duhem/Quine Thesis, Dordrecht: Reidel.
Laudan, L. (1965) On the Impossibility of Crucial Falsifying Experiments: Grnbaum on The Duhemian
Argument PhilSci 32, pp.295-299.
* Quine, W.V.O. (1953) Two Dogmas of Empiricism, reprinted in From a Logical Point of View, Harvard:
HUP.
Quinn, P. (1969) What Duhem Really Meant in Boston Studies in Philosophy of Science, Vol. XIV,
Dordrecht: Reidel, pp.33-56.
Quinn, P.L. (1969) The Status of the D-thesis, PhilSci 36, pp.381-399.
Vuillemin, J. (1986) On Duhems and Quines Theses in Hahn, L.E. & Schillpp, P.A. The Philosophy of W.V.
Quine, La Salle: Open Court, pp.595-618.
* Wedeking, G. (1969) Duhem, Quine and Grnbaum on Falsification, PhilSci 36, pp.375-380.
Worrall, J. (1993) Falsification, Rationality and the Duhem Problem: Grnbaum versus Bayes, in Earman, J.
et. al. (eds.) Philosophical Problems of the Internal and External Worlds, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh
Press, pp.329-370.
Yoshida, R.M. (1975) Discussion: Five Duhemian Theses, PhilSci 42, 1, pp.29-45.
Angel, R (1980) Relativity: The Theory and its Philosophy, Oxford: Pergamon Press, ch.5.
Ellis, B. & Bowman, J. (1967) Conventionality in Distant Simultaneity, PhilSci 34, pp. 116-136.
Grnbaum, A (1973) Philosophical Problems of Space and Time, Dordrecht: Reidel, 2nd enlarged edn., Part 1.
Grnbaum, A. (1961) Law and Convention in Physical Theory, in Feigl, H & Maxwell, G, (eds.) Current
Issues in the Philosophy of Science, New York: Holt, Rinehardt & Winston.
Horwich, P. (1975) Grnbaum on the Metric of Space and Time, BJPS 26, pp.199-211.
Horwich, P. (1986) A defence of conventionalism in McDonald, G. (ed.) Fact, Science and Morality,
Oxford: Blackwell, pp.163-187.
Poincar, H (1952) Science and Hypothesis, New York: Dover Publications, esp. Ch. 3-5.
Poincar, H. (1958) The Value of Science, New York: Dover Publications, Pt. 3.
* Putnam, H (1975) The Refutation of Conventionalism, in Mind, Language and Reality: Philosophical
Papers Vol. 2, Cambridge: CUP.
Quine, W.V.O. (1935) Truth by Convention, reprinted in The Ways of Paradox and other essays, Harvard:
HUP (1966) pp.77-106.
Redhead, M. (1993) The Conventionality of Simultaneity in Earman et. al. (eds.) Philosophical Problems of
the Internal and External Worlds, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Reichenbach, H. (1950) The Philosophy of Space and Time, New York: Dover Publications, esp. Ch. 1.
* Sklar, L. (1974) Space, Time and Spacetime, Berkeley: California University Press, Ch. 2.
Sklar, L. (1985) Philosophy and Spacetime Physics, Berkeley: University of California Press,ch.3.
Suppes, P (ed.) (1973) Space, Time and Geometry, Dordrecht: Reidel (papers by Vuillemin, Glymour, &
Friedman).
Swinburne, R. (1980) Conventionalism about Space and Time, BJPS 31, pp. 255-272.
Adler, J.E. (1990) Conservativism and Tacit Confirmation Mind, pp. 559-70.
Goodman, N. (1972) Problems and Projects, New York: Bobbs-Merrill. Ch. VII.
Hesse, M The Structure of Scientific Inference, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1974, Ch. 10.
Hesse, M. (1967) Simplicity in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (ed.) Paul Edwards, N.Y. Macmillan.
* Kuhn, T. (1977) Objectivity, Value Judgement, and Theory Choice in The Essential Tension, Chicago:
UCP.
Kukla, A. (1994) Non-Empirical Theoretical Virtues and the Argument from Underdetermination Erkenntnis
41:2.
Newton-Smith, W.H. (1981) The Rationality of Science, London: RKP, pp. 112-117 and Ch. IX.
Popper, K. (1959) The Logic of Scientific Discovery, London: Hutchinson and Co., Ch. VII.
Quine, W.V.O. (1976) On Simple Theories of a Complex World, in Ways of Paradox, Cambridge Mass:
Harvard Univ. Press.
* Sober, E. (1991) Reconstructing the Past: Evolution, Parsinomy, and Inference, Cambridge: MIT Press, Ch.
2-3.
Sober, E. (1990) Contrastive Empiricism MinnStud Vol. XIV (ed.) C. Wade Savage.
Sober, E. (1990) Lets Razor Ockhams Razor in Explanation and Its Limits (ed.) Dudley Knowles,
Cambridge: CUP.
Swinburne, R. (1973) An Introduction to Confirmation Theory, London: Methuen & Co., Ch. VII.
* van Fraassen, B. (1980) The Scientific Image, Oxford: OUP, pp. 87-96.
van Fraassen, B. (1983) Glymour on Explanation and Evidence in MinnStud Vol. X (ed) J. Earman.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
van Fraassen, B. (1984) Empiricism in the Philosophy of Science in Images of Science (ed.) P. Churchland
and C. Hooker, Chicago: UCP, Pt. 1.
van Fraassen, B. (1989) Laws and Symmetry, Oxford: OUP, Pt. 1
Collections
Hooker, C. A. & Churchland, P. M., eds. (1985) Images of Science, Chicago: UCP (esp. papers by Boyd,
Churchland, Ellis, Hooker, Musgrave, and van Fraassen).
Leplin, J., ed. (1984) Realism, Berkeley: University of California Press, (esp. papers by McMullin, Boyd,
Fine, & Leplin).
Nola, R., ed. (1988) Relativism and Realism in Science, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
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Aronson, J., Harr, R. & Way, E. C. (1993) Realism Rescued, London: Duckworth.
Blackburn, B. (1993) Truth, Realism and the Regulation of Theory, in Essays on Quasi-Realism, Oxford:
OUP.
Boyd, R. (1973) Realism, Underdetermination and a Causal Theory of Evidence, Nous 7, pp. 1-12.
Boyd, R. (1980) Scientific Realism and Naturalistic Epistemology, PSA Vol. 2, pp. 613-662.
Boyd, R. (1989) What Realism Implies and What It Does Not, Dialectica 43.
Boyd, R. (1990) Realism, Approximate Truth, and Philosophical Method in C. Wade Savage (ed.) Scientific
Theories, MinnStud.
Brown, J. R. (1985) Explaining the Success of Science Ratio 27, pp. 49-66.
Carrier, M. (1991) What is Wrong with the Miracle Argument?, HistPhilSci 22, pp. 23-36.
* Cartwright, N. (1983) How the Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford: OUP (esp. essays 2-5).
Churchland, P. M. (1979) Scientific Realism and the Plasticity of Mind, Cambridge: CUP.
Hendry, F. R. (1995) Realism and Progress: Why Scientists Should be Realists in Fellows, R. (ed.)
Philosophy and Technology, Cambridge: CUP.
Kukla, A. (1994) Scientific Realism, Scientific Practice and the Natural Ontological Attitude, BJPS 45,
pp.955-975.
Laudan, L. (1977) Progress and its Problems, Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Leplin, J. (1992) Realism and Methodological Change, PSA Vol. 2, pp. 435-445.
McAllister, J. W. (1993) Scientific Realism and the Criteria for Theory Choice, Erkenntnis 38, 2, pp.203-
222.
McMullin, E. (1984) The Goals of Natural Science, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association
58.
Psillos, S. (1995) "Is Structural Realism the Best of Both Worlds?" Dialectica 49.
Putnam, H. (1982) Three Kinds of Scientific Realism, PhilQuart 32, pp. 195-200.
* van Fraassen, B. (1980) The Scientific Image, Oxford: OUP, Ch. 2-3
van Fraassen, B. (1985) Empiricism in the Philosophy of Science, in Churchland & Hooker (eds.).
Worrall, J. (1989) Structural Realism: the Best of Both Worlds? in Dialectica 43.
Worrall, J. (1982) Scientific Realism and Scientific Change, PhilQuart 32, pp. 201-231.
Wylie, A. (1986) Arguments for Scientific Realism: The Ascending Spiral, American Philosophical
Quarterly, 23, pp. 287-97.
Achinstein, P. (1992) Inference to the Best Explanation: Or, Who Will Win the Mill-Whewell Debate,
HistPhilSci 23, p. 349.
Ben-Menahem, Y. (1990) The Inference to the Best Explanation Erkenntnis, pp. 319-344
Brown, J.R. (1985) Explaining the Success of Science Ratio 27, p. 49.
Cartwright, N. (1983) When Explanation Leads to Inference How the Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford: OUP,
Essay 5.
Day, T. & Kincaid, H. (1994) Putting Inference to the Best Explanation in its Place Synthese 98.
Fine, A. (1984) The Natural Ontological Attitude, in J. Leplin (ed.) Scientific Realism, Berkeley: Univ.
California Press. [Repr. in his The Shaky Game (1986).]
* Fine, A. (1986) Unnatural Attitudes: Realist and Instrumentalist Attachments to Science Mind 45, p. 149.
Marino, M. (1988) Inference to the Best Explanation: van Fraassen and the Case of the Fifth Force, ISPS
3, p. 35.
McMullin, E. (1987) Explanatory Success and the Truth of Theory in N. Rescher (ed.) Scientific Inquiry in
Philosophical Perspective, N.Y.: Univ. Press of America.
Newton-Smith W.H. (1987) Realism and Inference to the Best Explanation, Fundamenta Scientiae 7.
Ruben, D-H (1982) Causal Scepticism or Invisible Cement, Ratio 24, p. 161.
Thagard, P. (1978) The Best Explanation: Criteria for Theory Choice JPhil 75.
van Fraassen, B. (1989) Laws and Symmetry, Oxford: OUP, Part II.
* Ayer, A J (1963) What is a Law of Nature?, in The Concept of a Person, London: Macmillan.
Bigelow, J. & Pargetter, R. (1990) Science and Necessity, Cambridge: CUP, Ch. 5.
Cartwright, N. (1983) How the Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford: Clarendon Press, Ch. 1, 4
Cartwright, N. (1989) Natures Capacities and their Measurement, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Goodman, N (1983) Fact, Fiction and Forecast, London: Harvard University Press, 4th ed., Ch. 1.
Mellor, D H (ed.) (1980) Science, Belief and Behaviour, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (esp. essays
5 & 6).
Ramsey, F. (1931) General Propositions and Causality, in the Foundations of Mathematics, London: RKP.
Swartz, N (1985) The Concept of Physical Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
van Fraassen, B. (1989) Laws and Symmetry, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Pt. 2.
Shapiro, B. (1983) Probability and Certainty in Seventeenth-Century England: A Study of the Relation
between Natural Science, Religion, History, Law, and Literature, Princeton: PUP.
Skryms, B. (19863rd ed.) Choice and Chance, Belmar CA: Wordsworth, Ch. 5-7
************************************
Ayer, A.J. (1957) The Conception of Probability as a Logical Relation in Observation and Interpretation:
Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, S. Krner (ed.), Butterworth: London.
de Finetti, B. (1964) Foresight: Its Logical Laws, Its Subjective Sources in Studies in Subjective Probability,
H.E. Kyburg Jr. & H.E. Smokler (eds.), New York: Wiley. [Originally written 1937.]
de Finetti, B. (1969) Initial Probabilities: A Prerequisite for any Valid Induction, Synthese 20.
Ellis, B. (1968) Basic Concepts of Measurement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Ch. XI
Giere, R.N. (1973) Objective Single Case Probabilities and the Foundations of Statistics in Logic,
Methodology and the Philosophy of Science IV, P. Suppes & L. Henkin (eds.).
Giere, R.N. (1980) Causal Systems and Statistical Hypotheses, in Cohen, L J & Hesse, M (eds.),
Applications of Inductive Logic, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gillies, D.A. (1973) An Objective Theory of Probability, London: Methuen & Co.
Hacking, I. (1967) Slightly More Realistic Personal Probability, Philosophy of Science, 34, pp. 311-25
Howson, C. & P. Urbach (1989) Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach, La Salle: Illinois: Open Court.
Jeffrey, R. (1970) Dracula Meets Wolfman: Acceptance vs. Partial Belief, Induction, Acceptance, and
Rational Belief, M. Swain (ed.) D. Reidel: Dordrecht.
Jeffrey, R. (19832nd ed.) The Logic of Decision, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
* Jeffrey, R. (1992) Probability and the Art of Judgment, Cambridge: CUP, Ch. 4. [Reprinted from
Observation, Experiment, and Hypothesis in Modern Physical Science, P. Achinstein & O. Hannaway (eds.)
Boston: MIT Press.]
* Lewis, D. (1980) A Subjectivists Guide to Objective Chance" in R. Jeffrey (ed.) Studies in Inductive Logic
and Probability Vol. II, Berkeley: Univ. of California Press [repr. in Lewis Philosophical Papers Vol 2].
Lucas, J.R. (1970) The Concept of Probability, Oxford: Clarendon Press, Chs. II & IV.
Luckenbach, S.A. (1972) Probabilities, Problems and Paradoxes, Vencino CA: Dickenson.
* Mackie, J.L. (1973) Truth, Probability and Paradox, Oxford: Clarendon Press, Ch. 5
Mellor, D.H. (1971) The Matter of Chance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pap, A. (1963) An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, London: Eyre and Spottiswode, Ch. 11.
Popper, K. (1959) The Propensity Theory of Probability, BJPS, 10, pp. 25-42.
* Ramsey, F. (1931/ new edn. 1978) The Foundations of Mathematics, Braithwaite, R B (ed.), London:
Routledge, essays VII & VIII.
* Salmon, M.H. et. al. (1992) Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, pp. 66-100.
Salmon, W.C. (1966) The Foundations of Scientific Inference, USA: University of Pittsburgh
Savage, L.J. (1971) Probability in Science: A Personalistic Account in Logic, Methodology and Philosophy
of Science IV, P. Suppes & L. Henkin (eds.).
Swinburne, R.G. (1971) The Probability of Particular Events, Philosophy of Science, 38, pp. 327-43
van Fraassen, B. (1980) The Scientific Image, Oxford: Clarendon Press, Ch. 6
* von Mises, R. (19572nd ed.) Probability, Statistics, and Truth, New York: Macmillan.
White, A.R. (1972) The Propensity Theory of Probability, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 23,
pp. 35-423.
Zabell, S.L. (1988) Symmetry and its Discontents in Causation, Chance, and Credence Vol. 1, B. Skyrms &
W.L. Harper (eds.), Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Zabell, S.L. (1989) The Rule of Succession Erkenntnis 31.
17. EXPERIMENTATION
Achinstein, P. & Hannway, O eds. (1985) Observation, Experiment and Hypothesis in Modern Physical
Science, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [esp. papers by Laymon and Galison]
Brown, J.R. (1988) The Experimenters Social Circle, Philosophy of Social Sciences 18, pp. 101-6.
Brown, J.R. (1989) The Rational and the Social, London: Routledge, Ch. 4.
Campbell, N.R. (1957) Foundations of Science: The Philosophy of Theory and Experiment, New York: Dover.
Gooding, D. (1990) Experiment and the Making of Meaning, Dordrecht: Kluwer, esp. Part I.
Hacking, I (1988) On the Stability of the Laboratory Sciences, JPhil, LXXXV, pp. 507-14.
Hacking, I. (1983) Representing and Intervening, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Part B).
Heelan, P.A. (1988) Experiment and Theory, JPhil, LXXXV, pp. 515-24.
Shapere, D. (1982) The Concept of Observation, in Science and Philosophy, PhilSci 49, pp. 485-525
Swenson, Loyd S. (1979) The Etherial Aether: A History of the Michelson-Morley Experiment, Texas: Austin.
Bohr, N (1949) Discussions with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in Atomic Physics, in Schillpp, P A
(ed.), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, La Salle: Open Court.
* Brown, J R (1986) Thought Experiments Since the Scientific Revolution, ISPS 1, pp. 1-15.
Brown, J.R. (1991) The Laboratory of the Mind: Thought Experiments in the Natural Sciences, London:
Routledge.
Cole, D. (1984) Thought and Thought Experiments, Philosophical Studies, 45, pp.431-444.
Hacking, I. (1992) Do Thought Experiments have a life of their own? PSA 2, pp.302-308.
Horowitz, T. & Massey, G.J. (eds.) (1991) Thought Experiments in Science and Philosophy, Lanham:
Rowman & Littlefield.
Humphreys, P. (1993) Seven Theses on Thought Experiments, in Earman, J. et. al. (eds.) Philosophical
Problems of the Internal and External World, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Koyr, A (1968) Galileos Treatise De Motu: The Use and Abuse of Imaginary Experiment, in Metaphysics
and Measurement, London: Capman and Hall.
Kuhn, T S (1977) A Function for Thought Experiments, reprinted in The Essential Tension, Chicago: UCP.
Mach, E (1960) The Science of Mechanics, La Salle: Open Court, pp. 588ff.
Popper, K (1959) The Logic of Scientific Discovery, London: Hutchinson, (Appendix XI).
Hull, D., M. Forbes & K. Okruhlike (1992) PSA 2 Part IX, Thought Experiments: The Theoreticians
Laboratory, papers by Brown, Gooding, Nersessian and Hacking.
Rehder, W. (1980) Thought Experiments and Modal Logics, Logique et Analyse,23, pp.407-417.
* Sorensen, R.A. (1992) Thought Experiments and the Epistemology of Laws, Canadian JPhil, 22, pp.15-
44.
Wilkes, K W (1988) Real People: Personal Identity Without Thought Experiments, Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Achinstein, P. (1964) Models, Analogies, and Theories, PhilSci 31, p. 328-350. [Articles also by Hesse and
Agassi.]
Achinstein, P. (1968) Concepts of Science, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, Chs. 7 & 8.
Bunge, M. (1973) Method, Model and Matter, Dordrecht: D.Reidel, Chs. V, VI, VII.
* Cartwright, N. (1980) How the Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford: Clarendon Press, Ch. 3.
Duhem, P. (1954) The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, Princeton: PUP, Ch. 4.
Giere, R. (1984) Understanding Scientific Reasoning (2nd Ed.), NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Harr, R. (1976) The Constructive Role of Models, in Collins, L (ed.), The Use of Models in the Social
Sciences, London: Tavistock.
Hempel, C. (1965) Aspects of Scientific Explanation in Aspects of Scientific Explanation, NY: Free Press,
Sec. 6.
Hesse, M. (1966) Models and Analogies in Science, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Hesse, M. (1974) The Structure of Scientific Inference, Basingstoke: Macmillan, Ch. IX, XI.
Leatherdale, W.H. (1974) The Role of Analogy, Model and Metaphor in Science, NY: A.M. Elsevier.
Roper, J.E. (1982) Models and Lawlikeness, Synthese 52, pp. 313-323.
Wylie, A. (1988) Simple Analogy and the Role of Relevance Assumptions, International Studies in
Philosophy, 2.2, pp. 134-50.
[See also Analogical reasoning in Darwins Origin of Species in The Philosophy of Biology section.]
20. MEASUREMENT
Adams, E.W. (1966) On the Nature and Purpose of Measurement, Synthese 16, pp. 125-69.
Campbell, N.R. (1957) Foundations of Science: The Philosophy of Theory and Experiment, New York: Dover,
Part II.
Falmagne, J.C. (1966) A Probabilistic Theory of Extensive Measurement, Synthese, 16, pp. 125-69.
Hacking, I. (1983) Representing and Intervening, Cambridge,: Cambridge University Press, Ch. 4.
Holman, E.W. (1974) Extensive Measurement without an Order Relation, Philosophy of Science 41, pp.
361-73
Kanger, S. (1972) Measurement; An Essay in the Philosophy of Science, Theoria, XXXVIII, pp. 1-44
Krantz, D.H., Luce, R.D., Suppes, P. & Tversky, A. (1971) Foundations of Measurement, New York:
Academic Press.
Kuhn, T.S. (1961) The Function of Measurement in Modern Physical Science, Isis 52, pp. 161-93.
[Reprinted in The Essential Tension, Chicago: UCP, 1977.]
Kyberg, H.E. (1968) Philosophy of Science: A formal Approach, New York: Macmillan, Ch. 3.
Kyburg, H.E. (1984) Theory and Measurement, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lucas, J.R. (1984) Space, Time and Causality, Oxford: Clarendon Press, Ch. VI.
Narens, L. (1974) Measurement without Archimedean Axioms, Philosophy of Science 41, pp. 374-93.
General studies
Crombie, A.C. (1994) Styles of Scientific Thinking in the European Tradition, London: Duckworth.
Olby, R.C. et.al, eds. (1990) Companion to the History of Modern Science, London.
Copernicus
Galileo
Galileo (1953) Dialogue Concerning the Two Principal Systems of the World, S. Drake (trans.), Berkeley: U.
of California Press.
Galileo (1974) Discourse on Two New Sciences, S. Drake (trans.), Madison: U. of Wisconsin Press.
Guerlac, H. (1961) Lavoisier, the Crucial Year: The background and origin of his first experiments on
combustion in 1772, Ithaca: Cornell U. Press.
Entries on Michael Faraday, James Clerk Maxwell, and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), in Dictionary of
scientific biography (1972-1980), 16 vols., New York.
Niven, D. ed. (1890) The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, Cambridge: CUP.
Whittaker, E.T. (1989) A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, Dover.
Achinstein, P. & S. Hooker, eds. (1969) The Legacy of Logical Positivism, Baltimore: The John Hopkins
University Press.
Ayer, A.J. ed. (1959) Logical Positivism, New York: Free Press.
Ayer, A.J. (1962) Language, Truth and Logic, London: Victor Gollanz.
Carnap, R. (1963) Carnaps Intellectual Autobiography in Schillpp, P (ed.) The Philosophy of Rudolf
Carnap, (The Library of Living Philosophers), La Salle: Open Court.
Hanfling, O., ed. (1981) Essential Readings in Logical Positivism, Oxford: Blackwell.
Kebel, T.E. (1996) Anti-Foundationalism and the Vienna Circles Revolution in Philosophy, BJPS 47.
McGuiness, B. ed. (1985) Moritz Schlick, Dordrecht: D.Reidel. [Reprint from Syntheses, Vol. 64, No. 5.]
Neurath, Carnap & Morris, eds. (1955) International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, Vols. I & 2, Chicago:
UCP (esp. articles by Neurath and Carnap).
Neurath, O. (1973) Empiricism and Sociology, (Vienna Circle Collection, Vol. 1), Dordrecht: D.Reidel, esp.
Ch. 9.
Neurath, O. (1983) Philosophical Papers 1913-46, (Vienna Circle Collection, Vol. 16), Dordrecht: D.Reidel.
Reichenbach, H. (1959) The Rise of Scientific Philosophy, Berkeley: U. of California Press.
Schlick, M. (1974) General Theory of Knowledge, Vienna & New York: Springer-Verlag.
Schlick, M. (1979) Philosophical Papers, Two Vols.; Vol. 1, 1909-22, Vol. 2, 1925-36 (Vienna Circle
Collection, Vol. 11), Dordrecht: D.Reidel.
* Popper, K. (1959) The Logic of Scientific Discovery, London: Hutchinson, (esp. Chs. 1 to 6).
Popper, K. (1973) Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, Oxford: Clarendon Press, corrected edn.
************************************
Achermann, R (1976) The Philosophy of Karl Popper, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Curtis, R (1986) Are Methodologies Theories of Scientific Rationality?, BJPS, 37, pp. 135-61.
Feyerabend, P. (1985) Poppers Objective Knowledge & The Methodology of Scientific Research
Programmes, in Problems of Empiricism, Philosophical Papers, Vol. 2, Cambridge: CUP.
Feyerabend, P. (1975) Against Method, London: New Left Books, esp. Ch. 15.
* Gillies, D. (1993) Philosophy of Science in the Twentieth Century: Four Central Themes, Cambridge:
Blackwell.
Grnbaum, A. (1976) Ad Hoc Auxiliary Hypotheses and Falsification. BJPS 27, pp. 329-62.
Grnbaum, A. (1976) Is Falsifiability the Touchstone of Scientific Rationality? Karl Popper versus
Inductivism, in Cohen, R.S., Feyerabend, P.K. & Wartofsky, M. (eds.) Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos,
Dordrecht: Reidel, pp.213-252.
Grnbaum, A. (1976) Is the Method of Bold Conjectures and Attempted Refutations Justifiably the Method
of Science?, BJPS 27, pp. 105-36.
Lakatos, I. (1970) Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes, in Lakatos, I &
Musgrave, A, (eds.), Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, Cambridge: CUP.
Lakatos, I. (1978) Mathematics, Science and Epistemology, Philosophical Papers, Vol. 2, Cambridge: CUP.
* OHear, A. (ed.) (1995) Karl Popper: Philosophy and Problems, Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement
39, Cambridge: CUP.
Schillpp, P (ed.) (1974) The Philosophy of Karl Popper, La Salle: Open Court (esp. paper by Putnam).
* Kuhn, T.S. (1962/70) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: UCP, 2nd enlarged edn. 1970
Kuhn, T.S. (1982) Commensurability, Comparability, Communicability, PSA Vol. 2, pp. 669-88, (see also
papers by Kitcher, Hesse)
***********************************
Collections
* Gutting, G. ed. (1980) Paradigms and Revolutions, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Harr, R. ed. (1975) Problems of Scientific Revolutions, Oxford: Oxford University Press (esp. paper by
Popper).
* Horwich, P. ed. (1993) World Changes, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [See esp papers by Hacking,
McMullin, and afterword by Kuhn.].
Lakatos, I & Musgrave, A eds. (1970) Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, (esp. papers by Feyerabend, Kuhn & Watkins).
Giere, R.N. (1985) Philosophy of Science Naturalized, Philosophy of Science, 52, pp. 331-56.
Fleck, L. (1935/English ed. 1979) Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, Chicago: UCP.
Hollis, M .& Lukes, S. eds. (1982) Rationality and Relativism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Laudan, L. (1984) Science and Values: The Aims of Science and their Role in Scientific Debate, Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Laudan, L. (1986) Scientific Change: Philosophical Models and Historical Research, Synthese, p. 69
Laudan, L. (1987) Relativism, Naturalism and Reticulation, Synthese, 71, pp. 221-34.
Longino, H. (1990) Science as Social Knowledge, Princeton NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, Ch. 2.
Malone, M. (1993) Kuhn Reconstructed: Incommensurability Without Relativism HistPhilSci 24, p. 69.
McAllister, J.M. (1986) Theory Assessment in the Historiography of Science, BJPS 37.
Newton-Smith, W.H. (1989) Rationality, Truth, and the New Fuzzies in Dismantling Truth: Reality in the
Postmodern World, L. Appignanesi and H. Lawson (eds.) London: Weidenfield and Nicolson.
Rorty, R. (1980) Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Ch. 7.
Salmon, M.H. et.al. (1992) Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Ch. 5.
Scheffler, I. (1967) Science and Subjectivity, Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, esp. Ch. 1
Shapere, D. (1964) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, PhilRev, XXIII, pp. 383-94.
Worrall J. (1990) Scientific Revolutions and Scientific Rationality: The Case of the Elderly Holdout,
MinnStud XIV, Minneapolis, Univ. Minnesota Press.
Case studies [entries under Collections above also include case studies]
Baumberger, J. (1977) No Kuhnian Revolution in Economics, Journal of Economic Issues 11, pp. 1-20
Beardsley, P. (1974) Political Science: The Case of the Missing Paradigm, Political Theory 2, pp. 46-61
Crane, D. (1980) An Exploratory Study of Kuhnian Paradigms in Theoretical High-Energy Physics, Social
Studies of Science, 10, pp. 23-54
Crowe, M. (1975) Ten "Laws" Concerning Patterns of Change in Mathematics, Historica Mathematica 2,
pp. 161-6
Dooley, P. (1982) Kuhn and Psychology: the Rogers-Skinner, Day-Giorgi Debates, Journal for the Theory
of Social Behaviour 12, pp. 272-290
Fang, J. (1973) Is Mathematics and Anomaly in the Theory of Scientific Revolutions?, Philosophica
Mathematics 16, pp. 92-101
Harvey, M.E. & Holly, B.P. (1981) Paradigm, Philosophy and Geographic Thought, in Themes in
Geographic Thought, London; Croom Helm, (Ch. 1)
Peterson, G. (1981) Historical Self-Understanding in the Social Sciences: the use of Thomas Kuhn in
Psychology, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 11, pp. 1-30
Urbach, P. (1974) Progress and Degeneration in the IQ Debate, BJPS 25, pp. 99-135 & 235-59
Feyerabend, P.K. (1962) Explanation, Reduction, and Empiricism in Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of
Science Vol. III, H. Feigl & G. Maxwell (eds.) Minneapolis: U. Minnesota Press.
Feyerabend, P.K. (1978) Science in a Free Society, London: New Left Books.
************************************
Gunaratne, R.D. (1980) Science Understanding and Truth, Sri Lanka: Ministry of Higher Education
Publications.
Laudan, L. (1989) For Method: or, Against Feyerabend, in J.R. Brown & J. Mittelstrass (eds.) An Intimate
Relation, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
McEvoy, J.G. (1975) A Revolutionary Philosophy of Science: Feyerabend and the Degeneration of Critical
Rationalism into Scepticial Fallibilism PhilSci 42.
Machamer, P. (1973) Feyerabend and Galileo: The Interaction of Theories, and the Reinterpretation of
Experience, HistPhilSci 4.
Munvar, G. (eds.) Beyond Reason: Essays on the Philosophy of Paul Feyerabend, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Preston, J.M. (1997) Feyerabend: Philosophy, Science and Society, Cambridge: CUP.
Worrall, J. (1978) Is the Empirical Content of a Theory Dependent on its Rivals? in I. Niiniluoto & R.
Tuomela (eds.) The Logic and Epistemology of Scientific Change, Acta Philosophica Fennica 30.
* Lakatos, I. (1978) Philosophical Papers Vols. 1, 2, Worrall and Currie (eds.), Cambridge: CUP.
************************************
Breck & Yourgrau eds. (1970) Physics, Logic and History, New York: Plenum.
Cohen, R.S., P.K. Feyerabend & M. Wartofsky, eds. (1976) Essays in Memory of Imre Lakatos, Dordrecht:
Reidel.
* Hacking, I. (1979) Imre Lakatos Philosophy of Science, BJPS 30, pp. 381-410.
Hacking, I., ed. (1981) Scientific Revolutions, Oxford: OUP [esp. papers by Lakatos and Hacking].
Kuhn, T. S. (1970) Notes on Lakatos, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science VIII, pp. 137-146.
Mayo, D. (1991) Novel Evidence and Severe Tests, PhilSci., 58, pp. 523-552.
Musgrave, A. (1988) Is there a Logic of Scientific Discovery? LSE Quarterly 2:3, Autumn Issue.
Worrall, J. (1985) Scientific Discovery and Theory-Confirmation in Pitt, J. C. (ed.) Change and Progress in
Modern Science, Dordrecht: Reidel.
Zahar, E. (1973) Why did Einsteins Programme Supersede Lorentzs? BJPS 24, pp. 95-123 & 2323-262.
Feyerabend, P. (1963) Explanation, Reduction, and Empiricism Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of
Science Vol. III, Minneapolis: Univ. of Minn. Press.
* Kuhn, T.S. (1962/70) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: UCP, 2nd enlarged edn. 1970
Lakatos, I. (1970) Falsification and the Methodology of Research Programmes in Lakatos and A. Musgrave
(eds.) Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, Cambridge: CUP.
Laudan, L. (1984) Science and Values: The Aims of Science and their Role in Scientific Debate, Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Laudan, L. (1984) A Confutation of Convergent Realism, in Leplin, J., ed. Realism, Berkeley: University of
California Press [Repr. from PhilSci 48.]
Laudan, L. (1986) Scientific Change: Philosophical Models and Historical Research, Synthese, p. 69
Popper, K. (1959) The Logic of Scientific Discovery, London: Hutchinson, (esp. Chs. 1 to 6).
Popper, K. (1962) Truth, Rationality, and the Growth of Scientific Knowledge, in his Conjectures and
Refutations, New York: Basic Books.
Shapere, Dudley (1966) Meaning and Scientific Change, in R.G. Colodny (ed.) Mind and Cosmos: Essays
in Contemporary Science and Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh Press. [Repr. in I. Hacking (ed.) Scientific
Revolutions, Oxford: OUP, 1981.]
Shapere, Dudley (1980) The Character of Scientific Change, in T. Nickles (ed.) Scientific Discovery, Logic
and Rationality, Dordrecht: Reidel.
Stegmller, Wolfgang (1975) Structures and Dynamics of Theories, Erkenntnis 9, pp. 75-100.
Stegmller, Wolfgang (1977) Accidental (Non-substantial) Theory Change and Theory Dislodgment in
R.E. Butts and J. Hintikka (eds.) Historical and Philosophical Dimensions of Logic, Methodology and
Philosophy of Science, Dordrecht: Reidel.
* Bloor, D. (1976) Knowledge and Social Imagery, London: Routledge, Ch. 1-3 and Afterword (in 2nd
Edition)
Brannigan, G. (1981) The Social Basis of Scientific Discoveries, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Brown, J.R. (1989) The Rational and the Social, London: RKP.
Brown, J.R. ed. (1984) Scientific Rationality, the Sociological Turn, Dordrecht: D.Reidel.
Collins, H.M. and S. Yearley (1992) Epistemological Chicken, in A. Pickering (ed.) Science as Practice and
Culture, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Engelhardt, H.T. & Caplan, A.L. (1987) Scientific Controversies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Farley J. and G. Geison (1974) Science, Politics, and Spontaneous Generation in Nineteenth-Century France:
The Pasteur-Pouchet Debate Bulletin of the History of Medicine 48, pp. 161-198.
Fleck, L. (1986) Cognition and Fact: Materials on Ludwig Fleck, R. Cohen and T. Schnelle (eds.) Dordrecht:
D. Reidel, especially Flecks essays from 1929, 1935, and 1936.
Forman, P. (1971) Weimar Culture, Causality and Quantum Theory, Historical Studies in the Physical
Sciences 3 (ed.) R. McCormmach, pp. 1-116.
Fuller, S. (1989) Philosophy of Science and its Discontents, Colorado: Westview Press, Ch. 1.
Gilbert, G.N. & M. Mulkay (1982) Warranting Scientific Belief Social Studies of Science 12, pp. 383-408.
Gilbert, G.N. & M. Mulkay (1984) Opening Pandoras Box, Cambridge: CUP.
Hessen, B. (1971) The Social and Economic Roots of Newtons Principia, in Bukharin, N. (ed.), Science at
the Crossroads, London: Cass, pp. 146-212
Kitcher, P. (1993) The Advancement of Science: Science Without Legend, Objectivity Without Illusions,
Oxford: OUP, Ch. 8.
Labinger, J. (1995) Science as Culture: A View from the Petri Dish Social Studies of Science 25, pp. 285-
306
Lakatos, I. (1981) History of Science and its Rational Reconstructions, in I. Hacking (ed.) Scientific
Revolutions, Oxford: OUP.
* Latour, B. & S. Woolgar (1979) Laboratory Life: the Social Construction of Scientific Facts, Los Angeles:
Sage, esp. Ch. 4, 2, 3.
McMullin, E. ed. (1988) Construction and Constraint, Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press.
Newton-Smith, W.H. (1981) The Rationality of Science, London: Routledge, Ch. 10.
Niininluoto, I. (1991) Realism, Relativism, and Constructivism Synthese 89, pp. 135-62.
Papineau, D. (1988) Does the Sociology of Science Discredit Science? in R. Nola (ed.) Realism and
Relativism in Science, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Ravetz, J.R. (1971) Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
* Shapin, S. & S. Schaffer (1985) Leviathan and the Air Pump, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Shapin, S. (1975) Phrenological Knowledge and the Social Structure of Early Nineteenth-Century
Edinburgh in Annals of Science 32, pp. 219-243.
Shapin, S. (1982) History of Science and its Sociological Reconstructions, in History of Science 20, pp. 157-
211.
* Sismondo, S. (1993) Some Social Constructions, in Social Studies of Science 23, pp. 515-554. [Response
by K. Knorr-Cetina.]
29. NON-EPISTEMIC VALUES AND THEIR PRESENCE IN SCIENCE
Bleier, R. (1984) Science and Gender: A Critique of Biology and its Theories on Women, Elmsford NY:
Pergamon.
* Brown, J.R. (1989) The Rational and the Social, London: RKP, Ch. 1-3.
Fausto-Sterling, A. (1985) Myths of Gender: Biological Theories About Women and Men, NY: Basic Books.
Harding, S. & Hintikka, M. eds. (1983) Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectivies on Epistemology,
Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, Dordrecht: Reidel. [Articles by Keller, Hubbard, and
Hartstock.]
Harding, S. (1986) The Science Question in Feminism, Ithaca NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
* Harding, S. (1991) Whose Science? Whose Knowledge?, Milton Keynes: Open University Press, Ch. 1-7.
Hubbard, R. (1990) The Politics of Womens Biology, New Brunswick: Rutgers Univ. Press.
* Keller, E.F. & H. Longino eds. (1996) Feminism and Science, Oxford: OUP.
Keller, E.F. (1983) A Feeling for the Organism: The Life and Work of Barbara McClintlock, NY: W.H.
Freeman.
Keller, E.F. (1985) Reflections on Gender and Science, New Haven Conn: Yale Univ. Press.
Kuhn, T. (1977) Values and Criteria for Theory-Choice in his The Essential Tension, Chicago: The Univ. of
Chicago Press
Lewontin, R.C., S. Rose, & L.J. Kamin (1984) Not in Our Genes, N.Y.: Pantheon.
Longino, H. & R. Doell (1983) Body, Bias, and Behaviour: A Comparative Analysis of Reasoning in Two
Areas of Biological Science Signs: Journal of Women and Culture 9:2.
* Longino, H. (1990) Science As Social Knowledge, Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, Ch. 1, 4, 5.
Longino, H. (1992) Taking Gender Seriously in the Philosophy of Science PSA Vol. 1.
Longino, H. (1993) Essential Tensions--Phase Two: Feminist, Philosophical, and Social Studies of Science,
in A Mind of Ones Own--Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity (eds.) C. Witt and L.M. Antony,
Colorado: Westview Press.
* Richardson, R. (1984) Biology and Ideology: The Interpretation of Science and Values PhilSci 51:2, pp.
396-420.
Rooney, P. (1992) On Values in Science: Is the Epistemic/Non-Epistemic Distinction Useful? PSA Vol. 1, pp.
23-35.
Schiebinger, L. (1989) The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science, Cambridge Mass:
Harvard Univ. Press.
Tuana, N. ed. (1989) Feminism and Science, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
van Fraassen, B. (1980) The Scientific Image, Oxford: OUP, pp. 87-96.
van Fraassen, B. (1984) Empiricism in the Philosophy of Science in Images of Science (ed.) P. Churchland
and C. Hooker, Chicago: UCP, Pt. 1.
General reading
Alexander, H.G., ed. (1956) The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence, Mancester: Mancester U. Press.
Koyre, A. (1956) From the Closed World of the Infinite Universe, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, Ch. 11 &
12. [Reprinted as Leibniz and Newton in Leibniz, H.G. Frankfurt (ed.), New York: Anchor Books.]
Russell, B. (1937) A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, London: George Allen and Unwin.
Smith, Q. & L.N. Oaklander (1995) Time, Change and Freedom, London: RKP.
van Fraassen, B.C. (1970) An Introduction to the Philosophy of Space and Time, New York: Random House.
Barbour, J. (1994) The Emergence of Time and its Arrow from Timelessness, in J. Halliwell et.al. (eds.)
Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry, Cambridge: CUP.
Forbes, G. (1993) Time, Events and Modality in The Philosophy of Time, Oxford: OUP, R. LePoidevin & M.
MacBeath (eds.).
Hooker, C.A. (1971) The Relational Doctrines of Time and Space, BJPS.
Shoemaker, S. (1969) Time Without Change, JPhil LXVI.
van Fraassen, B.C. (1970) An Introduction to the Philosophy of Space and Time, New York: Random House,
Ch. 2 Sec. 1-2, Ch. 3 Sec. 1-2..
Arthur, M. (1994) Space and Relativity in Newton and Leibniz, BJPS 45.
Brown, J.R. (1991) The Laboratory of the Mind, London: RKP, Ch. 1, 2.
Burtt, E.A. (1924) The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science, London: RKP, Ch. 7.
Laymon, R. (1978) Newtons Bucket Experiment Journal of the History of Philosophy, pp. 399-413.
Maudlin, T. (1993) Buckets of Water and Waves of Spaces: Why Spacetime is Probably a Substance, BJPS
60.
Rynasiewicz, R. (1996) By their properties, causes, and effects: Newtons Scholium on Time, Space, Place,
and MotionI. The Text; II. The Context HistPhilSci 26, pp. 133-153 and 295-321.
Sklar, L. (1974) Space, Time, and Spacetime, Berkeley: U. of California Press, Ch. 3, Sec. A, B, C.
Teller, P. (1991) Substance, Relations, and Arguments about the Nature of Space-Time, PhilRev 100.
Ayer, A.J. Names and Descriptions in his The Concept of a Person, and The Identity of Indiscernibles in
his Philosophical Papers.
Dummett, M. (1973) Frege: Philosophy of Language, London: Duckworth, Ch. 16 esp. pp. 543-4.
Parkinson, G.H.L. (1995) Philosophy and Logic, in the Cambridge Companion to Leibniz, N. Jolly (ed.)
Cambridge: CUP.
Russell, B. (1937) A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, London: George Allen and Unwin, Ch.
3.
Mates, B. (1986) The Philosophy of Leibniz: Metaphysics and Language, Oxford: OUP, Ch. 4, 5, 6.
Leibnizian physics
Buchdahl, G. (1969) Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Science, Oxford: OUP, Ch. III (Leibniz: Science and
Metaphysics).
Garber, D. (1995) Leibniz, Physics, and Philosophy, in the Cambridge Companion to Leibniz, N. Jolly (ed.)
Cambridge: CUP.
Papineau, D. Ch. 9 of Leibniz: Metaphysics and Philosophy of Science, (ed.) R.S. Woolhouse.
Russell, B. (1937) A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz, London: George Allen and Unwin, Ch.
7.
Ayala, F. & Dobzhansky, T. eds. (1974) Studies in the Philosophy of Biology, London: Macmillan.
Sober, E. (1994) Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology, Mass.: MIT Press [2nd ed.].
Darwins arguments
Darwin, C. (1964) On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, London: Penguin, Ch. 1-4, 5-7,
14.
Lloyd, E. (1983) Darwin's Support for the Theory of Natural Selection, PhilSci 50, p.112-129.
Recker, D. (1987) Causal Efficacy: The Structure of Darwin's Argument Strategy in the Origin of Species,
Phil.Sci 54, p. 147-175.
Thagard, P. (1978) The Best Explanation: Criteria for Theory Choice, JPhil 75, p. 76-92.
Evans, L.T. (1984) Darwins Use of the Analogy Between Artificial and Natural Selection Journal of the
History of Biology 17, pp. 113-140.
Ruse, M. (1973) The Value of Analogical Models in Science Dialogue 12, pp. 246-253.
Waters, C. Kenneth (1986) Taking Analogical Inference Seriously: Darwins Argument From Artificial
Selection, PSA Vol. 1. pp. 502-513.
Young, R.M. (1971) Darwins Metaphor: Does Nature Select?, The Monist 5, pp. 442-503.
Bowler, P.J. (1977) Darwinism and the argument from design: suggestions for a reevaluation, J. of the
History of Biology 10.
Cain, A.J. (1964) The Perfection of Animals, in Carthy, J.D. and Duddington, C.L. (eds.) Viewpoints in
Biology 3, London: Butterworth.
Cronin, H. (1992) The Ant and the Peacock: Altruism and sexual selection from Darwin to today, Cambridge:
CUP, pp. 7-35, 53-100 passim, 328-335, 344-347.
Dawkins, M.S. (1986) Unravelling Animal Behaviour, Essex: Longman, pp. 131-146.
Dawkins, R. (1986) The Blind Watchmaker, Essex, Longman, Ch. 1 and 3.
Dawkins, R. (1982) Universal Darwinism, in Bendall, D. (ed.) Evolution from Molecules to Men,
Cambridge: CUP.
Dennett, D. C. (1995) Darwins Dangerous Idea, New York: Simon & Schwester, Ch. 8-10.
* Gould, S. & Lewontin, R. (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm - a critique of
the adaptationist programme, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 205, pp.581-598 [Repr. in Sober
(ed.) Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology.]
Griffiths, P. E. & Gray, R. D. (1994) Developmental Systems and Evolutionary Explanation, JPhil 91, pp.
277-304.
Lewontin, R.C. (1979) Fitness, survival, and optimality in Horn, Stairs, and Mitchell (eds.)
Lewontin, R.C. (1983) The Organism as the Subject and Object of Evolution, Scientia 118.
Lloyd, E. (1988) The Structure and Confirmation of Evolutionary Theory, Princeton NJ: Princeton Univ.
Press.
Maynard Smith, J. (1976) Evolution and the theory of games, American Scientist 64.
Maynard Smith, J. (1982) Evolution and the Theory of Games, Cambridge: CUP.
Maynard Smith, J. (1984) Game theory and the evolution of behaviour, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7.
Maynard Smith, J. (1994) Optimization Theory in Evolution, in Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology,
Mass.: MIT Press [2nd ed.].
Williams, G.C. Plan and Purpose in Nature, New York: Harper Collins.
Williams, G. C. (1992) Natural Selection: Domains, levels, and challenges, Oxford: OUP.
Williams, G.C. (1966) Adaptation and Natural Selection: A critique of some current evolutionary thought,
Princeton NJ: PUP.
Models in biology
Beatty, J. (1980) Whats Wrong With the Received View of Evolutionary Theory? PSA Vol. 2, p. 410.
Collier, J. (1992) Critical Notice of Paul Thompsons The Structure of Biological Theories, Canadian JPhil
22, p. 287.
Lloyd, E. (1988/1994) The Structure and Confirmation of Evolutionary Theory, Princeton NJ: Princeton Univ.
Press, esp. Ch. 2.
Sloep, P, & van der Steer, W.J. (1987) The Nature of Evolutionary Theory and the Semantic Challenge,
Bio&Phil 2, p. 1.
Brandon, R. & J. Beatty (1984) Discussion: The Propensity Interpretation of "Fitness"No Interpretation is
No Substitute PhilSci 51.
Byerly, H.C. & R.E. Michod (1991) Fitness and Evolutionary Explanation Bio&Phil 6 [Also see the
responses to this article in the same issue.]
Ettinger, L., E. Jablonka, & P. McLaughlin (1990) On the Adaptions of Organism and the Fitness of Types
PhilSci 57.
Keller, E.F. (1987) Reproduction and the Central Project of Evolutionary Theory Bio&Phil 2
van der Steen, W.J. (1994) New Ways to Look at Fitness History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 16 (3)
Waters, C. Kenneth (1986) Natural Selection Without Survival of the Fittest Bio&Phil 1
Brandon, R.N. and R.M. Burian, eds. (1984) Genes, Organisms, Populations: Controversies over the units of
selection, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press
Sterelny, K. & Kitcher, P. (1988) The Return of the Gene, JPhil 85, pp.339-361.
Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W.D. (1981) The Evolution of Cooperation, Science 211, pp. 1390-96. [Repr. in J.
Maynard Smith, Evolution Now (1982).]
Darwin, C. (1871) The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, Princeton: PUP [facsimile
reproduction of first edition], i, pp. 253-63.
Maynard Smith, J. (1958) The Theory of Evolution, Cambridge: CUP Canto, Ch. 12, Altruism, Social
Behaviour, and Sex.
Sober, E. (1988) What is Evolutionary Altruism? in Philosophy and Biology (ed.) M. Matthen and B.
Linsky.
Stearns, S.C. ed. (1987) The Evolution of Sex and its Consequences, Basel: Birkhauser, Ch. 1-2.
Trivers, R. (1985) Social Evolution, Menlo Park CA: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Inc.
Brandon, R. & Burian, R. (1984) Genes, Organisms, and Populations, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Ereshefsky, M. (ed.) (1992) The Units of Evolution: Essays on the Nature of Species, Mass.: MIT Press.
* Ghiselin, M. (1974) A Radical Solution to the Species Problem, Systematic Zoology 23.
* Mayr, E. (1969) The Biological Meaning of Species Biology Journal of the Linnean Society 1, pp. 311-320
Mayr, E. (1994) Species Concepts and Their Applications, in Sober's Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary
Biology.
Phylogenetic inference
* Sober, E. ed. (1994) Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology, Cambridge Mass: MIT Press. [See sec. VII,
esp. paper by W. Hennig.]
Sober, E. (1988) Reconstructing the Past: Parsinomy, Evolution, and Inference, Cambridge Mass.: The MIT
Press.
Wiley, E.O. (1981) Phylogenetics: The Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics, New York: John
Wiley.
* Kitcher, P. (1984) 1953 and All That: A Tale of Two Sciences, PhilRev, 93, pp. 335-373.
Schaffner, K. (1969) The Watson-Crick Model and Reductionism, BJPS 20: 325-348.
Waters, C.K. (1990) Why the Antireductionist Consensus wont Survive the Case of Classical Mendelian
Genetics, in E. Sober (ed.) Conceptual Issues Evolutionary Biology (2nd ed.).
Waters, C.K. (1994) Genes Made Molecular PhilSci 61, pp. 163-185.
Barkow, J.H., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J., eds (1992) The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary psychology and the
generation of culture, Oxford: OUP.
Buss, D.M. (1994) The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of human mating, New York: Basic Books.
Caplan, A., ed. (1978) The Sociology Debate, New York: Harper &Row.
Kitcher, P. (1987) Vaulting Ambition: Sociobiology and the Quest for Human Nature, Massachusetts: MIT
Press.
Lewontin, R, S. Rose, & L. Kamin (1984) Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology, and Human Nature, New
York: Pantheon Books.
Pinker, S. (1994) The Language Instinct: How the mind creates language, London: Allen Lane.
Ridley, M. (1993) The Red Queen: Sex and the evolution of human nature, London: Viking Penguin.
Rosenberg, A. (1988) Sociobiology and the Preemption of Social Science, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Creationism
Futuyma, D. (1982) Science on Trial: The Case for Evolution, Pantheon Books.
Kitcher, P. (1982) Abusing Science: The Case Against Creationism, Mass.: MIT Press.
Montagu, A. (1984) Science and Creationism, Oxford: OUP [esp. readings by Gallant, Ruse, Overton.].
Paley, William (1802) Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity,
Charlottesville VA: Lincoln-Rembrandt Publishing.
Saunders, S. & H.R. Brown, eds. (1991) The Philosophy of Vacuum, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
* Barbour, J. (1989) Absolute or Relative Motion? Vol 1: The discovery of dynamics pp. 19-29.
Lindsay, R. & H. Margenau (1936) Foundations of Physics, New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 85-98.
Hanson, N.R. (1965) Newton's First Law; A Philosopher's Door into Natural Philosophy, in R.G. Colodny
(ed.), Beyond the Edge of Certainty, Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press.
Earman, J. & M. Friedman (1973) The meaning and status of Newton's law of inertia and the nature of
gravitational forces, PhilSci 49, 329-359.
Nagel, E. (1961) The Structure of Science. Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation, London:
Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 174-192.
Batterman, R.W. (1990) Irreversibility and Statistical Mechanics: A new approach, PhilSci 57.
Clark, P. (1987) Determinism and Probability in Physics, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Association.
Denbigh, K. & Denbigh, J. (1985) Entropy in Relation to Incomplete Knowledge, Cambridge: CUP.
* Ehrenfest, P. & Ehrenfest, T. (1990) The Conceptual Foundations of the Statistical Approach in Mechanics,
New York: Dover.
* Khinchin, A.I. (1949) Mathematical Foundations of Statistical Mechanics, New York: Dover.
Lavis, D. (1977) The Role of Statistical Mechanics in Classical Physics, BJPS 28.
Malament, D. & S. Zabell (1980) Why Gibbs Phas Averages WorkThe Role of Ergodic Theory, PhilSci
47.
* Sklar, L. (1993) Physics and Chance. Philosophical Issues in Foundations of Statistical Mechanics,
Cambridge: CUP.
Penrose, O. (1979) Foundations of statistical mechanics, Reports in the Progress in Physics 42, 1937-2006.
Barbour, J. (1989) Absolute or Relative Motion? Vol. 1: The discovery of dynamics, Cambridge: CUP.
Earman, J. (1990)A World Enough and Spacetime, Absolute versus Relational Theories of Space and Time,
Cambridge Mass: MIT Press.
Lucas, J. & P. Hodgson (1990) Spacetime and Electromagnetism, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Nerlich, G. (1994) What Spacetime Explains: Metaphysical Essays on Space and Time, Cambridge: CUP.
Sklar, L. (1974) Space, Time and Spacetime, Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Brown, H.R. & R. Sypel (1995) On the meaning of the relativity principle and other symmetries, ISPS 9,
233-251.
Nugaev, R.M. (1988) Special relativity as a stage in the development of quantum theory, Historia
Scientarum 34, 57-79.
Williamson, R.B. (1977) Logical Economy in Einsteins "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies",
HistPhilSci 8, 49-60.
Bell, J.S. (1987) How to teach special relativity, in The Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics,
Cambridge: CUP, pp. 67-80.
Brown, H.R. (1993) Correspondence, invariance and heuristics in the emergence of special relativity, in S.
French and H. Kaminga (eds.), Correspondence, Invariance and Heuristics; Essays in Honour of Heinz Post,
Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 227-260.
Malament, D. (1977) Causal Theories of Time and the Conventionality of Simultaneity Nous 11, 293-300.
Salmon,W. (1975) Space Time and Motion, A Philosophical Introduction, Encino, CA: Dickinson, Ch IV.
Sklar, L. (1974) Space, Time and Spacetime, Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, pp. 261-272.
Bartels, A. (1994) What is spacetime, if not a substance, in U. Majer and H-J. Schmidt (eds.) Semantical
Aspects of Spacetime Theories, B.I. Wissenschaftsverlag, pp. 41-51.
Butterfield, J. (1989) The Hole Truth, BJPS 40, 1-28.
Earman, J. & J. Norton (1987) What Price Spacetime Substantivalism? The Hole Story, BJPS 38, 515-525.
Barbour, J. & H. Pfister, eds. (1995) Mach's Principle: From Newton's Bucket to Quantum Gravity,
Birkhauser.
Earman, J. (1990)A World Enough and Spacetime, Absolute versus Relational Theories of Space and Time,
Cambridge Mass: MIT Press. Ch. 4-5.
Lucas, J. & P. Hodgson (1990) Spacetime and Electromagnetism, Oxford: Clarendon Press, Ch. 3.
Nerlich, G. (1994) What Spacetime Explains: Metaphysical Essays on Space and Time, Cambridge: CUP, Ch.
3
Winnie, J.A. (1977) The causal theory of space-time, in J. Earman et al. (eds.) MinnStud Vol. 8,
Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press.
Deutsch, D. & M. Lockwood (1994) The quantum physics of time travel, Scientific American, March, p. 68.
Deutsch, D. (1997) The Fabric of Reality, Allen Lane: The Penguin Press, Ch 12.
Weingard, R. (1979) General relativity and the conceivability of time travel, PhilSci 46, 328-332.
Weingard, R. (1979) Some philosophical aspects of black holes, Synthese 42, 191-219.
Bell, J.S. (1987) Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge: CUP.
Hughes, R.I.G. (1989) Structure and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge Mass: HUP.
Omns, R. (1994) The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Princeton N.J.: PUP.
Primas, H. (1983-2nd Ed.)A Quantum Mechanics, Chemistry and Reductionism, Berlin: Springer.
Redhead, M.L.G. (1989) Incompleteness, Nonlocality and Realism, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Whitaker, A. (1996) Einstein, Bohr and the Quantum Dilemma, Cambridge: CUP.
Albert, D. (1994) Quantum Mechanics and Experience, Cambridge Mass: HUP, Ch. 4.
Redhead, M.L.G. (1989) Incompleteness, Nonlocality and Realism, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 51-59
Squires, E. (1990) Conscious Mind in the Physical World, Adam Hilger, Ch 11.
Wheeler, J. & W. Zurek, eds. (1983) Quantum Theory and Measurement, Princeton: PUP [An important
collection of seminal papers]
Bell, J.S. (1987) Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge: CUP, Chs. 2, 4, 7 and 16
Brown, H. (1992) Bell's other theorem and its connection with nonlocality. Part I, in A. van der Merwe et al.
(eds.) Bell's Theorem and the Foundations of Modern Physics, World Scientific, pp. 104-116.
Fine, A. (1986) The Shaky Game: Einstein, Realism and the Quantum Theory, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago
Press.
Redhead, M.L.G. (1989) Incompleteness, Nonlocality and Realism, Oxford: Clarendon Press, Chs 3,4.
Albert, D. (1994) Quantum Mechanics and Experience, Cambridge Mass: HUP, Ch. 7.
Bell, J.S. (1987) Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge: CUP, Chs. 1 & 17.
Bohm, D. & B. Hiley (1993) The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics,
London: Routledge.
Cushing, J.T. et al., eds. (1996) Bohmian Mechanics and Quantum Theory: An Appraisal, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Shimony, A. (1984) Contextual Hidden Variables Theories and Bells Inequalities, BJPS 35.
Albert, D. (1994) Quantum Mechanics and Experience, Cambridge Mass: HUP, Ch. 6.
Bell, J.S. (1987) The Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge: CUP, Chs 15 and 20
Deutsch, D. (1997) The Fabric of Reality, Allen Lane: The Penguin Press.
Lockwood, M. (1996) Special issue of BJPS Vol. 47: essay by Lockwood and replies by various authors.
Saunders, S. (1996) Relativism, in R. Clifton (ed.) Perspectives on Quantum Reality, Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp.
125-142.
Cushing, J.T. (1994) Quantum Mechanics: Historical Contingency versus the Copenhagen Hegemony,
Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press
Shimony, A. (1963) Role of the Observer in Quantum Theory, American J. of Physics 31.
Ghirardi, G.C. & Pearle, P. (1990) Dynamical Reduction Theories: Changing Quantum Theory so the
Statevector Represents Reality, PSA 1990, Vol. II.
Ghirardi, G.C. & Pearle, P. (1990) Elements of Physical Reality, Nonocality and Stochasticity in Relativistic
Dynamical Reduction Models, PSA 1990, Vol. II.
Percival, I.C. (1995) Quantum spacetime fluctuations and primary state diffusion, Proceedings of the Royal
Society 451, 503-513.
Shimony, A. (1990) Desiderata for a Modified Quantum Dynamics, PSA 1990, Vol. II.
Whitaker, A. (1996) Einstein, Bohr and the Quantum Dilemma, Cambridge: CUP, pp. 305-308.
Dowker, F. & A. Kent (1994) On the consistent histories approach to quantum mechanics, J. of Statistical
Physics 82, 1575-1646.
Zurek, W.H. (1991) Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical', Physics Today, October, pp.
36-44. [See also the replies to Zurek's paper in the April 1993 issue of the same journal.]
Bacciagaluppi, G. & M. Hemmo (1996) Modal Interpretations, Decoherence, and Measurements, Studies in
History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 27B.
Healey, R. (1989) The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics; An Interactive Interpretation, Cambridge: CUP.
Kochen, S. (1985) A New Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, in P. Lahti & P. Mittleastaedt (eds.)
Symposium on the Foundations of Modern Physics 1985, Singapore: World Scientific.
van Fraassen, B. (1991) Quantum Mechanics: An Empiricist View, Oxford: OUP, Pt. IV.
Vermaas, P. & D. Dieks ( 1995) The modal interpretation of quantum mechanics and its generalization to
density operators, Foundations of Physics 25, 145-158.
Hooker, C.A. (1975) The Logico-Algebraic Approach to Quantum Mechanics Vol. 1: Historical Evolution,
Dordrecht: Reidel. [Contains the papers below.]
Hughes, R.I.G. (1989) Structure and Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge Mass: HUP, Ch. 7.
Jauch, J.M. & C. Piron (1969) On the Structure of Quantal Proposition Systems, Helvetica Physica Acta 43.
Specker, E.P. (1960) The Logic of Propositions which are not Simultaneously Decidable, Dialectica 14. [In
German. Translated to English in Hooker (1975).]
van Fraassen, B. (1974) The Labyrinth of Quantum of Logics, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science
13.
Auyang, S.Y. (1995) How is Quantum Field Theory Possible?, Oxford: OUP.
Brown, H.R. & R. Harre, eds. (1988) Philosophical Foundations of Quantum Field Theory, Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
Huggett, N. & R. Weingard (1994) Interpretations of Quantum Field Theory PhilSci 61, 370-388.
Huggett, N. & R. Weingard (1994) On the field aspect of quantum fields, Erkenntnis 40, 293-301.
Huggett, N. & R. Weingard (1995) The renormalization group and effective field theories, Synthese 102, pp.
171-194.
Huggett, N. & R. Weingard (1996) Review of "An Interpretive Introduction to Quantum Field Theory",
PhilSci
Saunders, S. & H.R. Brown, eds. (1991) The Philosophy of Vacuum, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Block, N. (1980) Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology Vols. 1 and 2, Cambridge Mass: HUP.
Churchland, P.M. (1988) Matter and Consciousness: A contemporary introduction to the philosophy of mind
[revised ed.], Cambridge Mass: MIT Press.
Churchland, P.S. (1986) Neurophilosophy: Toward a unified science of the mind/brain, Cambridge Mass: MIT
Press.
Flanagan, Owen (1990) The Science of the Mind [2nd ed.], Cambridge Mass: MIT Press.
Gardner, H. (1985) The Minds New Science: A history of the cognitive revolution, NY: Basic Books.
Lycan, W.G. ed. (1990) Mind and Cognition: a reader, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Macdonald, C. and Macdonald, G. eds. (1995) The Philosophy of Psychology: Debates on psychological
explanation, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Bechtel, W. & Abrahamsen, A. (1991) Connectionism and the Mind: An introduction to parallel processing in
networks, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Ch. 8.
Block, N. (1990) The Computer Model of Mind, in D.N. Osherson and E.E. Smith (eds.) An Invitation to
Cognitive Science Vol. 1: Thinking, Cambridge Mass: MIT Press.
Charles, D. & Lennon, K. (1992) Reduction, Explanation, and Realism, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Churchland, P.S. (1986) Neurophilosophy: Toward a unified science of the mind/brain, Cambridge Mass: MIT
Press, Ch. 7 and 9.
Clark, A. (1990) Connectionism, Competence, and Explanation, in M. Boden (ed.) The Philosophy of
Artificial Intelligence, Oxford: OUP.
Cummins, R. (1983) The Nature of Phychological Explanation, Cambridge Mass: MIT Press.
Fodor, J.A. (1974) Special Sciences (or: the disunity of science as a working hypothesis), Synthese 28, pp.
97-115.
Fodor, J.A. (1989) Making Mind Matter More Philosophical Topics 17, 59-80.
Peacocke, C. (1986) Explanation in Computational Psychology: Language, Perception, and Level 1.5, Mind
and Language 1, p. 101-123.
Stelreny, K. (1990) The Representational Theory of Mind: An introduction, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, esp. Ch.
3.
Modularity
Fodor, J. (1985) Precis of The Modularity of Mind, Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 8, pp. 1-42.
Garfield, J.L. (1994) Modularity, in Guttenplan, S. (ed.) A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, Oxford:
Blackwell.
Garfield, J.L. (ed.) (1987) Modularity in Knowledge Representation and Natural Language Understanding,
Mass.: MIT Press.
Sterelny, K. (1990) The Representational Theory of Mind: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, ch.4.
Coltheart, M. (1985) Cognitive neuropsychology and the study of reading, in Posner & Marin (eds.)
Attention and Performance XI (New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum).
Stone, T. & Davies, M. (1993) Cognitive neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind, BJPS 44, 589-622.
Tacit knowledge
Chomsky, N. (1990) Language and Problems of Knowledge in Martinich, A. P. (ed.) The Philosophy of
Language, Oxford: OUP.
Chomsky. N. (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, Mass.: MIT Press, ch.1.
Davies, M. (1989) Tacit Knowledge and Subdoxastic States, in George, A. (ed.) Reflections on Chomsky,
Oxford: Blackwell.
Quine, W. V. O. (1972) Methodological Reflections on Current Linguistic Theory, in Davidson and Harman
(eds.) Semantics of Natural Language, Dordrecht: Reidel.
Stich, S. (1978) Beliefs and Subdoxastic States, PhilSci, 45, pp. 499-518.
Connectionism
Bechtel, W. & Abrahamsen, A. (1991) Connectionism and the Mind, Oxford: Blackwell.
Clark, A. (1989) Microcognition: Philosophy, cognitive science, and parallel distributed processing,
Cambridge Mass: MIT Press.
Davies, M. (1989) Connectionism, Modularity and Tacit Knowledge, BJPS 40, pp. 541-55.
Horgan, T. & Tienson, J. eds. (1991) Connectionism and the Philosophy of Mind, Dordrecht: Kluwer.
McDonald, C. & McDonald, G. eds. (1995) Connectionism: Debates on Psychological Explanation, Oxford:
Blackwell.
Sterelny, K. (1990) The Representational Theory of the Mind, Oxford: Blackwell, ch.8.
Crick, F. & Koch, C. (1992) The Problem of Consciousness, Scientific American, September.
Davies, M. & Humphreys, G. W. eds. (1993) Consciousness: Psychological and Philosophical Essays,
Oxford: Blackwell.
Dennett, D. (1988) Quining Qualia in A.J. Marcel & E. Bisiach (eds.) Consciousness in Contemporary
Science.
Levine, J. (1983) Materialism and Qualia: The Explanatory Gap Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 64, pp.
354-361.
Marcel, A.J. & Bisiach, E. eds. (1988) Consciousness in Contemporary Science, Oxford: OUP.
Nagel, T. (1974) What is it like to be a bat? PhilRev 83, p. 435-450. [Repr. in his Mortal Questions.]
Young,. A.W. & Block, N. (1996) Consciousness, in V.Bruce (ed.) Unsolved Mysteries of Mind.
Attention
Allport, A. (1980) Attention and Performance, in G. Claxton (ed.) Cognitive Psychology: New Directions,
London: RKP.
Allport, A. (1993) Attention and Control: Have we been asking the wrong questions? A Critical Review of 25
Years in S. Kornblum & D.E. Meyers (eds.) Attention and Performance XIV: A Silver Jubilee, Cambridge
Mass: MIT Press.
James, W. (1890) The Principles of Psychology, NY: Holt.
Johnston, W.A. & Dark, V.J. (1986) Selective Attention, Annual Review of Psychology 37.
Neumann, O. (1987) Beyond Capacity: a functional view of attention, in H. Heuer & A.F. Sanders (eds.),
Perspectives on Perception and Action, Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Norman, D.A. & Shallice, T. (1986) Attention to Action: Willed and automatic control of behavior, in R.J.
Davidson, G.E. Schwartz, & D. Shapiro (eds.) Consciousness and Self-Regulation: Advances in research Vol.
4, NY: Plenum Press.
Posner, M.I. & Rothbart, M.K. (1992) Attentional mechanism and conscious experience, in A.D. Milner &
M. Rugg (eds.) The Neuropsychology of Consciousness, London: Academic Press.
Treisman, A.M. & Gelade, G. (1980) A feature-integration theory of attention, Cognitive Psychology 12.
Underwood, G. (1982) Attention and awareness in cognitive and motor skills, in G. Underwood (ed.)
Aspects of Consciousness Vol. 3, London: Academic Press.
van der Heijden, A.H.C. (1992) Selective Attention in Vision, London: RKP.
Bennett, M. ed. (1993) The Child as Psychologist, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Carruthers, P. & Smith, P. K. eds. (1996) Theories of Theories of Mind, Cambridge: CUP.
Davies, M. & Stone, T. eds. (1995) Folk Psychology: The Theory of Mind Debate, Oxford: Blackwell.
Davies, M. & Stone, T. eds. (1995) Mental Simulation: Evaluations and Applications, Oxford: Blackwell.
Cohen, L. J. (1981) Can Human Irrationality be Experimentally Demonstrated?, Behavioural and Brain
Sciences 4, pp. 317-331.
Foley, R.. (1988) Some Different Conceptions of Rationality, in McMullin, E. (ed.) Construction and
Constraint, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. & Tversky, A. (1982) Judgment Under Uncertainty, Cambridge: CUP.
Nisbett, R. & Ross, L. (1980) Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgement, New
Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Stich, S.P. (1984) Could Man Be an Irrational Animal? Some Notes on the Epistemology of Rationality,
Synthese 64: 1. [Much of this article is reprinted in The Fragmentation of Reason, Oxford: OUP.]
Clark, A. (1989) Microcognition: Philosophy, Cognitive Science, and Parallel Distributed Processing,
Cambridge Mass: MIT Press, Ch. 4.
Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J. (1994) Beyond intuition and instinct blindness: toward an evolutionary rigorous
cognitive science Cognition 50, pp. 44-77.
Sterelny, K. (1992) Evolutionary explanations of human behavior, Australian JPhil 70, p. 156-173.
Symons, D. (1992) On the Use and Misuse of Darwinism in the Study of Human Behavior, in Barkow,
Cosmides, and Tooby (eds) The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture,
Oxford: OUP.
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1995) Introduction, and Mapping the evolved functional organization of mind
and brain in Gazzaniga, M.S. (ed.) The Cognitive Neurosciences, Mass.: MIT Press.
Behaviorism
Chomsky, M. (1959) Review of B.F. Skinners Verbal Behavior, Language 35, p. 26-58. [Repr. in N. Block
(ed.) Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology Vol. 1.]
Dennett, D.C. (1975) Why the Law of Effect will not go away, J. of the Theory of Social Behaviour 5, 169-
176. [Repr. in his Brainstorms.]
Skinner, B.F. (1971) Beyond Freedom and Dignity, NY: Alfred Knopf.
Introductions
Elster, J. The Cement of Society (1989), or Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences (1989), Cambridge: CUP.
Fay, B. & J.D. Moon (1977) What Would an Adequate Philosophy of Social Science Look Like?,
Philosophy of Social Science 7. [Also in M&M (see below under Collections.]
Trigg, R. (1985) Understanding Social Science: A Philosophical Introduction to the Social Science, Oxford:
Basil Blackwell.
Collections
Hollis, M .& Lukes, S. eds. (1982) Rationality and Relativism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Martin, M. & L.C. McIntyre eds. (1994) Readings in the Philosophy of Social Science, Cambridge, Mass:
MIT Press. [Abbreviated in this section as M&M.]
Fay, B. (1983) General Laws and Explaining Behaviour in Changing Social Science (eds.) D. R. Sabia & J.
Wallulis, Albany: SUNY Press. [Also in M&M.]
Hempel, C. (1942) The Function of General Laws in History, JPhil 39. [Also in M&M.]
Kincaid, H. (1990) Defending Laws in the Social Sciences, Philosophy of Social Science 20. [Also in
M&M.]
McIntyre, L. (1993) "Complexity" and Social Scientific Laws, Synthese 97. [Also in M&M.]
Nagel, E. (1961) The Structure of Science, New York: Harcourt, Ch. 13.
Scriven, M. (1956) A Possible Distinction between Traditional Scientific Disciplines and the Study of
Human Behavior, MinnStud 1. [Also in M&M.]
Dray, W. (1957) Laws and Explanation in History, Oxford: OUP, pp. 118-131. [Also in M&M as The
Rationale of Action.]
Follesdal, D. (1979) Hermeneutics and the Hypothetico-Deductive Method, Dialectica 33, pp. 319-336.
MacIntyre, A. (1973) Is a Science of Comparative Politics Possible?, in A. Ryan (ed.) The Philosophy of
Social Explanation.
Martin, J.R. (1969) Another Look at the Doctrine of Verstehen, BJPS 20, pp. 53-67.
Schutz, A. Concept and Theory Formation in the Social Sciences in D. Emmet & A. MacIntyre (eds.)
Sociological Theory and Philosophical Analysis.
* Taylor, C. (1971) Interpretation and the Sciences of Man Review of Metaphysics 25, pp. 3-51. [Also in
M&M.]
Weber, M. (1949) The Methodology of the Social Sciences, New York: Macmillan, Ch. 3.
* Winch, P. (1972) Understanding a Primitive Society in Ethics and Action, London: RKP (1972).
Winch, P. (1958) The Idea of a Social Science (2nd ed.), London: RKP.
Davidson, D. (1980) Actions, Reasons, and Causes in his Essays on Actions and Events, Oxford: OUP.
Elster, J. Rational Choice (1986) London: Blackwell, The Cement of Society (1989) Cambridge: CUP, or Nuts
and Bolts for the Social Sciences (1989), Cambridge: CUP.
Elster, J. (1985) The Nature and Scope of Rational-Scope Explanation, in E. LePore and B. McLaughlin
(eds.) Actions and Events: Perspectives on Donald Davidson, Oxford: OUP. [Also in M&M.]
Follesdal, D. The Status of Rationality Assumptions in Interpretation and in the Explanation of Action,
Dialectica 36. [Also in M&M.]
Henderson, D. (1989) The Role and Limitations of Rationalizing Explanation in the Social Sciences,
Canadian Journal of Philosophy 19.
Mansbridge, J.J. (1990) Beyond Self-Interest, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, Pts. I, II, III.
Pettit, P. (1978) Rational Man Theory, in Action and Interpretation (eds.) C. Hookway and P. Pettit,
Cambridge: CUP.
Rosenberg, A. (1983) If Economics Isnt Science, What Is It? Philosophical Forum 14, pp. 296-314.
Sen, A.K. (1976-77) Rational Fools, in Philosophy and Public Affairs 6, pp. 317-344. [Repr. in F. Hahn &
M. Hollis (eds.) Philosophy and Economic Theory]
Davidson, D. (1983) Belief and the Basis of Meaning and On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme in his
Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation, Oxford: OUP.
Geertz, Clifford (1983) From the Native Point of View, in The Interpretation of Culture, New York:
HarperCollins.
Gellner, Ernest (1985) Relativism and the Social Sciences, Cambridge: CUP, esp. Relativism and Universals.
Harding, Sandra (1986) The Science Question in Feminism, Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, esp. Ch. 6,
7.
Henderson, D. (1987) The Principle of Charity and the Problem of Irrationality (Translation and the Problem
of Irrationality) Synthese 73, pp. 225-252. [Also in M&M.]
Hollis, M. (1970) Reason and Ritual and The Limits of Rationality in B. Wilson (ed.) Rationality, Oxford:
Blackwell.
Lukes, Steven (1994) Some Problems about Rationality in Martin, M. & L.C. McIntyre (eds.).
* MacIntyre, A. (1970) The Idea of a Social Science in B. Wilson (ed.) Rationality, New York: Harper and
Row. [Also in A. Ryan (ed.) The Philosophy of Social Explanation.]
Quine, W.V.O. (1970) On the Reasons for the Indeterminacy of Translation, JPhil 67.
Taylor, C. (1982) Rationality in S. Lukes & M. Hollis (eds.) Rationality and Relativism, Oxford: OUP.
* Winch, P. (1972) Understanding a Primitive Society in Ethics and Action, London: RKP (1972).
Comstock, D. (1982) A Method of Critical Research, E. Bredo & W. Feinberg (eds.) Knowledge and Values
in Social and Educational Research, Philadelphia: Temple U. Press. [Also in M&M.]
Habermas, J. (1968) Knowledge and Human Interests, Appendix. [Also see R. Bernstein (1976) The
Restructuring of Social and Political Theory, and T. McCarthy (1978) The Critical Theory of Jurgen
Habermas, Ch. 2.]
Hesse, M. (1978) Theory and Value in the Social Sciences in C. Hookway and P. Pettit (eds.) Action and
Interpretation, Cambridge: CUP.
Martin, M. (1977) The Philosophical Importance of the Rosenthal Effect, J. for the Theory of Social
Behavior 7. [Also in M&M.]
Nagel, E. (1961) The Structure of Science, New York: Hackett, pp. 485-503. [Also in M&M as The Value-
Oriented Bias of Social Inquiry.]
Runciman, W.G. (1983) A Treatise on Social Theory Vol. 1: The Methodology of Social Theory, Ch. 1 and 5.
* Taylor, C. (1973) Neutrality in Political Science in A. Ryan (ed.) The Philosophy of Social Explanation
and in Taylors Collected Papers Vol. II. [Also in M&M.]
* Weber, M. (1949) "Objectivity" in Social Science and Policy, in The Methodology of the Social Sciences,
New York: Macmillan Press. [Also in M&M.]
Weisstein, N. (1971) Psychology Constructs the Female Social Education 35. [Also in M&M.]
Wyle, A. (1992) Reasoning about Ourselves: Feminist Methodology in the Social Sciences, in E. Harvey &
K. Okruhik (eds.) Women and Reason, Ann Arbor: U. of Michigan Press. [Also in M&M.]
Functional explanation
* Cohen, G.A. (1978) Karl Marxs Theory of History: A Defense, Princeton: PUP, Ch. 9, 10. [Also in M&M.]
Cohen/Elster (1986 and 1989) Contributions to J. Roemer (ed.) Analytical Marxism and A. Callinicos (ed.)
Marxist Theory.
Dore, R.P. (1961) Function and Cause Sociological Review 16, pp. 843-853. [Also in M&M.]
Elster, J. (1983) Functional Explanation in Explaining Technical Change, Cambridge: CUP, pp. 55-68. [Also
in M&M.]
* Hempel, C. (1965) The Logic of Functional Analysis, in his Aspects of Scientific Explanation, New York:
Macmillan. [Also in M&M.]
Kincaid, H. (1990) Assessing Functional Explanation in the Social Sciences, PSA 1990 Vol. I, pp. 341-54.
[Also in M&M.]
Merton, R.K. (1957) Social Theory and Social Structure, NY: Free Press, Ch. I pp. 19-66.
Nagel, E. (1961) The Structure of Science, New York: Hackett, Ch. 12 & 14 (second part).
van Parijs, P. (1981) Evolutionary Explanation in the Social Sciences, Ch. 2 and 3.
Garfinkel, A. (1981) Forms of Explanation: Rethinking the Questions in Social Theory, New Haven, Conn:
Yale Univ. Press, Ch. 2, 3.
Kincaid, H. (1986) Reduction, Explanation and Individualism PhilSci 53, pp. 492-513. [Also in M&M.]
Lukes, S. (1968) Methodological Individualism Reconsidered, British J. of Sociology 19, 119-129. [Also in
M&M.]
Macdonald, G. and P. Pettit (1981) Semantics and Social Science, London: Routledge, Ch. 3.
Miller, R. (1978) Methodological Individualism and Social Explanation PhilSci 45, pp. 387-414. [Also in
M&M.]
Popper, K. (1957) The Poverty of Historicism, London: Routledge, Sec. 23, 28-29.
Taylor, C. (1985) Atomism, in his Philosophy and the Human Sciences, Cambridge: CUP.
Watkins, J. (1957) Historical Explanations in the Social Sciences BJPS 8, pp. 104-117. [Also in M&M.]
Berger, P. & T. Luckmann (1984) The Social Construction of Reality, Pelican Books.
Bhaskar, R. (1979) The Possibility of Naturalism: A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human
Sciences (2nd ed), Harvester Press, esp Ch. 3.
* Durkheim, E. (1938) Social Facts, in The Rules of Sociological Method, Ch. 1. [Also in M&M.]
Outhwaite, W. (1987) New Philosophies of Social Science, Basingstoke: Macmillan, esp Ch. 4, 6, 7.
Ruben, D-H. (1985) The Metaphysics of the Social World, London: RKP, Ch. 1, 4.